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5856 results in Facet Publishing

Page 89 of 293

  • 1 - Introduction to information rights law

  • Edited by Rachael Maguire
  • Book:
    Information Rights for Records Managers
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    01 June 2019
    Print publication:
    28 September 2018, pp 1-12

  • Summary

    Introduction

    There are very few people working in information rights law who intended to do so. Most people managing requests for information under data protection or freedom of information started in another discipline like records management, information management, archives or as librarians and then transferred over or had information rights added to their duties. Some of the principles are the same. Records management and data protection both require that data is destroyed when it is no longer required. Librarians and archivists are used to helping people to find the information they need from within their collections. I came myself from a records management background.

    However, the various pieces of legislation covering information rights have specific legal requirements relating to the information that an organization holds. If you find yourself managing information rights requests you need to be aware of what is in the legislation. There are courses, including master's degrees, available in this area. For example, I received the LLM Information Rights Law at University of Northumbria. However, not everyone has the time or funds to study at that level, but you still need to know how to apply the law.

    That's what this book is for. It is intended to help records managers, information managers, archivists and librarians who find themselves with responsibility for managing information rights in their organizations. As such, it goes through the big three – Data Protection, Freedom of Information and the Environmental Information Regu - lations – as well as the other legislation in this area that covers how you should respond to requests for information. Not all of this will apply to everyone; for example, access to health records is unlikely to be used by organizations that do not hold health records, but the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations apply wherever marketing takes place. If you are acting as your organization's expert in this area, this book will point to most if not all of the legislation that you need to know about, going into detail about the UK-based legislation in this area.

    The focus of the book is on UK-based legislation. This includes the specific Scottish legislation relating to freedom of information and environmental information. However, the data protection advice is based on the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

  • 6 - Data protection: internal enquiries

  • Edited by Rachael Maguire
  • Book:
    Information Rights for Records Managers
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    01 June 2019
    Print publication:
    28 September 2018, pp 121-140

  • Summary

    Introduction

    This chapter covers the sorts of enquiries that you are likely to receive from your colleagues about what they need to do when collecting, processing, sharing and otherwise using personal data. I have assumed that readers will be acting as Data Protection Officer (DPO) for their organization, but even if you are not officially in that position or your organization is not required to appoint a DPO, this chapter focuses on advising others within your organization on what their data protection responsibilities are. These are all likely to be internal, although you may need to get involved with contracts with third parties when sharing data. The following are examples of what you will need to advise your colleagues on:

  • • creating privacy notices and consent forms for collection of data;

  • • conducting privacy impact assessments – recognising when this is necessary, how to carry them out;

  • • sharing data with third parties – when you can make transfers to third parties, under what circumstances and how to do so securely;

  • • enquiries of the type ‘can I do this with personal data?’, which come in many varieties.

    • Privacy notices and consent forms

    Privacy notices and consent forms have always been required under the Data Protection Act (DPA) when collecting information from data subjects. They are intended to let data subjects know why the data is required, who will see it and what will be done with it. Previously some organizations relied on the one privacy notice for all collections of data. Others created new notices with each collection carried out. The latter are in a better position under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which set out what details you need to provide to people for data that you collect directly and for data that you receive from third parties. A one-size-fits-all privacy notice will not be compliant with the GDPR.

    Articles 13 and 14: Information to be provided to the data subject Both these articles cover what information a data subject has to be provided with when their data is being used. However, there are differences between when you are collecting the information yourself and when you are using personal data obtained from a third party.

  • 8 - The search for Ithaca? The value of personal memory in the archive of the digital age

  • Michael Moss, David Thomas
  • Book:
    Do Archives Have Value?
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    02 October 2019
    Print publication:
    28 September 2018, pp 117-140

  • Summary

    Life is not what one lived, but what one remembers and how one remembers it in order to recount it.

    (Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Living to Tell the Tale, 2004, dedication)

    ‘Living Backwards’, repeated Alice in great astonishment, ‘I have never heard of such a thing!’ ‘But there's one great advantage in it’, said the White Queen, ‘that one's memory works both ways.’

