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5856 results in Facet Publishing

Page 96 of 293

  • Appendix A - Resources

  • Heather Ryan, Walker Sampson
  • Book:
    The No-nonsense Guide to Born-digital Content
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    30 April 2018, pp 187-192

  • Summary

    Now that your appetite for learning about born-digital content has been properly whetted, we imagine that you would like to know the best resources available to you to learn more. Here we provide information about books, journals, technical registries, generally helpful websites and, perhaps most importantly, communities of practice that you can reach out to in order to expand your knowledge and capabilities. A few of the resources listed below are repeated from the further reading sections at the end of each chapter, but we have done so because we believe they are valuable enough to gather into this overarching resource section.

    Books

    Books (like this one!) are a great place to pick up some basic knowledge that you can later put into practice. While this is currently the only book for cultural heritage practitioners that is focused solely on born-digital content, we suggest a number of books that provide supporting knowledge to this focus.

  • • Ambacher, B. I. (ed.) (2003) Thirty Years of Electronic Records, Scarecrow Press, Inc.

  • • Brown, A. (2006) Archiving Websites: a practical guide for information management professionals, Facet Publishing.

  • • Brown, A. (2013) Practical Digital Preservation: a how-to guide for organizations of any size, Facet Publishing.

  • • Carrier, B. (2005) File System Forensic Analysis, Addison-Wesley.

  • • Delve, J. and Anderson, D. (eds) (2014) Preserving Complex Digital Objects, Facet Publishing.

  • • Dobreva, M. (ed.) (forthcoming, 2018) Digital Archives: management, access and use, Facet Publishing.

  • • Friedl, J. E. F. (2006) Mastering Regular Expressions, O'Reilly Media, Inc.

  • • Kirschenbaum, M. (2008) Mechanisms: new media and the forensic imagination, MIT Press.

  • • Lowdermilk, T. (2013) User-centered Design, O'Reilly Media, Inc.

  • • Marshall, B. H. (ed.) (2017) The Complete Guide to Personal Digital Archiving, Facet Publishing.

  • • Millar, L. (2017) Archives: principles and practices, 2nd edn, Facet Publishing.

  • • Oliver, G. and Harvey, R. (2016) Digital Curation, 2nd edn, Facet Publishing.

  • • White, R. (2014) How Computers Work: the evolution of technology, 10th edn, Que Publishing.

    • Journals

    Journals can provide more current reports on specific topics. They can sometimes provide more in-depth analysis on technical subjects. The journals listed below often publish articles relevant to born-digital content, and have at times published issues with a born-digital theme.

Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
  • Understanding metadata and its use
  • David Haynes
  • Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    10 January 2018
  • This new and updated second edition of a classic text provides a thought provoking introduction to metadata for all library and information students and professionals. Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval has been fully revised to bring it up to date with new technologies and standards. It builds on the concept of metadata through an exploration of its purposes and uses as well as considering the main aspects of metadata management. This new edition, containing new chapters on 'Very Large Data Collections' and the 'Politics and Ethics of Metadata', assesses the current theory and practice of metadata and examines key developments in terms of both policy and technology.

  • 13 - Very large data collections

  • from PART III - MANAGING METADATA
  • David Haynes
  • Book:
    Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    10 January 2018, pp 203-220

  • Summary

    Overview

    This chapter concentrates on aspects of retrieval and management that are particular to big data. This book originally set out to consider metadata about documents and document collections, using a wide definition of documents to include images, sound, museum objects, broadcast material, as well as text-based resources such as books, journal articles and web pages. Social media activity has been included in this, because it involves a permanent (usually text-based) record of social interactions or online behaviour. The type of metadata associated with each of these types of big data will vary considerably, as will the use to which it is put. Transactional data has largely been excluded from this scope, unless those transactions relate to documents. This chapter also describes linked data, an approach that expands the scope of data sets enormously, because it provides a mechanism for combining data sets from different repositories or collections – mediated by the internet.

