In a noteworthy address delivered to the Fulton County, New York, Teachers' Institute in 1869, Miss Julia Colman, a temperance writer, stressed the need for school temperance instruction. During the next few years other spokesmen made similar appeals, and in 1873 the National Temperance Society officially advocated the introduction into public and private schools of a physiology textbook that would discuss the origin, nature, and effects upon the human system of alcohol. Between 1874 and 1878 the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) actively attempted to further the scientific temperance campaign by creating numerous departments and committees of work. Not until Mrs. Mary Hanchett Hunt assumed leadership, however, did the campaign receive disciplined direction.