    (Lewis Carroll, Alice Through the Looking Glass, 1871, 196)

    Introduction

    How do we remember? By recollection from our own memory: recurrent and reliable. Memories can enrich lives, affirm communities and reinforce cultures; they can inform, enlighten and endorse our identity, our family, our place and our history. Memories can be discovered and uncovered; alternatively, they may hide the truth of events. ‘Memories’, writes Steven Rose, ‘are our most enduring characteristic’ (1992, 1). Memories make us what we are. If Steven Rose is correct, memories must be of huge emotional importance to us. But how do we value personal memory? Is this too difficult to assess, or something simply taken as read: a given? In this chapter I would like to look at individual memory in the archive of the digital age and at its value. Immediately, though, other questions intervene: if the notion of the value of memory is to be explored, can we say what memory is? And can the value of memory be defined?

    The topic of memory is highly complex and hugely significant. One of the difficulties of attempting to write critically about memory is the sheer enormity of the subject: the breadth and depth, from the ancient world to the 21st century, from rhetoric to stories, from ‘emotion recollected in tranquility’ to cognitive psychology. And now, discussion about memory and its importance is everywhere. In recent years fresh ideas and new thoughts have emerged in a number of fields. New research throws light on any attempt to understand the many and various areas of memory. A brief exploration of these new developments might help us to perceive a little more about the value of memory. But first, to get a proper perspective and some understanding of what we mean by memory, we need to look briefly into the historical place of memory as a faculty and a facility from the Classical world to the 20th century.

  • 9 - Fitting information and records management into information rights work

  • Edited by Rachael Maguire
  • Book:
    Information Rights for Records Managers
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    01 June 2019
    Print publication:
    28 September 2018, pp 181-188

  • Summary

    Introduction

    It is usual that you will also be managing records as well as responding to requests for information, particularly in organizations that are not big enough to require an information governance team. One-man bands covering information rights and information and records management (IRM) are common. The issues relating to this are:

  • convincing staff in your organization to properly manage their records in order to support providing information in response to requests;

  • applying records management principles so as to, at best, help support staff in their daily work and, at least, avoid a practice recommendation from the Information Commissioner;

  • finding the time for IRM tasks that don't have the same tight deadlines that information requests come with.

    • This chapter is not intended as a comprehensive review of IRM practice but to offer a brief guide based on the requirements of the legislation for those who need a refresher on the legal requirements, or for Freedom of Information Officers and DPOs who are coming to this subject new. As such, the international standard for records management (ISO15489) is not covered, although it is worth looking at if you are developing a records management programme.

    Information and records management: is it necessary?

    The short answer to this question is yes. Data protection, Freedom of Information (FoI) and environmental information all rely on having good records that can be used to support provision of the information requested. If your organization does not have well organized records, it will be difficult to find, identify and provide the information re quested, and also to know what information you have provided on request.

    The new requirements for record keeping in the GDPR also support the need for good information and records management. Your organ - ization will need to keep track of where personal data is held and what conditions for processing you are using, amongst other tasks. If you cannot provide records to the ICO or the data subject promptly, there will be consequences, up to the imposition of fines. The ICO already has powers to require that information is provided to it by a public authority and can apply to the courts to have the powers of entry and inspection granted if an information notice is not complied with.

  • Introduction

  • Michael Moss, David Thomas
  • Book:
    Do Archives Have Value?
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    02 October 2019
    Print publication:
    28 September 2018, pp xv-xxxvi

  • Summary

    Introduction

    It is all too tempting for those of us who live in Europe or one of the Anglophone countries to take a Eurocentric view of archives. The conventional narrative of archives is that they grew up in the 19th century and were associated with the ‘scientific’ or ‘German’ school of history pioneered by Ranke in Germany and Acton in England. In this narrative, the growth of archives meant that historians were able to write a history which was based on records rather than on repeating what had been said in earlier books. The scientific historians drove the antiquarians out of the temple.

    Although in the West archives are part of the beginning of modernity, elsewhere they were closely connected with the experience of colonialism. In Malawi and India they have played a dual role, both the record of the European settlers, traders and governments and, at the same time, a tool for recording an oral culture and developing national identity. In Japan they have followed a quite different path. There is a long tradition of writing official histories (of companies and organizations and even the nation itself) in that country, and of accumulating a collection of archives to facilitate the writing of history. Unlike in the West, where history followed the archive, in Japan the archive followed the history.

