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Many people think that people with mental disorders might be dangerous or unpredictable. These patients face various sources of disadvantages and experience discrimination in job interviews, in education, and housing. Mental health-related stigma occurs not only within the public community, it is a growing issue among professionals as well. Our study is the first that investigates the stigmatising attitude of psychiatrists across Europe.
Objectives
We designed a cross-sectional, observational, multi-centre, international study of 33 European countries to investigate the attitude towards patients among medical specialists and trainees in the field of general adult and child and adolescent psychiatry.
Methods
An internet-based, anonymous survey will measure the stigmatising attitude by using the local version of the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Health Care Providers. Data gathering started in July this year and will continue until December 2020.
Results
This study will be the first to describe the stigmatising attitude of psychiatric practitioners across Europe from their perspectives.
Conclusions
The study will contribute to knowledge of gaps in stigmatising attitude towards people with mental health problems and will provide with new directions in anti-stigma interventions.
This paper is devoted to an experimental investigation of the distributed receptivity of a laminar swept-wing boundary layer to unsteady freestream vortices with streamwise orientation of the vorticity vector. The experiments were performed on a model of a swept wing with a sweep angle of $25^{\circ }$ at fully controlled disturbance conditions with freestream vortices generated by a special disturbance source. It is found that the unsteady streamwise vortices are able to provide very efficient excitation of cross-flow instability modes without requiring the presence of any surface non-uniformities. The developed experimental approach is shown to allow us to perform a detailed quantitative investigation of the mechanism of distributed excitation of unsteady boundary-layer disturbances due to scattering of freestream vortices on natural base-flow non-uniformity. This mechanism has been studied experimentally in detail. Part 1 of the present investigation (Borodulin et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 908, 2021, A14) was devoted to the description of the experimental approach and the base-flow structure, the method of excitation of fully controlled streamwise-elongated freestream vortices, the results of measurements of structure of these vortices and the experimental evidence of high efficiency of the distributed vortex receptivity mechanism under study. Meanwhile, the present paper (Part 2) is devoted to: (a) theoretical background and definition of the distributed receptivity coefficients and (b) obtaining experimental quantitative characteristics of the distributed vortex receptivity including values of the corresponding receptivity coefficients for their three different definitions as functions of the disturbance frequency, spanwise wavenumber and wave propagation angle.
The paper is devoted to an experimental investigation of distributed receptivity of a laminar swept-wing boundary layer to unsteady freestream vortices with streamwise orientation of the vorticity vector. The experiments were performed on a model of a swept wing with sweep angle of $25^{\circ }$ at fully controlled disturbance conditions with freestream vortices generated by a special disturbance source. It is found that the unsteady streamwise vortices are able to provide very efficient excitation of non-stationary cross-flow instability modes without the necessity of the presence of any surface non-uniformities. The developed experimental approach provides the possibility for a detailed quantitative investigation of the mechanism of distributed excitation of unsteady boundary-layer disturbances due to scattering of freestream vortices on natural base-flow non-uniformity. This mechanism has been studied experimentally in detail. This paper (Part 1 of the present study) is devoted to description of: (a) the experimental approach and the base-flow structure; (b) the method of excitation of fully controlled streamwise-elongated freestream vortices; (c) the results of measurements of structure of these vortices; and (d) the experimental evidence of high efficiency of the distributed vortex receptivity mechanism under study. Part 2 of this study (see Borodulin et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 908, 2021, A15) is devoted to the theoretical background and experimental quantitative characteristics of the distributed vortex receptivity. Values of the corresponding receptivity coefficients are estimated there for their three different definitions as functions of the disturbance frequency, spanwise wavenumber and wave propagation angle.
