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5856 results in Facet Publishing

Page 237 of 293

  • Preface

  • Ian Cornelius
  • Book:
    Information Policies and Strategies
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    23 March 2010, pp xi-xiv

  • Summary

    THIS IS AN introductory book about information policy. It takes the form of a discussion of the issues that affect the determination of what policy should be, and a discussion of which mechanisms give effect to the intended policy. The aim of the book is to take readers to the point where they can develop the arguments that will lead them to determination of what information policy should be, and where they can develop appropriate policies for the environment they are operating in. This is not a description or explanation of what policies or regulations currently are, or should be, in any jurisdiction. Nor is it a legal or political science or sociological text book, or a review of existing literature. Readers wanting accounts of current law or practice should turn to any of the wide range of excellent studies available. References in the text have been kept to an absolute minimum, and the bibliography is very small. If you want to immerse yourself in reading about any of the issues raised in this book just open a newspaper, or watch the television, where on almost any day you will find matters that involve the generation, transfer, use, storage or retrieval of information and the policy issues that govern them.

    This book will be of interest to anyone concerned with information policy. It is relevant to librarians because it deals with issues of censorship and intellectual property. Other readers will find it useful because, although the book does not take the place of dedicated works on any aspect of information policy, it will guide all readers through the process of identifying exactly what they want policy to be and also through the stages of analysis and strategy formation.

    The book will also appeal to another type of reader, those whose interest lies in understanding the larger processes at work in an information society. The way information policy interacts with broad conceptualizations of the modern world is discussed to aid campaigners and social theorists. This work is thus also of interest to policy makers and analysts and other parts of the academic community. The easy stance to take, and the default position in this book, is that of the outraged liberal. This is just a rhetorical device to help drive the discussion and to provoke response.

  • 5 - Censorship, freedom of speech and freedom of expression

  • from Part 2 - Information policy sectors
  • Ian Cornelius
  • Book:
    Information Policies and Strategies
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    23 March 2010, pp 87-102

  • Summary

    FIRST, WE NEED to explore the relationship between these terms, which are slightly different but intricately related. The topic that most excites comment and draws criticism is censorship, which overwhelmingly people instinctively think of as wrong. Yet, when asked about what we should allow children to view or read, at the least we think we should provide guidance for them and if that is not possible we quickly arrive at a point where, we think for the best, some things are concealed from children. Typically, we conceal harmful or illegal content, and the European Union (EU) has a directive for member states to protect minors against such material by restricting it as they think best. Censorship is a cry that is raised in other circumstances, too. We are reluctant to broadcast material on bomb-making, particularly nuclear weapons, biological agents that might incapacitate, injure or kill, or material that might be mentally disturbing for some categories of patients in secure hospitals. The list is easily extended; the question is, where does it stop?

    It is clear that we want to limit the range of material that can automatically be banned, and also limit the classes of people who can be denied access to any material they want to see. If we don't agree to such a limitation we are handing over to those with power and coercive authority – usually but not exclusively governments – the freedom to deny access at will as suits them, and without any certainty that the ban will be removed when any temporary need is over. This is just a matter of experience, and that fact brings us closer to the real world where we must consider what actually happens as well as what we intend. If you ban a child from going to the cinema to see certain types of film you may find that you have, apparently, got a compliant child, but it may later turn out that when the child visits friends they watch even worse material downloaded or on videos: policy decisions and the strategies used to implement them do not always lead to the intended results.

Information Policies and Strategies
  • Ian Cornelius
  • Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    23 March 2010
  • All librarians and libraries have information policies, and so do most people. The big issues, like censorship or intellectual property ownership and use, crowd our minds but the process of decision making is the same at every level and in every context, whether we are concerned with government secrets, advertising standards, or our children's reading and viewing habits. This book examines the issues from varying standpoints, including the human rights approach, the commercial approach, and the states-interest approach. These are all placed within the context of arguments about the public sphere. The working librarian has to be in a position to justify every stock purchase and information access decision, and in the strategies they follow to legitimate the library. The form and construction of arguments and the discussion of issues in this book will give librarians the context and arguments they need to identify and apply appropriate information policies and strategies. Key areas addressed in the book include: the information policy problem; policy sectors; information regimes; and, policies and strategies: models and cases. This book is essential reading for library students, researchers and policy makers as well as for all LIS practitioners wishing to widen their awareness of the important issues surrounding information policy.