    The move towards big data

    The move toward big data has been driven by increasing storage and processing capacity, the establishment of standards for exchange of data and the requirement of funders to make research data more widely available. This last factor is based on the idea that publicly funded researchers should make their data available for further exploitation. It is also driven by regulatory factors such as those that apply to the pharmaceutical industry. Criticism of clinical trials data focuses on the selective nature of publication, with the tendency for some pharmaceutical research companies to publish only data that favours their products, the phenomenon of ‘missing trials data’ documented by Ben Goldacre (2013) in his book Bad Pharma. The US government now requires all clinical trials to be registered according to Section 801 of the Food and Drug Administration Amendment Act, which came into force in 2017. The registration includes details of documents and data sets arising from the clinical trial including:

  • Type

  • Definition: The type of data set or document being shared.

  • • Individual Participant Data Set

  • • Study Protocol

  • • Statistical Analysis Plan

  • • Informed Consent Form

  • • Clinical Study Report

  • • Analytic Code

  • • Other (specify)

  • PART III - MANAGING METADATA

  • David Haynes
  • Book:
    Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    10 January 2018, pp 161-162

  • Summary

    Part III looks at metadata as a resource to be managed, rather than as a tool for management that we saw in Part II. Chapter 11 refers back to the metadata concepts in Part I and identifies some of the issues that arise when developing and implementing metadata standards, such as quality and security. One way of addressing the quality issue is to have some control over the way in which metadata content is created. Chapter 12 considers the ways in which taxonomies and other controlled vocabularies can be used to improve metadata quality. Cataloguing rules are also important in this context as are authority files. Chapter 13 looks at very large collections of data, especially research data and official data released by public authorities. These require special consideration because of expansion of linked data and the emphasis on re-usability of public data. This raises ethical and political issues about the control and management of information as well as privacy and human rights, the topic for Chapter 14. This last chapter also peers into the future and speculates on which professional groups will be responsible for metadata management and use.

  • 8 - Managing intellectual property rights (Purpose 4)

  • from PART II - PURPOSES OF METADATA
  • David Haynes
  • Book:
    Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    10 January 2018, pp 127-138

  • Summary

    Overview

    This chapter considers the ways in which metadata has an impact on intellectual property rights and information access rights. It goes on to describe the issues arising from authenticity, ownership, and rights management. A discussion of different models of intellectual property (IP) rights considers the Open Digital Rights Language as an example of an information modelling language that deals with intellectual property rights. The indecs system and PREMIS are referred to, because they both deal with rights, although they are discussed in more detail elsewhere. There is also a brief discussion of the way rights are handled by Dublin Core, MPEG-21 and the METS Rights extension to METS. The chapter goes on to consider provenance, starting with a general definition and then describing the PROV metadata standard. It then considers provenance in the context of records management, e-documents, books and printed materials.

    Rights management

    Protection of intellectual property rights has a major economic impact on many industries. One of the drivers for the development of metadata standards in the publishing and book industry has been the need to manage copyright effectively. They form a key part of the framework for publishing, while protecting the rights of those involved in creating, performing or distributing a creative work. In most countries an author has moral rights to be identified as the creator of a work and consequently to enjoy the benefits that come with these rights. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in Geneva regulates international treaties to help facilitate international exchange and trade in intellectual property (WIPO, 2015). The interests of different parties involved in intellectual property protection are sometimes in conflict and use of the appropriate metadata helps to identify those interests. Metadata provides a way of mapping the interactions between the stakeholders and provides a mechanism for addressing rights and ownership issues. The ease of copying and faithfulness of reproduction of digital resources both pose an enormous challenge to publishers, record producers and film makers. The growth of peer-to-peer servers for filesharing services continues to be a threat to copyright holders, because of the way they bypass royalty payments.

  • 4 - Metadata standards

  • from PART I - METADATA CONCEPTS
  • David Haynes
  • Book:
    Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    10 January 2018, pp 49-74

  • Summary

    Overview

    This chapter looks at the structure of metadata standards. Understanding the way in which standards are created and how they are constructed gives us an insight into their use and potential applications to different situations. Metadata standards have arisen in different collections and user communities and some of the main metadata standards are described. This is not intended to be a comprehensive survey but rather an overview of the range of metadata standards on offer with pointers to further information about specialist standards. It starts with a description of Dublin Core, which is probably the most widely used standard, partly because of its simplicity and partly because it was designed for web resources. It illustrates some of the main features of metadata standards and is itself used as the basis for specialist standards and application profiles. The chapter goes on to consider some of the standards that are used in the library and information field for bibliographic materials and social media. It also describes metadata standards used for non-textual materials.

