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5856 results in Facet Publishing

Page 272 of 293

  • 2 - Ambition as the basis for marketing planning

  • Terry Kendrick
  • Book:
    Developing Strategic Marketing Plans That Really Work
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    31 July 2006, pp 17-26

  • Summary

    By the end of this chapter you will be aware of the importance of ambition, both qualitative and quantitative, to the development of effective strategic marketing plans. You will also have considered your overall mission and the performance indicators which will provide the desired outcome from your marketing planning effort. Finally you will have advice on how to write your statement of ambition, together with warnings about what can go wrong in crafting such a statement.

    This book has a bias towards action. However, simply rushing around doing what are believed to be ‘good things’, with the hope that in some mystical way such initiatives will generate extra visits, issues, enquiries, website hits or other important activity which will move the library towards its performance targets, is unlikely to support effective marketing. Although it is possible to strike lucky with random marketing, it is not to be recommended as a strategy.

    Effective marketing is characterized by specific marketing actions which are clearly focused on helping to achieve specific targets within a wider mission and vision, together with a set of values that inform decision making on the journey. To begin thinking about public library marketing initiatives without an idea of where you want to get to (both qualitatively and quantitatively) is likely to result in an uncoordinated approach to marketing. Marketing initiatives should be chosen for their ability to deliver the type of library activity required from the segments of the market identified to receive the marketing communications. Without a clear understanding of the level of ambition of an initiative, how will any manager know how strong marketing activity needs to be to be effective?

    The degree of ambition inherent in these targets will act as a very important guide to the type, level and frequency of specific marketing communications and promotional activity. Taken in the context of the potential market for library services by segment (there is more on this in Chapter 3), ambition will set the whole tone for marketing.

    Key dimensions of public library ambition

    Public library ambition can be thought of as having two key dimensions:

  • • overall vision, mission, values, image and brand (qualitative ambition)

  • • key performance indicators and objectives (quantitative ambition).

  • 5 - Priorities: making sound choices

  • Terry Kendrick
  • Book:
    Developing Strategic Marketing Plans That Really Work
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    31 July 2006, pp 83-105

  • Summary

    By the end of this chapter you will have considered how to allocate marketing priorities by using a number of tools and techniques from the well-known SWOT analysis to the relative sophistication of the directional policy matrix.

    Having understood the marketplace in which your public library operates and created a practical segmentation, you now need to choose how to achieve the library's ambition. Public library priorities are often set, at least in part, by local and national government, and these will form the important context for the planning period. These may include such important priorities as strengthening services to children and senior citizens, broader social initiatives (e.g. inclusion, cohesion) and commitment to encouraging and supporting lifelong learning. All of these priorities benefit from user segmentation to help identify users who might best help the public library meet the current set of priorities.

    In addition, alert public library managers will look beyond priority government policies to make sure that while implementing such priorities in full the public library service does not lurch from initiative to initiative, compromising the underlying health of its relationship with existing users and potential users. An analysis of Americans’ priorities for public library service in 2003 by the Marist Institute for Public Opinion found 14 priorities: reading programmes for children; open hours in the evening and at weekends; computers for public use; homework help centres; programmes for senior citizens; staff to help with computers; access to reference help by phone, fax or e-mail; access to other government services in library buildings; cultural programmes or exhibits; audiobooks on tape/CD; indexing of local newspapers; rooms for community meetings; book discussion groups; and movies or DVDs. Although these priorities were collected for the American context it is a good list from which to start and to amend when considering local priorities in other parts of the world.

    Any analysis of the market for public library services will reveal many opportunities over and above those identified by local and national government. Everyone is a legitimate public library user, and the range of products and services which could be developed is limited only by the librarian's imagination. All public libraries will be working on limited marketing budgets and staffing levels which are insufficient to win all of these opportunities so, despite best intentions to serve all in full, some marketing priorities must be established.

  • Appendix 3 - Model test script

  • Adrian Brown
  • Book:
    Archiving Websites
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 July 2006, pp 211-214

  • Summary

    This appendix provides a model test script for use in the quality assurance process. It is based on the test script in use by The National Archives of the UK, and is intended for testing remotely harvested content, using a sampling approach to quality assurance. However, it could be easily adapted to other circumstances.