    The situation in Hong Kong is similar but different to that in Japan. For most of its history as a British colony, Hong Kong was dominated by large British companies which developed the habit of collecting archives in order to produce corporate histories and anniversary books. Some of their records are now deposited overseas and, sadly, most of Hong Kong's public records were destroyed in World War 2. Most Chinese-owned companies were small or medium sized and family owned, and it was not until the 1970s that they began to take an interest in their own culture and heritage and began collecting archives and undertaking research. What seems to be fairly universally true is the ability of archives to right wrongs done by governments to their citizens. In Malawi, the archives were used to secure compensation for people damaged by the regime of Dr Banda; in Australia they were of significant value in the restitution of ancestral human remains and the compensation of children mistreated in children's homes.

Do Archives Have Value?
  • Michael Moss, David Thomas
  • Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    02 October 2019
    Print publication:
    28 September 2018
  • This book will explore ways of establishing and measuring value in the archives and special collections.There is a vast literature about ways of measuring value for cultural heritage assets as a whole, particularly museums and visitor attractions, but archives and special collections in libraries have largely been overlooked. They have been very poor at garnering statistical data and devising ways of measuring the impact of what they do, unlike museums and visitor attractions with their much heavier footfall.Do Archives Have Value? discusses the various valuation methods available, including contingent valuation, willingness to pay and value chain, and assesses their suitability for use by archives and special collections. The book also assesses the impact of the transition to the digital in archival holdings, which will transform their character and will almost certainly cost more. The discussion will be set in the context of changing societal expectations of the archive in the wake of child abuse and other scandals where records to address grievances must be kept irrespective of cost.Value is explored in a range of different cultural and organizational contexts with case studies from a range of countries, including Australia, China, Japan, Malawi, Kenya, Russia and Thailand. There are contributions from Nancy Bell, Head of Conservation at The National Archives, Louise Craven, one of the leading UK archival scholars, Paul Lihoma, National Archivist of Malawi, Helen Morgan from the University of Melbourne, Pak Te Lee of the University of Hong Kong and Richard Wato from the National Archives of Kenya.

  • 3 - Value in fragments: an Australian perspective on re-contextualisation

  • Michael Moss, David Thomas
  • Book:
    Do Archives Have Value?
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    02 October 2019
    Print publication:
    28 September 2018, pp 37-62

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Archival records need context in order to maintain their value. Indeed, value is rarely inherent. It needs to be excavated, lifted out, exposed and made explicit; and it needs to be shared widely to take its place in broader contexts in order to grow and create value in the collective. Conceptualisations of value in the archive are constantly changing and dynamic, and context and re-contextualisation – core to the work of archivists – underpins this.

    Context is perhaps best understood as a series of questions, such as: What happened before? What happened after? What was happening at the same time? Who was involved? Where did things happen? When did things happen? Which, when all combined, might help to answer the question: Why did things happen? (McCarthy et al., forthcoming). Record systems and archival systems don't always make this collation of context possible, but continuum model thinking, incorporated by design into systems, with its emphasis on multiple purposes and values, potentially does. But not all records which have – or have the potential to bear – value as archives are waiting patiently in archival repositories for their value to be appreciated. With changing conceptions of value – and growing audiences for archival knowledge – unmanaged archival material, fragmentary in nature and sitting at and outside the boundary of the archive, is proving highly valuable.

    Archival interventions

    This chapter is written by archivists and historians from the University of Melbourne's eScholarship Research Centre (ESRC, the Centre) to reflect on the value that we add or diminish by our archival interventions and the means by which (and reasons why) we work at the boundary of the archive. Critically, these reasons include the desire to situate the materials of the archive ‘in a contextual information framework that helps make them understandable to those without the deep lived experience of the field’ (McCarthy et al., forthcoming). The work of the ESRC, a post-custodial archival service based in a research environment and operating in the digital space, offers unique insights into the value of archives for the general public, as well as for specific communities. Situated originally within the University of Melbourne faculty structure, the group of archivists who had worked together as the Australian Science Archives Project moved into the library and academic services area on the transformation of the group into a research centre.

  • 9 - The commercialisation of archives: the impact of online family history sites in the UK

  • Michael Moss, David Thomas
  • Book:
    Do Archives Have Value?
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    02 October 2019
    Print publication:
    28 September 2018, pp 141-166

  • Summary

    Introduction

    This chapter discusses the economic impact which the move towards commercial family history websites has had on archival institutions. It describes how the ability to license copies of archive records and to make them available online has spawned a multi-billion-dollar industry. The major family history companies provide online access to billions of records and have transformed family history research and academic investigation of biographical material. This new industry has leveraged millions of dollars of investment into digital archival resources and has generated some income for archives, but arguably not nearly enough. As we will discover, it has had some downside for the sociability of the family history community.