    The nature of metadata standards

    Metadata standards allow for exchange of data and by doing so ensure the future usability of information resources. By having a documented standard, it is possible for future users of the metadata to understand the conventions in place and the intentions behind the metadata. Declared standards are an important tool for controlling the quality of data about information resources. Agreed conventions for generating content and for analysing resources in order to describe them means that there is greater consistency. This allows for interoperability, so that metadata can be exchanged between applications and institutions. It also helps users by enabling them to confidently search metadata collections, knowing where metadata such as dates, creator names, and title information is held. Metadata can also be repurposed for use in new environments and contexts. The growth of linked data has been an example of extensive re-use of metadata collections. A model of the world and the relationship between resources and other entities are implied by metadata standards, which is why a prior understanding of data modelling (covered in Chapter 3) is essential.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • from PART I - METADATA CONCEPTS
  • David Haynes
  • Book:
    Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    10 January 2018, pp 3-18

  • Summary

    Overview

    This chapter sets out to introduce the concepts behind metadata and illustrate them with historical examples of metadata use. Some of these uses predate the term ‘metadata’. The development of metadata is placed in the context of the history of cataloguing, as well as parallel developments in other disciplines. Indeed, one of the ideas behind this book is that metadata and cataloguing are strongly related and that there is considerable overlap between the two. Pomerantz (2015) and Gartner (2016) have made a similar connection, although Zeng and Qin (2015) emphasise the distinction between cataloguing and metadata. This leads to discussion of the definitions of ‘metadata’ and a suggested form of words that is appropriate for this book. Examples of metadata use in e-publishing, libraries, archives and research data collections are used to illustrate the concept. The chapter then considers why metadata is important in the wider digital environment and some of the political issues that arise. This approach provides a way of assessing the models of metadata in terms of its use and its management. The chapter finally introduces the idea that metadata can be viewed in terms of the purposes to which it is put.

    Why metadata?

    If anyone wondered about the importance of metadata, the Snowden revelations about US government data-gathering activities should leave no one in any doubt. Stuart Baker, the NSA (National Security Agency) General Counsel, said ‘Metadata tells you everything about somebody's life. If you have enough metadata you don't really need content’ (Schneier, 2015, 23). The routine gathering of metadata about telephone calls originating outside the USA or calls to foreign countries from the USA caused a great deal of concern, not only among American citizens but also among the US's strongest allies and trading partners. The UK's Investigatory Powers Act (UK Parliament, 2016) requires communications providers to keep metadata records of commun - ications via public networks (including the postal network) to facilitate security surveillance and criminal investigations. As Jacob Appelbaum said when the Wikileaks controversy first blew up, ‘Metadata in aggregate is content’ (Democracy Now, 2013). His point was that when metadata from different sources is aggregated it can be used to reconstruct the information content of communications that have taken place.

  • 14 - Politics and ethics of metadata

  • from PART III - MANAGING METADATA
  • David Haynes
  • Book:
    Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    10 January 2018, pp 221-238

  • Summary

    Overview

    This final chapter considers metadata in a political context. It considers three aspects of its role in society and speculates on possible future developments. There is the ethical strand, an increasingly important considerations for those involved anywhere in the information communication chain (Robinson, 2009). It also considers where the power lies in both professional and subject domain terms and which professional groups are best equipped to develop and implement metadata standards. This section speculates on the role of metadata in the creation of new knowledge – a holy grail that has so far eluded the most advanced machine learning environments. Finally it considers the practicalities of funding. There is a huge industry dependent on metadata about online transactions, for instance. This forms the basis of digital marketing and the revenue streams for some of the largest incorporated companies, such as Alphabet (Google) and Facebook. This also raises the issue of who pays for the creation of new metadata standards, and who funds the creation of metadata on a massive scale (all those digitisation projects). Throughout, the chapter speculates on the future development and role of metadata.

    Ethics

    An examination of the role of metadata raises many issues about privacy, security, ownership and control. It also raises issues about the digital divide and its possible role in making information accessible to wider audiences. It has the potential to empower the marginalised, hold government to account and improve individuals’ quality of life. Understanding metadata is important in information literacy and helps individuals to navigate the turbulent sea of opinions, fact-free news and propaganda.