    The script comprises two parts: the test script guidelines, which describe how the test is to be performed, and the test script pro-forma, which is completed by the tester as a record of each test.

    Test script guidelines

    Introduction

    This is the test script for the UK Government Web Archive. It is to be completed by nominated staff within The National Archives only.

    Objective

    To ensure that the website and all content within the website has been captured correctly.

    Testing guidelines

  • 1 Before tests are carried out, please complete the following in the script:

  • Name: The name of the tester.

  • Department: The government department that maintains the website being tested.

  • Test date: The date on which the test was performed.

  • Website name: The name of the website being tested, as described in the TNA catalogue.

  • 2 Open Internet Explorer and type in the following URL to invoke The National Archives web archiving system: www.nationalarchives. gov.uk/ preservation/webarchive/.

  • 3 Enter the URL for the website to be tested in the search box and click ‘Search’. This will invoke an index of available snapshots. Record the original URL under ‘Original URL’ in the script.

  • 4 Select from the index the snapshot to be tested – this will open the snapshot. Record the date of the snapshot under ‘Crawl date’ in the script.

  • 5 Follow steps 1–11 of the script. Tick the Pass/Fail/Not applicable boxes as appropriate, followed by any additional observations in the Comments section. You may wish to open the live version of the website in a new browser window, for comparative purposes. Note that this is to be used only as a reference and it may not be directly comparable owing to differences in date.

  • 6 Log any issues identified which require resolution in the Issues Log.

    • Notes on test steps

  • 1 This test is automatically passed if the snapshot can be invoked.

  • 2 Test a representative sample of all appropriate navigation methods, including menu bars, side bars and in-text links.

  • 6 - Preservation

  • Adrian Brown
  • Book:
    Archiving Websites
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 July 2006, pp 82-126

  • Summary

    Introduction

    This chapter provides an overview of the principles and practicalities of preserving archived web content over long periods of time. Digital preservation is a new and rapidly evolving discipline: the first comprehensive analysis of digital preservation as a global issue was only published in 1996 and, although significant advances have been made since then, mature solutions to the challenges are only now beginning to appear.

    Preserving digital objects over long time periods presents a number of complex challenges, and a detailed discussion is beyond the scope of this book. This chapter discusses the major issues, and the key functions required to deliver a preservation service. These functions are common to the preservation of all types of digital content – the approach described can be applied equally to websites or anything else. Where web content does introduce particular issues, these are discussed at the end of the chapter.

    The challenge of digital preservation

    The purpose of preservation is to ensure the continued accessibility of an object over time, such that the inherent qualities of the object which merited its collection are maintained. In other words, successful preservation requires that the object be accessible to users, and that it retain its intrinsic value to those users. In the world of traditional collections, the principal obstacle to preservation is entropy. Physical materials suffer damage and decay: the acids present in paper damage its fibres, causing it to become brittle and discoloured over time; colour dyes in photographic films and prints continue to be chemically active, fading through exposure to light or high temperatures. Such concerns also apply to digital objects: the physical storage media will degrade over time, or may become corrupted. However, digital preservation must also overcome a unique and much more significant challenge – that of technological obsolescence.

    Digital information is stored in the form of bits – ones and zeros which denote values in binary notation. These bits have no inherent meaning, but rather represent the encoding of information in accordance with some predefined scheme. Such information cannot be directly interpreted by a user, but rather requires the mediation of software capable of translating that information into human-readable form. To illustrate this, Figure 6.1 shows a small segment of a digital image encoded in the common TIFF file format, with the byte values expressed in hexadecimal notation.

  • 10 - Future trends

  • Adrian Brown
  • Book:
    Archiving Websites
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 July 2006, pp 184-196

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Attempting to forecast future trends, especially in such a rapidly changing and unpredictable field as information technology, is a notoriously inexact science. Nonetheless, there are at least some forecasts that may be usefully made in this area. This chapter examines some of the likely advances that will be made over the next few years, in the areas of data storage, digital preservation, web archiving, and the very shape of the world wide web itself.

