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44 results

Page 1 of 3

  • Chapter 6 - Ibn Ṭūlūn’s Pacification Campaign: Sedition, Authority, and Empire in Abbasid Egypt

  • from Part I - Political and Administrative Connections
  • Edited by Jelle Bruning, Janneke H. M. de Jong, Petra M. Sijpesteijn
  • Book:
    Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean World
    Published online:
    01 December 2022
    Print publication:
    15 December 2022, pp 169-202

  • Summary

    Developments in third/ninth-century Egypt relate to the wider history of the Abbasid imperial realm in a number of ways. These had to do, in one sense or another, with the fraying of the Arab Islamic empire, governed, at this point, by the Abbasid house.1 This chapter considers one such development: the turn to control over Egypt by the Turkic–Central Asian military command in Samarra. My argument is that, at a moment in which the Abbasid state was struggling to sustain its hold over a once far-flung but now shrinking domain, it ceded authority over Egypt to those same military/political circles. Egypt, in this scenario, was a key interest of the Samarran commanders and in defense of which they devoted considerable energy and resources. It was a matter of consolidating authority over the province’s considerable public wealth, to be sure, but the sources point to apparent private interests – specifically, landholdings – on the part of the commanders as well.

  • Securely sharing DSMB reports to speed decision making from multiple, concurrent, independent studies of similar treatments in COVID-19

  • Natalie A. Dilts, Frank E. Harrell, Christopher J. Lindsell, Samuel Nwosu, Thomas G. Stewart, Matthew S. Shotwell, Jill M. Pulley, Terri L. Edwards, Emily Sheffer Serdoz, Katelyn Benhoff, Gordon R. Bernard
  • Journal:
    Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 6 / Issue 1 / 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    11 April 2022, e49
    • Article
      • You have access
      • Open access
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  • Introduction:

    As clinical trials were rapidly initiated in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Data and Safety Monitoring Boards (DSMBs) faced unique challenges overseeing trials of therapies never tested in a disease not yet characterized. Traditionally, individual DSMBs do not interact or have the benefit of seeing data from other accruing trials for an aggregated analysis to meaningfully interpret safety signals of similar therapeutics. In response, we developed a compliant DSMB Coordination (DSMBc) framework to allow the DSMB from one study investigating the use of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19 to review data from similar ongoing studies for the purpose of safety monitoring.

    Methods:

    The DSMBc process included engagement of DSMB chairs and board members, execution of contractual agreements, secure data acquisition, generation of harmonized reports utilizing statistical graphics, and secure report sharing with DSMB members. Detailed process maps, a secure portal for managing DSMB reports, and templates for data sharing and confidentiality agreements were developed.

    Results:

    Four trials participated. Data from one trial were successfully harmonized with that of an ongoing trial. Harmonized reports allowing for visualization and drill down into the data were presented to the ongoing trial’s DSMB. While DSMB deliberations are confidential, the Chair confirmed successful review of the harmonized report.

    Conclusion:

    It is feasible to coordinate DSMB reviews of multiple independent studies of a similar therapeutic in similar patient cohorts. The materials presented mitigate challenges to DSMBc and will help expand these initiatives so DSMBs may make more informed decisions with all available information.

  • Chapter 14 - Slavery in the Islamic Middle East (c. 600–1000 CE)

  • from Part IV - The Islamic World
  • Edited by Craig Perry, Emory University, Atlanta, David Eltis, Emory University, Atlanta, Stanley L. Engerman, University of Rochester, New York, David Richardson, University of Hull
  • Book:
    The Cambridge World History of Slavery
    Published online:
    09 September 2021
    Print publication:
    12 August 2021, pp 337-361

