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STRUCTURED STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT OF MORE DIVERSE AND INCLUSIVE AGROFORESTRY OPTIONS
- EMILIE SMITH DUMONT, SUBIRA BONHOMME, TIMOTHY F. PAGELLA, FERGUS LLOYD SINCLAIR
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- Journal:
- Experimental Agriculture / Volume 55 / Issue S1 / June 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 January 2017, pp. 252-274
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There is a lot of interest in the contribution that agroforestry can make to reverse land degradation and create resilient multifunctional landscapes that provide a range of socio-economic benefits. The agroforestry research agenda has been characterized by approaches that promote a few priority tree species, within a restricted set of technological packages. These have often not spread widely beyond project sites, because they fail to take account of fine scale variation in farmer circumstances. New methods are needed to generate diverse sets of agroforestry options that can reconcile production and conservation objectives and embrace varying local conditions across large scaling domains. Here, we document a novel approach that couples local knowledge acquisition with structured stakeholder engagement to build an inclusive way of designing agroforestry options. We applied this approach in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where armed conflict, erratic governance and poverty have resulted in severe pressure on forests in the Virunga National Park, a global biodiversity hotspot. Around the park, natural resources and land are severely degraded, whereas most reforestation interventions have consisted of exotic monocultures dominated by Eucalyptus species grown as energy or timber woodlots mainly by male farmers with sufficient land to allocate some exclusively to trees. We found that structured stakeholder engagement led to a quick identification of a much greater diversity of trees (more than 70 species) to be recommended for use within varied field, farm and landscape niches, serving the interests of a much greater diversity of people, including women and marginalized groups. The process also identified key interventions to improve the enabling environment required to scale up the adoption of agroforestry. These included improving access to quality tree planting material, capacity strengthening within the largely non-governmental extension system, and collective action to support value capture from agroforestry products, through processing and market interventions. Integrating local and global scientific knowledge, coupled with facilitating broad-based stakeholder participation, resulted in shifting from reliance on a few priority tree species to promoting tree diversity across the Virunga landscape that could underpin more productive and resilient livelihoods. The approach is relevant for scaling up agroforestry more generally.
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. 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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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1 - Embryology of the female genital tract
- from Part I - Normal development
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- By Fergus Cameron, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, Craig Smith, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Edited by Adam H. Balen, Sarah M. Creighton, Melanie C. Davies, University College London, Jane MacDougall, Richard Stanhope
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- Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology
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- 04 May 2010
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- 01 April 2004, pp 3-8
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Summary
Introduction
Regardless of their sex, all human embryos initially develop a common set of genital structures. A pair of primordial gonads, the genital ridges, appear in both males and females during the sixth week of embryonic life. Two associated ducts develop, the Müllerian and Wollfian ducts, while presumptive external genitalia appear as folds of cloacal tissue. The fate of these undifferentiated internal and external structures depends upon the genetic sex of the embryo. In individuals with an XY sex chromosome constitution, the genital ridges become testes. Hormones released from the developing testes masculinize the internal ducts and external genitalia. Sertoli cells of the fetal testes synthesize anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH; also known as Müllerian inhibitory substance), which induces Müllerian duct regression. Meanwhile, testosterone secretion from Leydig cells induces Wolffian duct differentiation into vas deferens, and virilization of the external genitalia into penis and scrotum. Testis differentiation is initiated by the SRY gene (sex-determining region of the Y chromosome). In individuals with an XX sex chromosome constitution, SRY is absent and the genital ridges differentiate as ovaries rather than testes. Furthermore, in the absence of AMH and testosterone, the ducts follow alternative developmental paths. In the absence of AMH, the Müllerian ducts are free to differentiate into the Fallopian tubes, uterus and upper portion of the vagina. In the absence of testosterone, the Wolffian ducts regress. The external genitalia of female embryos differentiate into clitoris and labia.
Dictionary of the New Testament. Edited by Xavier Léon-Dufour. London, Geoffrey Chapman, 1980. Pp. 458. £14.00.
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- Scottish Journal of Theology / Volume 36 / Issue 1 / February 1983
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- 02 February 2009, pp. 127-128
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- February 1983
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