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Page 1 of 5

The International Court of Justice and Decolonization
  • The International Court of Justice and Decolonization
  • New Directions from the Chagos Advisory Opinion
  • Edited by Thomas Burri, Jamie Trinidad
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date: April 2021
  • Print publication: 30 April 2021
  • View description
    The 2019 Chagos Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice is a decision of profound legal and political significance. Presented with a rare opportunity to pronounce on the right to self-determination and the rules governing decolonization, the ICJ responded with remarkable directness. The contributions to this book examine the Court's reasoning, the importance of the decision for the international system, and its consequences for the situation in the Chagos Archipelago in particular. Apart from bringing the Chagossians closer to the prospect of returning to the islands from which they were covertly expelled half a century ago, the decision and its political context may be understood as part of a broader shift in North/South relations, in which formerly dominant powers like the UK must come to terms with their waning influence on the world stage, and in which voices from former colonies are increasingly shaping the institutional and normative landscape.
  • 4 - An Alternative View on the Measurement of Intelligence and Its History
    • from Part I - Intelligence and Its Measurement
  • Edited by Robert J. Sternberg, Cornell University, New York
  • Book: The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
  • Published online: 13 December 2019
  • Print publication: 16 January 2020, pp 47-74
  • View extract

    Summary

    IQ as a measure of intelligence is at the same time a success and a failure: a success because of the predictive value of IQ, and a failure because we do not know precisely what it is measuring. Intelligence has been defined in many ways. To discuss the definitional issue, we rely on Aristotle and his four ways to define something: explaining what it looks like, what it consists of, where it comes from, and what it is for. In this chapter we present an alternative view on how the measurement of intelligence has evolved and how it relates to different views on what intelligence is. The first initiatives to measure intelligence were inspired by physics and a strictly quantitative approach. These initiatives were based on the notion of general intelligence as mental energy, and led to tests to measure intelligence such as reaction times and perceptual discrimination (i.e., what intelligence looks like). IQ as a quantification of intelligence is from a later date and is based on a quite different type of test, inspired by an interest in what intelligence is for, as expressed in the work of some of the most famous intelligence test developers (e.g., Binet, Terman, Wechsler). The type of content of these tests is preserved in most intelligence tests today, mainly because of the predictive success of IQ tests. There now is also agreement that intelligence is not unitary but multidimensional. Robert Sternberg’s major endeavor to unravel processes has shown that there is no clear-cut answer to the question of what intelligence consists of in terms of cognitive processes or how processes can be measured. Other endeavors have resulted in measurement of genetic and environmental influences, in a revival of reaction time and discrimination measures, and in hypotheses about biological mechanics, such as mitochondrial efficiency. We conclude that intelligence is still a vague concept without much hope that it will be clarified soon, even though its measurement through a variety of cognitive tasks seems to work well from a predictive point of view.

  • Development of Quaternary travertines in the carbonate mountains of the western Costa del Sol, Málaga, southern Spain
  • Antonio Guerra-Merchán, Francisco Serrano, José M. García-Aguilar, José E. Ortiz, Trinidad Torres, Yolanda Sánchez-Palencia
  • Journal: Quaternary Research / Volume 92 / Issue 1 / July 2019
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2019, pp. 183-200
  • Print publication: July 2019
  • View abstract

    The predominantly carbonate nature of the mountains near the coast of Málaga and Marbella (Costa del Sol, southern Spain) and the presence of springs have favored the formation of travertine buildups during the Quaternary. The geomorphic characteristics of the slopes and the location of the springs have determined the development of three types of travertine growths: (1) spring travertines, located preferentially on the south mountainside, where the slope is steepest; (2) pool-dam-cascade travertines, which form along the north and east edges, far from the carbonate relief and with a gentler slope; and (3) river-valley travertines, formed in the courses of the springs of any sector. Field observations combined with new amino acid racemization (AAR) dating of Helicidae gastropods show that most of the travertine formations are polyphasic and that their development was interrupted by stages of erosion and incision. Five stages of travertine development are evident, most of which are related to warm, moist episodes corresponding to marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 7, 5, 3, and 1, although local travertine growth also occurred during MIS 6 and during the transition from MIS 3 to 2.