    Data storage

    Web archiving can generate very large volumes of data, which need to be stored and managed. The largest web archives are already approaching or exceeding the petabyte level (1,000 terabytes). In the near future, the larger web archives will be measured in tens or hundreds of petabytes, which will test the limits of current storage technologies. Fortunately, storage capacities show every sign of continuing to rise, accompanied by commensurate reductions in costs, at their current rate for the foreseeable future. Equally, new and more efficient types of storage technology will undoubtedly emerge.

    The storage capacities of established technologies, such as hard disk and magnetic tape, are continuing to increase significantly. In 2005, single hard disks with 500 gigabyte capacities were widely available. New technologies such as perpendicular recording, where data is recorded in three-dimensional columns rather than on the two-dimensional disk surface, are expected to increase capacities tenfold over the next few years.

    Magnetic tape remains the most common choice for very large data volumes. To illustrate the progression of storage capacities, one of the most widely used tape formats is linear tape open (LTO). The first generation of LTO cartridge, released in 1999, could store 100 gigabytes of uncompressed data. By 2002, the second generation offered 200 gigabyte capacities. The current LTO 3 format boasts 400 gigabytes per tape, with 800 GB expected by 2009 and 3.2 TB beyond that.

    Flash memory is also becoming increasingly widespread. Although traditionally confined to portable devices such as music players and removable ‘memory sticks’, the first Flash-based hard drives are now being developed. Although initially aimed at the laptop market, such devices may well become ubiquitous.

    Another promising area of research is the application of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to data storage. MEMS devices are mechanical components created using micrometre- and nanometre-scale manufacturing technologies.

  • Appendix 4 - Model issues log

  • Adrian Brown
  • Book:
    Archiving Websites
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 July 2006, pp 215-216

  • Summary

    This appendix provides a model issues log (overleaf) to be used for recording any issues identified during the quality assurance testing process that require resolution. It is based on the issues log in use by The National Archives of the UK.

  • Appendix 2 - Model permissions form

  • Adrian Brown
  • Book:
    Archiving Websites
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 July 2006, pp 203-210

  • Summary

    Introduction

    This appendix reproduces the British Library's version of the copyright permission documents used by the UK Web Archiving Consortium, which are reproduced by permission of UKWAC and the British Library. They are intended to provide an example of the types of form required for securing permissions to archive web resources from website owners. It comprises a covering letter to the website owner, the copyright licence form itself and a set of frequently asked questions.

    Permissions letter

    Dear Sir/Madam,

    WEBSITE TITLE

    The British Library is a founding member of the UK Web Archiving Consortium (www.webarchive.org.uk) consisting of the British Library, JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee), The National Archives, the National Library of Scotland, the National Library of Wales and the Wellcome Library. The Consortium is undertaking a two-year pilot project to determine the long-term feasibility of archiving selected websites.

    The British Library would like to invite you to participate in this pilot project by archiving your website under the terms of the appended licence. We select sites to represent aspects of UK documentary heritage and, as a result, they will remain available to researchers in the future. If the pilot is successful the archived copy of your website will subsequently form part of our permanent collections.

    There are some benefits to you as a website owner in having your publication archived by the Consortium. If you grant us a licence, the Consortium will aim to take the necessary preservation action to keep your publication accessible as hardware and software changes over time.

    If you are not the sole copyright owner please pass this request on to the other copyright owners. If you give the British Library permission to copy and archive your website we will store its contents electronically on a server owned by the UK Web Archiving Consortium. We will also seek to take the necessary action to maintain its accessibility over time and ensure its future integrity. Permission to archive pertains only to the website specified in this e-mail.

    Please note that the Consortium reserves the right to take down any material from the archived site which, in its reasonable opinion, either infringes copyright or any other intellectual property right or is likely to be illegal.