  • Summary

    Much evidence – textual, material and documentary – points to slavery in the early and medieval Islamic Middle East (c. 600-1000 CE) as a social fact, persistent and multivalent. This is especially true for the urban landscape: the presence of enslaved and freed persons would have been impossible to miss. More difficult is the reconstruction of Middle Eastern agrarian slavery. This is a survey essay with particular reference to the early Abbasid Caliphate (c. 750-950) and select questions around which debate in modern scholarship has grown. One must comb medieval Arabic texts (literary and documentary) to reconstruct patterns of early Islamic-era enslavement; the organization and dynamics of slave commerce; the demands on slave and freed labor; and the (relative) social integration of the enslaved. The Arabic/Islamic library illuminates all manner of topics, religious and secular alike. Literary references to slavery and/or enslaved persons therein are plentiful and of a great variety. One has references in works of poetry and adab, an elastic term used for a variety of Arabic prose writings. Equally numerous are references in chronicles, biographical dictionaries, and works of geography and political thought. Medieval Arabic legal and religious writings provide a considerable number of references as well.

  • 1 - The early Islamic empire and the introduction of military slavery

  • from Part I - Foundations, c.600–1000 ce
  • Edited by Anne Curry, University of Southampton
  • David A. Graff, Kansas State University
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of War
    Published online:
    25 September 2020
    Print publication:
    01 October 2020, pp 17-49

  • Summary

    The inhabitants of seventh-century Arabia mobilized for warfare in a manner new to that region of the Near East: the effort fell, albeit gradually, under central authority.1 Arabia had long been a highly variegated cultural zone, encompassing the Syrian Desert, southern Mesopotamia, and the Arabian Peninsula. Acting in tandem, largely nomadic tribal forces accepted the leadership of sedentary townsmen, the great number of whom belonged to the Quraysh, an influential tribe of two towns of the Hejaz region, Mecca and Medina. If Yemen and south Arabia had long known the rule of kings, and, hence, more formal military organization, only now did the central and northern stretches of the Peninsula and southern Syria experience what can thereby be considered as early state formation. The effort was driven by an equally untested set of ethical and spiritual teachings. A charismatic figure, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdallāh (570–632), preached a strict monotheism; these teachings served as the seedbed of what would soon be known as Islam.

  • Introduction to Volume II

  • Edited by Matthew S. Gordon, University of Miami, Richard W. Kaeuper, University of Rochester, New York, Harriet Zurndorfer, Universiteit Leiden
  • Book:
    The Cambridge World History of Violence
    Published online:
    13 March 2020
    Print publication:
    26 March 2020, pp 1-16

  • Summary

    This introductory chapter of volume II of the Cambridge World History of Violence, which focuses on the thousand years between 500 and 1500, or what is also known as the Middle Millennium, examines .institutions and forms of violence in the geographical area including Japan and China, Central Asia, North Africa, and Europe, with two additional chapters extending coverage into Aztec and Mayan culture. The topics of this introduction are set in four contexts in which violence occurred across this broad chronology and vast territory. They are: the formation of centralized polities through war and conquest; institution building and ideological expression by these same polities; control of extensive trade networks; and the emergence and dominance of religious ecumenes. Attention is also given to the idea of how theories of violence are relevant to the specific historical circumstances discussed in the volume’s chapters. A final section on the depiction of violence, both visual and literary, demonstrates the ubiquity of societal efforts to confront meanings of violence during this longue durée.

The Cambridge World History of Violence
  • Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1500
  • Edited by Matthew S. Gordon, Richard W. Kaeuper, Harriet Zurndorfer
  • Published online:
    13 March 2020
    Print publication:
    26 March 2020
  • Violence permeated much of social life across the vast geographical space of the European, American, Asian and Islamic lands and through the broad sweep of what is often termed the Middle Millennium (roughly 500 to 1500). Focusing on four contexts in which violence occurred across this huge area, the contributors to this volume explore the formation of centralised polities through war and conquest; institution building and ideological expression by these same polities; control of extensive trade networks; and the emergence and dominance of religious ecumenes. Attention is also given to the idea of how theories of violence are relevant to the specific historical circumstances discussed in the volume's chapters. A final section on the depiction of violence, both visual and literary, demonstrates the ubiquity of societal efforts to confront meanings of violence during this longue durée.

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