The saturated state of turbulence driven by the ion-temperature-gradient instability is investigated using a two-dimensional long-wavelength fluid model that describes the perturbed electrostatic potential and perturbed ion temperature in a magnetic field with constant curvature (a $Z$-pinch) and an equilibrium temperature gradient. Numerical simulations reveal a well-defined transition between a finite-amplitude saturated state dominated by strong zonal-flow and zonal temperature perturbations, and a blow-up state that fails to saturate on a box-independent scale. We argue that this transition is equivalent to the Dimits transition from a low-transport to a high-transport state seen in gyrokinetic numerical simulations (Dimits et al., Phys. Plasmas, vol. 7, 2000, 969). A quasi-static staircase-like structure of the temperature gradient intertwined with zonal flows, which have patch-wise constant shear, emerges near the Dimits threshold. The turbulent heat flux in the low-collisionality near-marginal state is dominated by turbulent bursts, triggered by coherent long-lived structures closely resembling those found in gyrokinetic simulations with imposed equilibrium flow shear (van Wyk et al., J. Plasma Phys., vol. 82, 2016, 905820609). The breakup of the low-transport Dimits regime is linked to a competition between the two different sources of poloidal momentum in the system – the Reynolds stress and the advection of the diamagnetic flow by the $\boldsymbol {E}\times \boldsymbol {B}$ flow. By analysing the linear ion-temperature-gradient modes, we obtain a semi-analytic model for the Dimits threshold at large collisionality.
Patients with schizophrenia that are treated with first generation, but also with several second generation antipsychotics, frequently describe negative changes in self-perception and daily activities due to weight gain. A systematic analysis of the weight gain influence over the body image is necessary because it could offer a perspective over the patient's discomfort, improving his/her chances to therapeutic compliance and a better life quality. Psychotherapy, change of antipsychotics, nutritional counselling, ocupational therapy or physical exercises scheduling could be solutions to these cases.
Methods:
A group of 34 patients, 18 female and 16 male, diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia (DSM IV TR), mean age 45.3, treated with antipsychotic agents for at least 2 years (haloperidol 15 cases, olanzapine 10 cases, amisulpride 5 cases, risperidone 4 cases) were evaluated in order to configure a body image profile, using self-reports, investigator-based reports and Draw-a-Person-Test (DAP). Patients included in this evaluation presented a mean weight gain of 10%, reported to their premorbid value.
Results:
The body image was negative in 82.3% with marked dysfunctional believes about self in 64.7%, while the rest of 17.6% had mild to moderate levels of self-blame or hopelessness automatic thoughts associated to weight gain. Only 17.7% patients had a neutral or positive body image, also their mean weight gain was equally to the negative body image group.
Conclusion:
Negative body image is usually associated to weight gain as a side event to antipsychotic drugs, therefore is important to ventilate the patient's dysphoric feelings and to choose the optimal therapy.
Cocaine use is prevalent in mental health consultations in both sexes. However, in men and women there are differences in the frequency of use of substances and on the employment situation.
Objectives
Show the differences for the use of cocaine and employment status of men and women, in a sample of patients followed at the Mental Health Center in Drug Dependency Unit.
Material and methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study and analyze the differences according to sex for cocaine use and the employment situation, in a sample of patients who are undergoing treatment at the Mental Health Center for a year diagnosed with dual pathology.
Results
In men in active employment status, the percentage of cocaine use is 19.5% and if we compare with women in the same job situation, the percentage of cocaine use is 0%.
Men who are unemployed use more cocaine than women in the same job situation. For retirees, the highest percentage of cocaine is found in women.
Hundred percent of women use cocaine by sniffing. Men use different ways of cocaine consume.
Snorted way 67.7%, 14.9% smoked and snorted, smoked 8% and 2.3% intravenous.
Conclusion
Men use cocaine more frequently unemployed while women do more it often being retired.
The route most used cocaine consume in both sexes is snorted.
Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Although early interventions in individuals with bipolar disorder may reduce the associated personal and economic burden, the neurobiologic markers of enhanced risk are unknown.
Objectives
The objective of this paper is to analyze the existence of neurobiological abnormalities in individuals with genetic risk for developing bipolar disorder (HR)
Material and methods
A literature search was performed in the available scientific literature on the subject study object, by searching MEDLINE.