  • 9 - Managing a web archiving programme

  • Adrian Brown
  • Book:
    Archiving Websites
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 July 2006, pp 163-183

  • Summary

    Introduction

    This chapter describes the practicalities of establishing, resourcing and maintaining a web archiving programme. It discusses the variety of operational models available, the relative merits and disadvantages of each, and the factors that might influence the selection of the most appropriate strategy. It examines management issues and identifies the range of staff skills required. It concludes with a case study provided by the web archiving programme developed by The National Archives of the UK (TNA), which offers a practical example of how one such a programme was established and developed in recent years.

    Alternative operational models

    A number of different models have emerged for developing and implementing a web archiving programme. These can be broadly categorized as follows:

  • • in-house: programmes are entirely resourced, managed and implemented within the organization

  • • contracted-out: programmes have all or some aspects of the work performed by a contractor

  • • consortia: programmes are implemented by a consortium of organizations, using some degree of shared infrastructure.

    • Each of these models is discussed in detail below. Every approach has specific advantages and disadvantages and, in practice, many organizations choose to implement programmes that include elements from more than one model.

    The in-house model

    A web archiving programme which is implemented and operated entirely using in-house resources does, in principle, offer the greatest flexibility and control. However, it also places the entire burden of risk on the organization, and the complexities involved mean that this is not an option to be undertaken lightly.

    Clearly, this option is only viable if the necessary skills, infrastructure and other resources for each stage of the programme are either already available in-house, or can be realistically developed. As such, in-house programmes tend to be the province either of very large organizations, or of those with very small-scale programmes.

    The contracted-out model

    An organization may not wish to invest in establishing all of the infrastructure and other resources required to undertake web archiving in-house. In this case, contracting out some or all elements of the programme may be an attractive option. It may be possible to use a contractor with existing experience in the field, but there is a limited pool available and it is equally possible to use a contractor with transferable skills.

Archiving Websites
  • A Practical Guide for Information Management Professionals
  • Adrian Brown
  • Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 July 2006
  • The world wide web is arguably the most important, and certainly the largest and most ubiquitous, cultural and commercial information resource in existence. The requirements to actively preserve selected parts of it, and the attendant problems of archiving such a vast and ephemeral entity, are only now beginning to be fully appreciated. This important book is the first to offer practical guidance to information-management professionals seeking to implement web archiving programmes of their own. It is essential reading for those who need to collect and preserve specific elements of the web - from national domains or individual subject areas to an organization's own website. Drawing on the author's experience of managing The National Archives' web-archiving programme, together with lessons learned from other international initiatives, this book provides a comprehensive overview of current best practice, together with practical guidance for anyone seeking to establish a web-archiving programme. It assumes only a basic understanding of IT and web technologies, although it also offers much for more technically oriented readers. Contents include: the development of web archiving; selection; collection methods; quality assurance and cataloguing; preservation; delivery to users; legal issues; managing a web-archiving programme; and; future trends. Written to address audiences from the whole spectrum of information-management sectors, this book is essential reading for three types of reader: policy-makers, who need to make decisions about establishing or developing an institutional web archiving programme; information-management professionals, who may be required to implement a web-archiving programme; and website owners and webmasters, who may be required to facilitate archiving of their own websites.

  • Appendix 5 - Model job description

  • Adrian Brown
  • Book:
    Archiving Websites
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 July 2006, pp 217-220

  • Summary

    Introduction

    This appendix provides a sample job description for a generic web archivist. The envisaged role is technically oriented, such as might be required to implement a web archiving programme within an organization that has existing curatorial expertise. If required, this role could be divided into a number of more specialized posts.

    Web archivist job description

    Job purpose

    As part of our developing web archiving programme, you will be responsible for the administration of two ongoing projects:

  • 1 A contracted-out web harvesting programme for the repeated harvesting of selected websites. You will liaise with the contractor to ensure that websites are harvested in accordance with the specified collection list, perform quality assurance on the harvested websites, and liaise with the contractor to resolve any identified issues.

  • 2 A collaborative programme with a consortium of partner organizations. You will undertake the collection, quality assurance and cataloguing of websites using the consortium's shared infrastructure, and liaise with other consortium members and with IT system suppliers.

