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Amygdala activation in maltreated children during pre-attentive emotional processing
- Eamon J. McCrory, Stéphane A. De Brito, Philip A. Kelly, Geoffrey Bird, Catherine L. Sebastian, Andrea Mechelli, Sophie Samuel, Essi Viding
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 202 / Issue 4 / April 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 269-276
- Print publication:
- April 2013
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Background
Childhood adversity is associated with significantly increased risk of psychiatric disorder. To date, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of children have mainly focused on institutionalisation and investigated conscious processing of affect.
AimsTo investigate neural response to pre-attentively presented affect cues in a community sample of children with documented experiences of maltreatment in the home.
MethodA masked dot-probe paradigm involving pre-attentive presentation of angry, happy and neutral facial expressions was employed. Eighteen maltreated children were compared with 23 carefully matched non-maltreated peers.
ResultsIncreased neural response was observed in the right amygdala for pre-attentively presented angry and happy faces in maltreated v. non-maltreated children. Level of amygdala activation was negatively associated with age at onset for several abuse subtypes.
ConclusionsMaltreatment is associated with heightened neural response to positive and negative facial affect, even to stimuli outside awareness. This may represent a latent neural risk factor for future psychiatric disorder.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. 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- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Philippine Economic Development: A Turning Point?
- from THE PHILIPPINES
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- By Kelly Bird, SEFM at the Asian Development Bank, Hal Hill, Australian National University
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- Southeast Asian Affairs 2009
- Published by:
- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
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- 21 October 2015
- Print publication:
- 28 May 2009, pp 267-286
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Summary
Introduction
Notwithstanding its sometimes negative international image, the Philippine economy has been performing well in recent years, better than is commonly recognized. Until the global financial crisis in 2008, the country experienced its longest period — five years — of uninterrupted positive per capita economic growth since the 1970s. It seems to have moved on from the “two lost decades”, 1983–2003, when there was no net increase in per capita incomes. Business is beginning to insulate itself from the seemingly perennial curse of political machinations souring the commercial environment. That is, business and politics are apparently “decoupling”.
The Philippines has an unenviable history of politics nipping promising economic growth trends in the bud, resulting in a volatile development trajectory around a low average growth rate. The country grew quite strongly in the 1970s under Ferdinand Marcos. But this was debt-driven growth, which became unsustainable when the debts came due and political instability set in in the early 1980s. One of Marcos's enduring contributions to international polemics was the phrase “crony capitalism”.
Then, under arguably the country's most successful president, Fidel Ramos, growth accelerated in the 1990s, until the onset of the Asian economic crisis. This was of course an event outside of Ramos's control. It had the effect of slowing the economy but, unlike its high-growth neighbours, the Philippines did not experience a deep economic crisis. Ramos was then succeeded by Joseph Estrada — under the 1987 Constitution, the president is not permitted to serve more than one consecutive term — and political instability and backsliding again set in. Estrada had been under house arrest since his removal in early 2001, but in late 2007 he was pardoned and set free by his successor, the current president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.
The key to the recent success is that, since the deep economic and political crisis of 1985–86, the reformers have been able to enact and institutionalize enough major policy victories to satisfy the business community that they are a more or less permanent feature of the political economy architecture.
6 - Recent Trends in Foreign Direct Investment
- from PART III - Foreign Investment and Trade
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- By Kelly Bird, Growth Through Investment and Trade Project adviser, National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), Jakarta
- Edited by M. Chatib Basri, Pierre van van der Eng
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- Book:
- Business in Indonesia
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- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
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- 21 October 2015
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- 12 May 2004, pp 93-107
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Summary
The recovery in investment – both domestic and foreign – during the post-crisis period has been sluggish, partly explaining the relatively low economic growth rates in Indonesia since 2001. The consequences of this low-growth period have been slow employment creation in the formal/modern sector and rapid expansion in the informal/traditional sector. Higher rates of investment are required to shift Indonesia to a higher growth path. This chapter reviews recent trends in investment and discusses the factors that explain the sluggish recovery in foreign direct investment (FDI) in particular.
The next section reviews recent trends and the changing pattern of FDI. The third section touches briefly on the consequences of the slow recovery in investment, and the fourth discusses the obstacles to a recovery. This is followed by a brief discussion of the government's investment and employment strategy as outlined in its White Paper.
TRENDS IN INVESTMENT DURING THE POST-CRISIS PERIOD
As mentioned above, the recovery in both domestic and foreign investment has been sluggish during the post-crisis period. As demonstrated in Figure 6.1, real aggregate investment in the economy collapsed in 1998 and bottomed out in the second quarter of 1999 at half the pre-crisis peak investment levels. There was a sharp rebound in 2000, with investment climbing to 70 per cent of pre-crisis levels, but the recovery stagnated in 2001 and 2002. Investment picked up slightly at the end of 2002 and continued its modest recovery in the first semester of 2003. Consistent with aggregate investment in the economy, new FDI remains at historically low levels. Some foreign firms have closed their subsidiaries in Indonesia during the last few years, especially in footwear and other labour-intensive sectors.
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