  • 6 - Arguments for protecting speech

  • from Part 2 - Information policy sectors
  • Ian Cornelius
  • Book:
    Information Policies and Strategies
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    23 March 2010, pp 103-124

  • Summary

    IN OUR CONSTRUCTION of information policy we need to have an understanding of how broad explanations of social movements are to be accounted for – whether we want to believe them, accommodate the possibility of them, or ignore them – and we also need to understand how the policies will work in day to day life at ‘street level’. In between these two are the instruments and mechanisms that are meant to give effect to the intentions we have. These mechanisms need a rationale, a set of arguments that form the basis for the formation of policy. These arguments seem to stand on their own, so when we have discussions about censorship, intellectual property or whatever, we tend to see the issue in terms of the arguments that can be brought to bear about that particular issue. The strength of these arguments will have an impact on the effectiveness of the policy or law that is put in place, and they must be seen in the broader context of information policy overall. Whatever social analysis we might have we should also recall that often information policy issues tend to be secondary issues – so the protest in London in early 2009 is seen as an issue about world economic government, capitalism or policing policy, but rarely as an information issue, even though the intention of the protesters was to convey a message.

    In constructing the argument there are three elements to consider. As an aside, let us just explain what we mean by the term ‘an argument’.

    We will often say that someone is arguing for a particular point, and that is the sense in which we are using the term, not in the sense of a strongly expressed disagreement. An argument is a claim supported by a series of testable propositions, where evidence of some sort is connected by some framework of justification to the main claim. Complex arguments may have many stages in each of which the claim and subordinate claims must be tested. First, the argument must offer a convincing or acceptable explanation of the real world situation. Second, the analysis of process and the desired outcomes must also be convincing.

  • 8 - Freedom of information

  • from Part 2 - Information policy sectors
  • Ian Cornelius
  • Book:
    Information Policies and Strategies
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    23 March 2010, pp 143-156

  • Summary

    FREEDOM OF INFORMATION is about improving public access to government information. It is different in character to data protection and also to censorship and freedom of speech. We should be clear about the terms we are using, as there is often confusion between freedom of information and freedom of speech and expression. We might also include ‘intellectual freedom’ in this. Intellectual freedom is a term similar to freedom to read but being more inclusive and covering more, and concerns the right to read or view as we wish, without censorship. Freedom of speech and expression are the right to make utterances without censorship; they are obviously closely related to intellectual freedom and the freedom to read.

    Freedom of information is different, although it does relate to restrictions on the right to read, as it is the name given first to campaigns, and latterly to laws, to enforce governments to release for public view information they have collected and hold. The matter of increased government secrecy has become a major issue in the last 30 years but has been the subject of campaigns for much longer. The cause of the concern is familiar: the increased volume of government activity, the extension of government action into many more areas of life, the effect of nearly a century of wars or near wars for most of the advanced industrial nations with the attendant paranoia about national security, and increased dem11ocratic concern about the accountability of those with power. The movement to increase government accountability is, like the movement to secure data protection, pursued from the ground up, and, as with data protection, the legislation was resisted and then introduced with reluctance. The difference is that in the case of freedom of information the legislation is aimed solely at the governments themselves and for its implementation is dependent on government goodwill and willingness to reveal what information it holds. The information is of two broad types, which overlap: the information governments collect, and that which they generate from their own work – the working documents of government.

  • 9 - Intellectual property

  • from Part 2 - Information policy sectors
  • Ian Cornelius
  • Book:
    Information Policies and Strategies
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    23 March 2010, pp 157-174

  • Summary

    INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY is an area of interest because governments have a different set of interests from those of citizens, and citizens themselves have conflicting interests according to the role they are playing. Citizens can be both consumers and creators of intellectual property, seeking to protect creators’ rights while simultaneously anxious to secure the widest possible access to products. Governments, acting also as both producers and consumers, do not have the same interest in protecting creators’ rights because they are not dependent on the income. Governments do have a secondary interest in creators’ profits because they may enjoy tax revenues from the creator's work or from by-products of it. Successful creative activity leads not just to books, films, paintings, other art and performances, but also to merchandising – the T-shirts and mugs – that mark an increase in economic activity and hence tax revenues. There are two other secondary government interests. One is concern that they may be pilloried for failing to protect both the economic interests of living artists and the rights to access that the mass of citizens wish to enjoy. The other is concern that the activities of artists may effect a disturbance in the political balance, as art often criticizes power, especially when the exercise of political power against those unable to respond evokes satirical artistic comment. What better way to guard against this than to ensure that artists are enveloped within the established system of national and community rewards and have maximum opportunities to create new work and to distribute it, while at the same time ensuring that the population at large has easy access to this work through the provision of free public libraries, museums and art galleries, and subsidized theatre performances?