    Privacy and ownership

    In the context of social media, online usage and communications, metadata has become personal. Much of the data about internet activities and transactions is about personal activity and online behaviour. According to our original definition metadata describes an information object, whether that be raw data or more descriptive information about an individual. This is important because the treatment of metadata has become a political issue. Personal data, especially data that reveals opinions, attitudes and beliefs, is potentially very sensitive.

  • 3 - Data modelling

  • from PART I - METADATA CONCEPTS
  • David Haynes
  • Book:
    Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    10 January 2018, pp 35-48

  • Summary

    Overview

    Metadata models help to give an understanding of the development of metadata standards. The chapter starts with an overview of data modelling and its relationship to metadata. It defines some of the terminology used to describe modelling languages, using the Unified Modelling Language (UML) as an example. Systems such as RDF and the ABC Ontology are discussed before considering domain-specific modelling frameworks such as the Library Reference Model (LRM), indecs for the book trade and OAIS for online exchange of information. Van Hooland and Verborgh (2014) talk about four types of modelling: tabular, relational, meta mark-up and RDF. This chapter focuses on the last two types.

    Metadata models

    A metadata standard is a type of data model which provides a way of conceptualising the characteristics of an information resource. A data model may have its own syntax (grammar) and semantics (meaning) and may be expressible in a mark-up language such as XML (W3C, 2016). One of the interesting aspects of the development of metadata standards has been the convergence of different communities of interest. People have recognised the benefits of working within common frameworks. In order to do so they have adopted common languages for describing the data that they handle. Languages such as XML and RDFa have played an important role in equip - ping these communities with a set of tools to describe data and relationships between data elements (Herman et al., 2015).

    Unified Modelling Language (UML)

    UML provides a framework for describing data and for data modelling. Hay (2006) talks about ‘semantic data constructs’ when discussing metadata. He introduces the idea of different levels of data, starting with real world things. These might be people or books or items in a store. The next level up is ‘data about real world things’. Typically this would consist of data in databases, including HR systems (people), a library catalogue (books) or a stock control system (items in a store). At the next level up is data about a database or ‘metadata’. This in effect is a data model because it describes the structure of the data. An example from the database domain would be a data dictionary, which is a list of the fields in a database and their characteristics.

  • PART I - METADATA CONCEPTS

  • David Haynes
  • Book:
    Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    10 January 2018, pp 1-2

  • Summary

    Part I introduces the concepts that underpin metadata, starting with an historical perspective. Some examples of metadata that people come across in their daily life are demonstrated in Chapter 1, along with some alternative views of metadata and how it might be categorised. This chapter defines the scope of this book as considering metadata in the context of document description. Chapter 2 looks at mark-up languages and the development of schemas as a way of representing metadata standards. It also highlights the connection between metadata and cataloguing. Chapter 3 looks at different ways of modelling data with specific reference to the Resource Description Framework (RDF). It describes the Library Reference Model (LRM) and its impact on current cataloguing systems. Chapter 4 discusses cataloguing and metadata standards and ways of representing metadata. It introduces RDA, MARC, BIBFRAME as well as standards used in records management, digital repositories and non-textual materials such as images, video and sound.

  • 7 - Managing information resources (Purpose 3)

  • from PART II - PURPOSES OF METADATA
  • David Haynes
  • Book:
    Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    10 January 2018, pp 113-126

  • Summary

    Overview

    Management of information was the third of the purposes of metadata identified in the six-point model of metadata use. This chapter describes the information lifecycle and a simplified model of this provides the framework for describing the management of information resources and the role of metadata. The chapter considers the role of metadata in each of the main stages of the information lifecycle. This is illustrated with examples from libraries, archives, records management and research data repositories.

    Information lifecycles

    One of the purposes of metadata is to manage the capture, storage, distribution and use of information resources. This can be done in a variety of contexts: libraries, records collections, archives, research data repositories and multimedia collections. As well as formal collections, metadata also plays an important role in the organisation of personal collections, such as bibliographic references, social media and personal files.