    • You will also contribute to developing supporting technologies and standards for digital preservation of websites. Suitable candidates must be team players, enthusiastic to help take us forward into an exciting new era.

    Main responsibilities

    The main responsibilities of the role are:

  • • initiation, configuring and monitoring of harvests

  • • cataloguing of websites to designated standards

  • • quality assurance of collected websites

  • • resolution of identified quality issues

  • • liaison with relevant internal departments, e.g. those responsible for selection of websites and online delivery

  • • liaison with external parties, e.g. third party suppliers, website owners and relevant external initiatives

  • • assistance with the administration, support and maintenance of IT systems, including web crawling applications and data storage systems

  • • working with the digital preservation team to develop and enhance innovative methodologies, techniques and tools to support web archiving and long-term preservation.

  • 2 - The development of web archiving

  • Adrian Brown
  • Book:
    Archiving Websites
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 July 2006, pp 8-23

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The history of web archiving is almost as long as that of the web itself. There are grounds for optimism in noting that, in a world where modern technological innovations, such as the first e-mail, have all too often been lost forever, the very first website is still preserved: that initial page of text and hyperlinks created in 1991 (see Chapter 1, Introduction) can still be viewed and navigated today. The first notable web archiving initiative was also, and remains to this day, the most ambitious. The Internet Archive was established in 1996, with the mission statement of ‘universal access to all human knowledge’. Since then, web archiving has rapidly evolved to become an international, multidisciplinary concern, spawning a multitude of research- and practically based programmes. This chapter describes some of the major milestones along that road, from the very first web archiving initiatives to the latest international research.

    Initiation: the Internet Archive

    The origins of the Internet Archive lie in Alexa Internet, a web cataloguing company founded by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat in 1996. At the same time, Kahle established the Internet Archive as a non-profit organization, with the aim of building a digital library to offer permanent access to historical collections which exist in digital form. Alexa harvests a snapshot of the world wide web every two months, each snapshot encompassing over 35 million websites. These snapshots are donated to the Internet Archive, and form the basis of its main collection.

    Located in San Francisco, the Internet Archive is undoubtedly the largest web archive in the world. The raw statistics make impressive reading: as of 2005, the archive contained over 40 billion web pages; the total collection amounted to over one petabyte (1000 terabytes) of data, and was increasing at a rate of 20 terabytes per month.

    The Internet Archive collects material by remote harvesting, the method used by the vast majority of web archiving programmes at present. This uses specialized web crawling software to copy web resources remotely, and is described in more detail in Chapter 4, Collection Methods. To date, these harvests have been collected using Alexa Internet's own, proprietary web crawling software, which is not available for direct use by the Internet Archive or other organizations.

  • 3 - Selection

  • Adrian Brown
  • Book:
    Archiving Websites
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 July 2006, pp 24-41

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The initiation of any web archiving programme is self-evidently based on a decision to collect, which in turn implies the application of an explicit or implicit process of selection. The development of an appropriate selection policy is therefore an essential precursor to the implementation of any such programme. The nature of a given selection policy will be determined by a number of factors, including the remit and mission of the collecting organization, intellectual property rights issues and the institutional resources available. Web archiving programmes may be implemented by a wide variety of institutions, including libraries, archives, museums, research organizations, learned societies and commercial organizations, which may collect web resources for many diverse reasons, such as for their intellectual, evidential or artefactual qualities. Web archiving can therefore encompass many different curatorial traditions and approaches to selection.

    It might appear that, within such well-established curatorial traditions, the development of selection policies for websites would pose no significant new issues, and it is certainly not the purpose of this chapter to discuss the general principles of appraisal and selection. However, the very nature of the world wide web challenges these traditions, and must be taken into account. These challenges arise from the structural, temporal and informational qualities of the web.