    This concern for the living artist and the art-hungry citizen may be the popular image of talk about intellectual property, but the reality is different, and the reality of government interest is different. Intellectual property law protects all intellectual property, not just that which can be labelled artistic. So, all new knowledge, all scientific work, all engineering and architectural realizations of new inventions and discoveries, and even all repackaging in new forms of existing knowledge (such as school textbooks), is covered by law, international treaties, and national and international organizations.

  • 10 - Final considerations

  • from Part 3 - Conclusion
  • Ian Cornelius
  • Book:
    Information Policies and Strategies
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    23 March 2010, pp 177-196

  • Summary

    WE HAVE REVIEWED both macro and micro elements that influence the determination of information policy. There are other issues that we could have considered, most obviously the matter of how to determine the use of goods in common – that is, those that are limited in extent and which we all share. The broadcast spectrum is the commonly cited example of that. We have also taken the whole discussion from the viewpoint of a democratic society with a stable but powerful government and bureaucracy subject to some level of accountability to voters and legal procedures. Our discussion has also assumed that we are dealing with societies with effective, enforceable legal systems that are binding on all members of the society. The point about the law is threefold – first, that everyone lives ‘under the law’, second, that the law is an effective instrument, and third, that the spirit of the law that dictates the way the law is used is benign, reflecting a belief that law can be used as an instrument to bring about beneficial social change. The belief in the beneficial influence of law as an agent of social change has been available to us since the Enlightenment, but that view of law does not pertain in all societies, and in some instances law is still just an instrument of coercion.

    Information policies in non-democratic societies

    What do we say about societies where these points do not hold good? We can distinguish three types, which may not account for all instances but which certainly gives us some initial assistance in dealing with nondemocratic societies. First, there is the case where the normal institutions of a democratic society living under the law have broken down. In this case we can appeal to some previously held intention or understanding whereby although the prospect of immediate restitution of former values and practices is remote we can at least work with the spirit of those and gradually move back to a normal democratic environment as other conditions improve. Second, there is the case where these values never did exist and the apparatus of government is weak and lacks moral and effective coercive authority.

  • 7 - Privacy and data protection

  • from Part 2 - Information policy sectors
  • Ian Cornelius
  • Book:
    Information Policies and Strategies
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    23 March 2010, pp 125-142

  • Summary

    WE SHOULD BEGIN this review of information policy provisions for data protection by putting it in the context of social and government action. Unlike issues of censorship, which tend to be dealt with at government level and imposed largely at the behest of governments, data protection is an issue that gets its momentum from grassroots activism. We saw with Cohen's model for protecting speech that the main concern is over-regulation of speech, and that there are several issues relating to the character of the society that we live in that make it imperative to generate action to reduce over-regulation. Governments have a lazy interest in prohibiting speech – such action might reduce the risk of political dissent, and of discord and disruption of the civil order between sections of society, and it can protect the government's own interests where there is a need to protect national secrets or a desire to prohibit investigation of government action.

    Issues of privacy and data protection are not matters of concern to government, except in so far as individual members of government have an interest in restricting public knowledge of and comment on their own actions. Beyond that the only government interest lies in ensuring a minimum of discord among its subjects or citizens, and by protecting data or recognizing privacy some small level of civil order may be maintained. Recent events in several countries, particularly the UK, have shown that governments or their agents or agencies are lamentably inept at protecting data about citizens. Records of millions of citizens contained on computers or computer readable media have been lost, found in rubbish dumps, or stolen. Such records often include sensitive financial or health information that might expose those whose names are on the list to financial loss or other distress. Governments are not alone: banks, which also keep huge files of the financial details of their customers, have also lost such data.

    In most societies the only agency with the authority and power to protect data is the apparatus of the state. This includes the promotion and passage of legislation; the establishment of oversight agencies and responsible personnel; and the identification of illegal acts, penalties, processes of redress and if necessary punishment, and codes of conduct to ensure the safety of data.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Ian Cornelius
  • Book:
    Information Policies and Strategies
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    23 March 2010, pp 1-18

  • Summary

    IN THE SPRING of 2009 a protest in London, England, at the time of an international meeting resulted in the death of a man in the crowd. Later, it emerged that he was not part of the demonstration but had merely been walking home from work. Quite quickly, some video footage appeared showing him being struck and knocked to the ground by a policeman. Afew days later another short piece of grainy video appeared, showing a policeman first shoving a woman in the back with his hand and then striking her across the back of her legs with his baton. Quite clearly, this is a story about several different themes. First, it is about concerns over police behaviour; it is also a story about concerns over world economic conditions and the policies of world leaders. But it is also a news story, something that became an information item. As such it has a life, it has to be described and labelled in some way that allows it to be stored and then found again later. That, if you like, is about the management of the item, but we can also ask questions about the nature of the item. What exactly was being videoed? Did the person with the camera focus on just part of a larger scene? There is no sound with the video footage, so we do not know what the woman and the policeman said to one another – we do not have a complete picture, so we lack information about this event.