    The concept of an information lifecycle is widely used in the management of digital resources and particularly for preservation. There are identifiable stages in the life of a digital resource and this provides a basis for managing those resources. Detlor (2010) puts forward a process-based view of information management where the number of steps in the information lifecycle depends on the perspective taken (organisational, library, or personal). This is an idea that is also summarised in Floridi's (2010) overview of Information. Although metadata does not refer exclusively to digital information (it is also used for books and other physical manifestations of information) the majority of examples discussed here are electronic. These include websites, electronic document and records management systems, data repositories and social media. The lifecycle concept is well developed in records management and this is reflected in ISO15489-1:2016, the international standard for records management, which emphasises events in the lifecycle of records:

    Six broad classes of metadata may be used in the management of records. They may be applied to all entities (see above), or fewer, depending on the complexity of the implementation. The six classes are the following:

  • a) Identity – information to identify the entity;

  • b) Description – information to determine the nature of the entity;

  • c) Use – information that facilitates immediate and longer-term use of the entity;

  • d) Event plan – information used to manage the entity, such as disposition information;

  • 6 - Retrieving information (Purpose 2)

  • from PART II - PURPOSES OF METADATA
  • David Haynes
  • Book:
    Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    10 January 2018, pp 95-112

  • Summary

    Overview

    Metadata standards such as Dublin Core and MODS were designed to improve the retrieval of web resources and discoverability of digital information resources. This chapter considers the role of metadata in information retrieval. It begins with a review of information retrieval concepts and measures of retrieval performance before considering the impact of metadata on retrieval. Reference is made to models for resource description and subject indexing. The final part of the chapter examines the relationship between subject indexing and computational methods of retrieval.

    The role of metadata in information retrieval

    Van Rijsbergen (1979, 1–2) makes the distinction between information retrieval and data retrieval. Information retrieval looks at the existence or nonexistence of a document or information resource that matches the search criteria. This lends itself to document (information resource) descriptions, also known as metadata. Data retrieval on the other hand is about obtaining factual answers to a question, although the boundaries are being blurred with the development of fact-based retrieval systems such as Google's Knowledge Graph. This can also be described in terms of metadata, although here the emphasis is on data dictionaries that define the structure of the database rather than describing document content. The focus of this chapter is on information retrieval rather than data retrieval. This ties in with the overall scope of this book on describing document content. However it does deal with documents of all types from mainly text-based through to multimedia materials. Metadata improves the discoverability of information resources by describing the content in a variety of ways. Cochrane (1982) talks about subject access as being systematic, topical or natural (free-text). The systematic approach is via a classification or taxonomy which provides a formal language for describing the content of the resource. The topical approach may be subject headings which may be derived from a controlled language or may be free text. The natural approach uses free text or natural language – i.e. text retrieval from the content of the information resource itself. Considerable effort has gone into text retrieval algorithms, primarily to rank the results in a way that is meaningful and relevant to the searcher.

  • 10 - Information governance (Purpose 6)

  • from PART II - PURPOSES OF METADATA
  • David Haynes
  • Book:
    Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    10 January 2018, pp 151-160

  • Summary

    Overview

    This chapter considers the ways in which metadata has an impact on information governance. The first part of the chapter considers the role of metadata in privacy, freedom of information and legal admissibility of documents. It then goes on to explore the use of metadata to facilitate regulatory compliance. This demonstrates approaches to document and information management and to metadata policies which contribute to the overall ability of organisations to comply with regulatory requirements.

    Governance and risk

    Information governance is a major preoccupation for many organisations. Not only is there legislative pressure from freedom of information and privacy legislation around the world, but there is also a concern about managing risk. Data loss, malicious access, poor data quality and lack of interoperability can all have a profound effect on the viability of a business or integrity of a public service. Reports in the press of data breaches have led to loss of reputation which can have a real effect on sales. Security breaches can also lead to direct financial loss as well as lost opportunities and exposure to further threats.

    As well as the generic risks, many corporations operate in regulated sectors or markets and have to be able to demonstrate compliance. There are increasing global pressures for multinational enterprises to comply with national legislation in the markets in which they operate. National governments and international bodies are co-operating to ensure that regulations are applied across the board and that potential loopholes are closed off.

    Responses to these pressures by professional bodies such as computing, information management, document and records management and library and information services have resulted in new approaches and practices. These professional bodies also play an important role in setting standards and providing training for professionals responsible for compliance. This chapter identifies these areas and looks at ways in which metadata has been used as a part of information governance. It could be argued that metadata is an information resource that itself is subject to governance and this is discussed in Chapter 11.

Page 96 of 293