Results
There were 37 studies included in this systematic review. The overall sample for the systematic review included 1258 controls and 996 HR individuals. No significant differences were detected between HR individuals and controls in the selected ROIs (regions of interest): striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, pituitary and frontal lobe. The HR group showed increased grey matter volume compared with patients with established bipolar disorder. The HR individuals showed increased neural response in the left superior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus and left insula compared with controls. The overall results found no significant differences between individuals at high genetic risk and controls since the magnitude of the association as corresponds to an OR < 1.5 (low association)
Conclusion
There is accumulating evidence for the existence of neurobiologic abnormalities in individuals at genetic risk for bipolar disorder at various scales of investigation. The etiopathogenesis of bipolar disorder will be better elucidated by future imaging studies investigating larger and more homogeneous samples and using longitudinal designs to dissect neurobiologic abnormalities that are underlying traits of the illness from those related to psychopathologic states, such as episodes of mood exacerbation or pharmacologic treatment.
Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Alcohol use is a common behavior in most people in our society. A first episode of alcoholism can be fully recovered through specialized treatment and other protective factors and need not become a relapse later.
Objectives
Whether there are differences in alcohol use after 1, 3 and 6 months after the administration of paliperidone palmitate extended-release injectable suspension in a sample of patients.
Material and methods
This is a descriptive study that analyzed the differences observed with respect to alcohol use after administration of paliperidone palmitate in a sample of 98 patients attending in a Mental Health Centre, in the Unit for drug dependency to present pathology dual.
Results
The percentage of alcohol use at baseline is 56.1% of the total sample.
One month after treatment with paliperidone palmitate the percentage of use is reduced to 31.6%. At 3 months of treatment the reduction is more significant assuming only the 6.1% of the total sample. Finally after 6 months of treatment the percentage of patients maintaining alcohol use is 4.1%, which represents a 52% reduction compared to the initial rate of use.
Conclusions
The data reflect a 92% reduction in alcohol use after 6 months of the administration of paliperidone palmitate.
We can say that paliperidone palmitate is effective in reducing alcohol use in patients with dual diagnosis.
Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective depression treatment, but it has potential cognitive side effects. Bitemporal ECT has been traditionally used, but in recent decades, right unilateral (RUL) electrode placement has been proposed to decrease the cognitive side effects of ECT. Ultrabrief pulse (UBP) right unilateral (RUL) ECT is an increasingly used treatment option that can potentially combine efficacy with lesser cognitive side effects.
Objectives
To evaluate whether ultrabrief pulse (UBP) right unilateral (RUL) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is as effective as brief pulse (BP) RUL ECT in addition to cause lesser cognitive side effects.
Material and methods
A search is performed in the available scientific literature on systematic review and meta-analysis of the subject under study, through the database PubMed.
Results
– Current evidence supports the efficacy of right unilateral (RUL) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) given with an ultrabrief pulse width in the treatment of depression;
– ultrabrief pulse RUL ECT leads to lesser cognitive side effects than traditional forms of ECT;
– ultrabrief pulse RUL ECT may be slightly less effective than traditional forms of ECT.
Conclusions
BP compared with UBP RUL ECT was slightly more efficacious in treating depression and required fewer treatment sessions, but led to greater cognitive side effects. The decision of whether to use BP or UBP RUL ECT should be made on an individual patient basis and should be based on a careful weighing of the relative priorities of efficacy versus minimization of cognitive impairment.
Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The most common psychiatric disorders associated with substance use in patients with dual diagnosis, personality disorders are followed by schizophrenic disorder. Among the substances used in patients with dual diagnosis, stands cocaine, followed by cannabis and alcohol.
Objectives
Evaluate the differences in the frequency of sex for cocaine and cannabis consumed in a sample of patients undergoing follow Mental-Health Center for Drug Dependency Unit.
Material and method
We conducted a cross-sectional study and analyze the differences by gender for the frequency and pattern of cocaine and cannabis, in a sample of patients in treatment at the Mental-Health Center for a year to present dual pathology.
Results
There are significant differences in the frequency of cocaine use among men and women. Eight percent of men use cocaine compared to 0% of women. This monthly cocaine use is more common in women than in men at 45.5% versus 21.8%. Of women, 27.3% use cocaine fortnightly, which is not typical for men (0% of men in the sample). The weekly use of cocaine represents 55.2% among men compared to 27.3% of women.
There are no significant differences in the frequency of cannabis use among men and women. Both sexes consume cannabis daily.
Conclusions
The monthly cocaine use is more common in women. In men the most common is the use of cocaine weekly.
In both sexes cannabis use is more common daily.
Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The large-scale cold crucible induction melter (CCIM) with productivity of 12 kg/h was created for melting borosilicate glass containing 20 mass. % of high-level liquid wastes (HLLW) simulators. Tests were carried out to study the effect on the CCIM operating parameters during sedimentation of metallic silver, at the content of 3.8 mass. % Ag2O in glass. Post-test analyses of the glass shows the sedimentation of silver in the bottom layers of the molten pool. Experiments have confirmed that the presence of noble metals in the form of undissolved sediments in the bottom layers of furnace leads to a changes in the properties of the melt, the aggravation of its drain conditions, an increase in the thermal conductivity of the skull and heat losses during melting.
GravityCam is a new concept of ground-based imaging instrument capable of delivering significantly sharper images from the ground than is normally possible without adaptive optics. Advances in optical and near-infrared imaging technologies allow images to be acquired at high speed without significant noise penalty. Aligning these images before they are combined can yield a 2.5–3-fold improvement in image resolution. By using arrays of such detectors, survey fields may be as wide as the telescope optics allows. Consequently, GravityCam enables both wide-field high-resolution imaging and high-speed photometry. We describe the instrument and detail its application to provide demographics of planets and satellites down to Lunar mass (or even below) across the Milky Way. GravityCam is also suited to improve the quality of weak shear studies of dark matter distribution in distant clusters of galaxies and multiwavelength follow-ups of background sources that are strongly lensed by galaxy clusters. The photometric data arising from an extensive microlensing survey will also be useful for asteroseismology studies, while GravityCam can be used to monitor fast multiwavelength flaring in accreting compact objects and promises to generate a unique data set on the population of the Kuiper belt and possibly the Oort cloud.
This paper is devoted to an experimental investigation of receptivity of a laminar swept-wing boundary layer due to scattering of free-stream vortices on localized (in the streamwise direction) surface vibrations. The experiments were conducted under completely controlled disturbance conditions by means of a hot-wire anemometer on a model of a swept wing with a sweep angle of 25°. Both the free-stream vortices and the surface vibrations were generated by disturbance sources; their frequency–wavenumber spectra were measured thoroughly. The free-stream vorticity vectors were directed perpendicular to the incident-flow velocity vector and parallel to the swept-wing-model surface. The linearity of the receptivity mechanism under investigation (in a sense that the corresponding receptivity coefficients are independent of the disturbances amplitudes) has been checked carefully. The main goal of this experiment was to estimate the vibration-vortex receptivity coefficients as functions of the disturbance frequency, spanwise wavenumber and vortex offset parameter. This goal has been attained. Being defined in Fourier space, the obtained receptivity coefficients are independent of the specific surface vibration shape and can be used for verification of various receptivity theories.
Geological disposal (GD) of radioactive waste is close to becoming a reality for Finland, Sweden and France. High-technology development and advanced knowledge has made it possible to defend the feasibility and the safety of such facilities, making the European Union a leader in the field. Other European countries are closely behind, developing high competence through advanced research programmes, research infrastructures and public engagement.
At the other extreme, there are countries whose GD programmes are at an early stage and no systematic research programmes exist. These include several new Member States but not the Czech Republic and Hungary, both of which have already initiated a siting process.
There are several common reasons for this delay in schedule: small and relatively younger nuclear energy programmes, return of the spent fuel (especially from research reactors) to the countries of origin, open fuel cycle concept (requiring at least 50 years of wet and dry storage). In this context, there has been little pressure on setting up an early GD programme. Currently their disposal concepts are only generic and in most of these countries need updating, taking into account the current socio-economic context.
However, some of these new Member States still aim to have a GD in operation within several decades, e.g. 2055 in Romania and 2067 in Slovenia. Strategic planning based on the experience of more advanced programmes shows the GD process should start immediately in order to be able to achieve these deadlines.
In this context, the implementation of the EC Directive 70/2011 gives the opportunity to progress the advancement of the GD process in these countries.
A plasma target for highly efficient neutralization of powerful negative ion beams is considered. The plasma is confined within a magnetic trap with multipole magnetic walls. It is proposed to use inverse magnetic mirrors to limit plasma outflow through the inlet and outlet holes in the trap. Using the particle-in-cell method, mathematical simulation of plasma dynamics in the trap has been performed. The estimates of plasma distribution and particle confinement efficiency in the region of the magnetic mirrors has been obtained. Simulation results were compared with experimental data.