    One of the principal defining qualities of the web is its interconnectedness. Every website has the potential to link to and be linked to from any number of other websites. It may also derive a greater or lesser part of its content from external sources, such as Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds. Indeed it is often difficult, if not impossible, to define any given website in terms of absolute boundaries. The facility to create, copy and link to information content with great rapidity renders obsolete the paper paradigm of discrete, enumerable and physically locatable information objects. It may in fact be more helpful to regard a website as a conceptual grouping of information experienced by a user, rather than as an artefact with any coherent physical existence. Furthermore, no website can be considered as an isolated object – it exists within a wider context which, ultimately, extends to encompass the entire world wide web. The breadth and complexity of that context is further complicated by its frequent opacity, whereby the relationships between resources may not be easily apparent.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Adrian Brown
  • Book:
    Archiving Websites
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 July 2006, pp 1-7

  • Summary

    The world wide web is such a pervasive cultural phenomenon that it is easy to forget its relative infancy. Although the internet itself can trace its origins to ARPANET, the computer network developed by the US military in the late 1960s, the world wide web has a much more recent history. Its birth can, arguably, be assigned a very precise date: at 2:56:20 pm on 6 August 1991, the world's first website was made available on the public internet by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. The privatization of the internet's backbone infrastructure in 1995 opened the door to commercialization, and its original academic and scientific usage was rapidly subsumed as public and commercial interest escalated. To describe its expansion, from that prototype system for information exchange within the high-energy physics community to the global information network of today, as dramatic is an understatement. By 2005, the public web was estimated to comprise over 11.5 billion web pages. And the public part of the web is the minority: the so-called ‘deep web’ – content which is inaccessible to search engines or to which access is controlled – is thought to be 500 times larger.

    The technological development of the web has been equally remarkable. This can be illustrated graphically with examples of government websites taken from the collections of The National Archives of the UK. Figure 1.1 shows the home page of the Home Office website in 2000, and Figure 1.2 is taken from the same site in 2005.

    The 2000 website, typically for its era, was primarily text-based, with only rudimentary graphical and design elements. Only five years later, the same site offers sophisticated graphics, intelligent searching, audio, video and animated content, and live news feeds. It is instructive and perhaps a little alarming to see how the technologies which, at the time, seemed exciting and innovative can, in such a brief period, come to appear so primitive.

    During the course of this extraordinary growth, the web has evolved into perhaps the single most dominant communication channel in the world. The ‘Google generation’ not only search for information on the web, they also use it to shop, bank, watch television, chat to friends and family, book their holidays and play games.

  • 5 - Quality assurance and cataloguing

  • Adrian Brown
  • Book:
    Archiving Websites
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 July 2006, pp 69-81

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Quality assurance is an essential component of any web archiving programme. All collection methods involve some degree of automation, and it is therefore vital to ensure that the selection policy and collection list are actually being implemented successfully. The nature and degree of quality assurance which is required or practical will depend upon the needs and resources of the collecting agency, and the selection approaches and collection methods employed. In general, the greater the scale of collection undertaken, the more basic the level of quality assurance that can realistically be employed. This dictates that there is invariably a tradeoff between the number of resources that can be collected, and the quality control which can be applied to them, and a policy decision is required as to the minimum acceptable level of assurance.

    Whatever the level of detail at which it is applied, any quality assurance process should follow the basic model illustrated in Figure 5.1 overleaf.

    This chapter describes these processes in detail, and identifies some of the most commonly encountered problems and their possible solutions. It also discusses the cataloguing of archived websites. Some form of catalogue description is required in order to manage any archival collection, and make it accessible to users. Although cataloguing may take place at various stages in the web archiving process, it is included here because an important element of quality assurance is to ensure that all necessary cataloguing is accurate and complete.

    Pre-collection testing

    Pre-collection testing is concerned with the identification of potential issues that may affect the quality of collected content, in advance of its acquisition. It is clearly desirable to identify and resolve as many potential problems as possible prior to collection, thereby minimizing the extent of postcollection testing required. Pre-collection testing will typically include two approaches: resource analysis and test collection.

    Resource analysis

    This involves the manual or automated analysis of the target web resource, in order to identify the appropriate collection method and any issues that are likely to arise during collection. At the most basic level, it will be necessary to determine whether the website is static or dynamic in nature and, if the latter, whether all of the target resources are linked or only available through database queries.

Page 272 of 293