    Since 2002, archives have largely contracted out their online public service offerings to family history companies. In most cases it is possible to access the records in archive buildings (in a variety of formats), but for those wishing to access them without travelling long distances, or who want access to the indexes which the family history companies provide, then there is little alternative but to sign up to Ancestry, Findmypast, MyHeritage or other suppliers and buy services from them.

    Very little has been published on the economics of archives, except to bemoan the collapse in user numbers without asking why or considering if the current business model is any longer sustainable. Most of the literature focuses on the cognate, but different, fields of museums and libraries. One pioneering work undertaken in the USA by Yakel et al. (2012) looked at a range of ways of measuring the economic impact of archives. These included contingent measures which attempt to discover how much a user would be willing to pay to use an existing service or how much a user would have to pay to buy that service on the market. Yakel and colleagues also discussed direct measures which looked at the financial impact of cultural services – how much money in terms of staff salaries, construction expenditure, revenues from sales taxes etc. went to the local economy from cultural institutions.

    However, the approach favoured by Yakel et al. was to focus on the indirect economic benefits of archives, calculating how much users spent during their visits. Their conclusions were that the economic benefits of archives were real, but modest.

  • 2 - Building an evidenced-based culture for documentary heritage collections

  • Michael Moss, David Thomas
  • Book:
    Do Archives Have Value?
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    02 October 2019
    Print publication:
    28 September 2018, pp 17-36

  • Summary

    Introduction

    In his essay ‘The Strange Death of Municipal England’, Tom Crewe presents some sobering facts. Between 2008 and 2018, local authority spending in the UK has been squeezed by 37%, and a further substantial reduction is scheduled up to 2023. For many local councils this will mean the loss of more than 60% of income by 2020 (Crewe, 2016). Further retrenchment of already pinched resources will inevitably focus resources on essential front-line services. Crewe presents a carefully argued narrative based on compelling evidence. The experience in the UK is replicated in many other countries that have large budget deficits in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis.

    The consequences of increasing digital access

    Financial retrenchment in the public sector is just one factor impacting on the sector, which is witnessing a decline in staffing and supposed ‘efficiencies’ to be gained through mergers with other cultural heritage services, such as libraries and museums. The sector has to compete for the ‘leisure pound’ and the increasingly vast amount of heritage assets available on the web, which will continue radically to change how collections are accessed and used by a diverse community of users. In the wake of the digital abundance, new forms of content are added daily, from a variety of sources (Zephoria Digital Marketing, 2019); for example, five new Facebook profiles are added every second, creating new pipelines of content for researchers and immersive experiences hitherto unimaginable. In the analogue world historical newspapers were rarely used, but now that they have been digitised and are fully searchable, they are heavily exploited and provide an increasingly alternative channel to the use of archives, at least in the modern period. While this evolving digital offer is to be applauded for giving greater access to collections, there are inevitably unintended consequences. Worryingly, there has been a decline of 3%, over the period 2015–2017 in numbers of on-site visitors to archives, largely from the 65–74 year age group. Although a good deal of the most commonly used digitised content is sheltered behind the paywalls of third-party providers, a similar reduction in online access to collections through archive and library websites has been reported by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (2017).

  • 2 - Theories of bibliotherapy

  • from Part 1 - History and theory of bibliotherapy
  • Edited by Sarah McNicol, Liz Brewster
  • Book:
    Bibliotherapy
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    21 September 2019
    Print publication:
    07 August 2018, pp 23-40

  • Summary

    Introduction

    As discussed in Chapter 1, the aims of, and approaches to, bibliotherapy have changed over time. In the past, it was sometimes seen simply as a means of keeping patients content while therapies took place, but 21stcentury bibliotherapy has much more ambitious aims: improving social and emotional wellbeing and increasing confidence and self-esteem. As such, some early theories attempting to explain the positive results of bibliotherapy now appear simplistic: for example, encouraging patients with depression to read books with ‘amusing anecdotes or … jovial comradeship’ (McAlister, 1950, 356).