  • Incidental mastoiditis on magnetic resonance imaging scans: clinical relevance and cost implications
  • Y Abbas, H S Yuen, A Trinidade, G Watters
  • Journal: The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 132 / Issue 11 / November 2018
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 November 2018, pp. 1010-1012
  • Print publication: November 2018
  • View abstract
    Objectives

    To determine: (1) the incidence of incidental ‘mastoiditis’ reported on magnetic resonance imaging scans performed in patients with asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss and/or unilateral tinnitus; (2) how many of those patients have actual otological pathology and/or require treatment; and (3) the financial implications of such a reporting practice.

    Method

    Retrospective case series.

    Results

    Between October 2015 and November 2016, 500 patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the internal auditory meatus to rule out cerebellopontine angle lesions. There was an incidental finding of increased mastoid signalling in 5.8 per cent (n = 29), of which 20.7 per cent (6 of 29) were reported as bilateral cases. The diagnosis of ‘mastoiditis’ was found in 39.7 per cent (29 of 73). None of these patients had any pathology identified clinically. Other significant pathology was identified in a further 8.8 per cent (n = 44).

    Conclusion

    The diagnosis of mastoiditis is primarily clinical. An incidental finding of high signalling in the mastoid region on magnetic resonance imaging is highly unlikely to represent actual clinical disease. In patients who are scanned for other reasons and who do not complain of otological symptoms, such findings are unlikely to require otolaryngology input.

  • Audiologist-led screening of acoustic neuromas in patients with asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss and/or unilateral tinnitus: our experience in 1126 patients
  • Y Abbas, G Smith, A Trinidade
  • Journal: The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 132 / Issue 9 / September 2018
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 September 2018, pp. 786-789
  • Print publication: September 2018
  • View abstract
    Objective

    To determine whether patients within an otolaryngology department presenting with asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss and/or unilateral tinnitus can be safely and cost-efficiently screened for acoustic neuroma by audiologists as a first or only point of contact.

    Methods

    A prospective case series and cost analysis were conducted at a tertiary referral centre. Between April 2013 and March 2017, 1126 adult patients presented to the audiology department with asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss and/or unilateral tinnitus. All were screened for acoustic neuroma with magnetic resonance imaging, based on pre-determined criteria. The main outcome measure was the presence of acoustic neuroma or other pathology on magnetic resonance imaging.

    Results

    Twenty-five patients (2.22 per cent) were found to have an acoustic neuroma (size range: 3–20 mm) and were referred to the otolaryngologist for further assessment. The remaining patients were appropriately managed and discharged by the audiologists without ENT input. This resulted in an overall cost saving of £164 850.

    Conclusion

    Patients with asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss and/or unilateral tinnitus can be safely screened for acoustic neuroma and independently managed by audiologists as a first or only point of contact, resulting in considerable departmental cost savings.

  • Looking for new water-fountain stars
  • L. Uscanga, J. F. Gómez, B. H. K. Yung, H. Imai, J. R. Rizzo, O. Suárez, L. F. Miranda, M. A. Trinidad, G. Anglada, J. M. Torrelles
  • Journal: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 14 / Issue S343 / August 2018
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 December 2019, pp. 527-528
  • Print publication: August 2018
  • View abstract

    We carried out simultaneous observations of H2O and OH masers, and radio continuum at 1.3 cm with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) towards 4 water-fountain candidates. Water fountains (WFs) are evolved stars, in the AGB and post-AGB phase, with collimated jets traced by high-velocity H2O masers. Up to now, only 15 sources have been confirmed as WFs through interferometric observations. We are interested in the discovery and study of new WFs. A higher number of these sources is important to understand their properties as a group, because they may represent one of the first manifestations of collimated mass-loss in evolved stars. These observations will provide information about the role of magnetic fields in the launching of jets in WFs. Our aim is to ascertain the WF nature of these candidates, and investigate the spatial distribution of the H2O and OH masers.

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