This report summarizes epidemiological data on nephropathia epidemica (NE) in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. NE cases identified in the period 1997–2013 were investigated in parallel with the hantavirus antigen prevalence in small rodents in the study area. A total of 13 930 NE cases were documented in all but one district of Tatarstan, with most cases located in the central and southeastern districts. The NE annual incidence rate exhibited a cyclical pattern, with the highest numbers of cases being registered once in every 3–5 years. The numbers of NE cases rose gradually from July to November, with the highest morbidity in adult males. The highest annual disease incidence rate, 64·4 cases/100 000 population, was observed in 1997, with a total of 2431 NE cases registered. NE cases were mostly associated with visiting forests and agricultural activities. The analysis revealed that the bank vole Myodes glareolus not only comprises the majority of the small rodent communities in the region, but also consistently displays the highest hantavirus prevalence compared to other small rodent species.
The Magellanic System represents one of the best places to study the formation and evolution of galaxies. Photometric surveys of various depths, areas and wavelengths have had a significant impact on our understanding of the system; however, a complete picture is still lacking. VMC (the VISTA near-infrared YJKs survey of the Magellanic System) will provide new data to derive the spatially resolved star formation history and to construct a three-dimensional map of the system. These data combined with those from other ongoing and planned surveys will give us an absolutely unique view of the system opening up the doors to truly new science!
The present experimental study is devoted to examination of the vortex receptivity mechanism associated with excitation of unsteady cross-flow (CF) waves due to scattering of unsteady free-stream vortices on localized steady surface non-uniformities (roughness). The measurements are carried out in a low-turbulence wind tunnel by means of a hot-wire anemometer in a boundary layer developing over a $25\textdegree $ swept-wing model. The harmonic-in-time free-stream vortices were excited by a thin vibrating wire located upstream of the experimental-model leading edge and represented a kind of small-amplitude von Kármán vortex street with spanwise orientation of the generated instantaneous vorticity vectors. The controlled roughness elements (the so-called ‘phased roughness’) were placed on the model surface. This roughness had a special shape, which provided excitation of CF-waves having basically some predetermined (required) spanwise wavenumbers. The linearity of the stability and receptivity mechanisms under study was checked accurately by means of variation of both the free-stream-vortex amplitude and the surface roughness height. These experiments were directed to obtaining the amplitudes and phases of the vortex-roughness receptivity coefficients for a number of vortex disturbance frequencies. The vortex street position with respect to the model surface (the vortex offset parameter) was also varied. The receptivity characteristics obtained experimentally in Fourier space are independent of the particular roughness shape, and can be used for validation of receptivity theories.
Recent years have witnessed a remarkable progress in high-power short laser pulse generation. Modern conventional and free-electron laser (FEL) systems provide peak light intensities of the order of 1020 W cm−2 or above in pulses in femtosecond and sub-femtosecond regimes. The field strength at these intensities is a hundred times the Coulomb field, binding the ground-state electron in the hydrogen atom. These extreme photon densities allow highly non-linear multiphoton processes, such as above-threshold ionization (ATI), high harmonic generation (HHG), laser-induced tunneling, multiple ionization and others, where up to a few hundred photons can be absorbed from the laser field. In parallel with these experimental developments, massive efforts have been undertaken to unveil the precise physical mechanisms behind multiphoton ionization (MPI) and other strong-field ionization phenomena. It was shown convincingly that multiple ionization of atoms by an ultrashort intense laser pulse is a process in which the highly non-linear interaction between the electrons and the external field is closely interrelated with the fewbody correlated dynamics [1]. A theoretical description of such processes requires development of new theoretical methods to simultaneously account for the field nonlinearity and the long-ranged Coulomb interaction between the particles.
In this chapter, we review our recent theoretical work in which we develop explicitly time-dependent, non-perturbative methods to treat MPI processes in many-electron atoms. These methods are based on numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) for a target atom or molecule in the presence of an electromagnetic and/or static electric field. Projecting this solution onto final field-free target states gives us probabilities and cross sections for various ionization channels.