    As the case studies in Part 2 illustrate, bibliotherapy activities that currently take place across many settings and with a range of target audiences report significant impacts on the quality of life of participants. But while much attention has been paid to demonstrating the effectiveness of bibliotherapy, finding out how it works has proved more challenging. A typical example is a study into the use of bibliotherapy to treat adolescent depression (Ackerson et al., 1998). Here, the researchers used a number of standardized psycho - logical instruments to compare a treatment group who took part in an intervention with a control group who did not. Based upon statistical analysis of subjects’ scores on these tests, the study concluded ‘bibliotherapy may be an effective treatment for adolescents experiencing depressive symptoms’. The readers’ responses to the book, however, were ignored and nowhere in the study were the readers’ reactions to the book or its content described (Dysart-Gale, 2007).

    This chapter outlines some of the theories behind bibliotherapy and demonstrates how they relate to practical bibliotherapy initiatives found in library settings. This includes schemes focused on the individual, such as Books on Prescription, as well as collective activities such as shared reading, and those concerned with the consumption of literature, such as reading groups, as well as those focused on its creation – for example, creative writing groups. Practical examples from the case studies presented in this book are used to illustrate the theories described, along with findings from a study of health comics readers (McNicol 2015; 2017). However, before focusing on bibliotherapy specifically, it is useful to consider the notion of reading ‘stances’ more generally.

Records, Information and Data
  • Exploring the Role of Record Keeping in an Information Culture
  • Geoffrey Yeo
  • Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    24 September 2019
    Print publication:
    07 August 2018
  • This dynamic book considers whether and how the management of records (and archives) differs from the management of information (and data). Can archives and records management still make a distinctive contribution in the 21st century, or are they now being dissolved into a wider world of information governance? What should be our conceptual understanding of records in the digital era? What are the practical implications of the information revolution for the work of archivists and records managers? Geoffrey Yeo, a distinguished expert in the global field, explores concepts of ‘records’ and ‘archives’ and sets today’s record-keeping and archival practices in their historical context. He examines changing perceptions of records management and archival work, and asks whether and how far understandings derived from the fields of information management and data administration can enhance our knowledge of how records function. He argues that concepts of information and data cannot provide a fully adequate basis for reflective professional thinking about records and that record-keeping practices still have distinct and important roles to play in contemporary society.

  • 9 - Bibliotherapy in Uruguay: a case study of the Mario Benedetti Library for patients dealing with substance abuse

  • from Part 2 - Bibliotherapy case studies
  • Edited by Sarah McNicol, Liz Brewster
  • Book:
    Bibliotherapy
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    21 September 2019
    Print publication:
    07 August 2018, pp 129-140

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Bibliotherapy as a practice dates back to ancient times. An exploration of the uses of reading in various areas of health – both physical and mental – confirms this. However, the conceptualization and investigation of bibliotherapy in academic terms is relatively recent and goes hand in hand with the evolution of the various theories of reading in disciplines such as linguistics, pedagogy, philosophy and psychology that have gained importance since the turn of the century.

    This chapter offers an overview of the practice of bibliotherapy in Montevideo, Uruguay, and, more specifically, bibliotherapy within a context of social vulnerability. Being a relatively new discipline in this country, information about bibliotherapy interventions can be scarce or difficult to access. Therefore, the chapter focuses on the specific theory and practice of bibliotherapy in a state health centre, dedicated to the treatment of the problematic consumption of drugs: Portal Amarillo. Bibliotherapy has been developed in Portal Amarillo's library since 2006, and since 2012 training courses have been offered to disseminate the method and encourage its use in other state institutions. The chapter starts with an overview of theories of bibliotherapy relevant to this context before examining the work of Portal Amarillo in more detail.

    Theories of bibliotherapy

    In 1949, Caroline Shrodes, a student in the USA, defended her doctoral thesis ‘Bibliotherapy: a theoretical and clinical-experimental study’, laying the theoretical basis of the technique. Shrodes (1960) conceives bibliotherapy as a ‘dynamic process of interaction between the reader's personality and the imaginative literature, which can attract his [or her] own emotions and release them to his [or her] conscious and productive use.’ For Shrodes, fictional literature is seen as the most appropriate means to achieve internal change. During the 1950s, the technique she described began to spread and many definitions were developed as well as a variety of uses and theoretical frameworks, including bibliotherapy as a discipline, as art, as a technique and as a tool.

    The Association of Hospital and Institution Libraries in the USA (1971) officially defined bibliotherapy as ‘the use of selected reading materials as therapeutic adjuvants in medicine and psychiatry, also guidance in the solution of personal problems through directed reading’.

Page 89 of 293