    The policeman wears a coat with no identifying badge or number: it would be impossible to use the footage to isolate which policeman hit the woman, so immediately we want further information to complete our knowledge of the event. Should we get that? Is this selective footage the kind of thing that, contrary to the general interests of public order, dents confidence in the police, so much that we might want to suppress such video clips?

  • 4 - Moving forward and completing the research

  • Barbara Allan
  • Book:
    Supporting Research Students
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    09 June 2018
    Print publication:
    15 December 2009, pp 57-72

  • Summary

    Introduction

    In this chapter I provide an overview of the research process, involving working on the thesis through to completing and obtaining a doctorate. This chapter covers topics such as: the literature review, methodology, fieldwork, writing up, the viva oral examination, amendments and completing the doctorate. As explained in Chapter 3, the final research proposal will have been developed, possibly throughout the first year of the doctoral programme for PhD students, and perhaps as a result of a taught module for students completing a professional or practice doctorate.

    This chapter is illustrated with examples from my own doctoral research experience and from colleagues who have been willing to share their experiences with me.

    Moving forward

    Once the research student has developed her study by identifying the theoretical framework, identifying a focus and designing the research, then she is ready to progress her thesis. In the initial stages this is likely to involve further work on the literature review, more in-depth reading of the research methodology literature, and planning the field work or experiments. This period of the research process may take a year or even more, and it is likely that the student will revise the focus of her research, her methodology and her methods. Planning the fieldwork or experiments may also lead to further changes in the research process. For example, a student may find that she does not have access to a particular organization, or that her original plans were too ambitious to translate into a real-life experiment and that they need to be amended.

    The literature review is a central part of a doctoral thesis, and Wellington et al. (2005, 73)suggest that it enables students to:

  • ■ define what the field of study is, by identifying the theories, research, and ideas with which the study connects

  • ■ establish what research has been done which relates to the research question or field of study

  • ■ consider what theories, concepts and models have been used and applied in the field of study

  • ■ identify and discuss methods and approaches that have been used by other researchers

  • ■ identify the ‘gaps’ or further contribution that the present piece of research will make.

  • 5 - Digitizing the past: next steps for public sector digitization

    • By Alastair Dunning, Digitization Programme Manager at the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)
  • Edited by Hazel Woodward, Lorraine Estelle
  • Book:
    Digital Information
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    15 December 2009, pp 117-132

  • Summary

    Where we are now

    Barely a week goes by without news of the digital publication of some sparkling cultural resource being splashed across the media – 2009 has been a particularly rich year. ‘World's oldest Bible published in full online’, reported the Daily Telegraph in July 2009, as the website with the Codex Sinaiticus was introduced to the general public (Daily Telegraph, 2009). ‘Frozen in time: historic images of polar exploration made public’, proclaimed the Daily Mirror, as the University of Cambridge published its stunning collection of images of early voyages to the Arctic and Antarctic (Daily Mirror, 2009). And the Independent newspaper marked the launch of the University of Kent's online archive of 20th-century political cartoons by reporting on ‘a century of satire, wit and irreverence’ (Independent, 2008).

    Beyond the early blaze of publicity, some digitization projects have proved wildly spectacular, maintaining a considerable audience over time. The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, which provides access to numerous digitized documents relating to the naturalist (including several editions of The Origin of the Species), claimed 90 million hits between October 2006 and July 2009. The Old Bailey Online, giving extensive details of criminal trials in London's Central Criminal Court from 1674 to 1913, averages 6000 unique visitors a day, which means yearly visitors of just under 2.2 million.

    More notoriously, the success of some sites in capturing widespread interest has caused some teething problems. The Vision of Britain site, which provides historic and social information on many places, large and small, in Britain, temporarily crashed after its creator appeared on breakfast TV to promote the site. And the same fate befell The National Archives’ 1901 Census site, a fact that really awoke the organization to the huge international interest in the rich seams of genealogical information it holds and proved a springboard for some spectacular digital successes. The blip was only a temporary one for the Vision of Britain site too – it now regularly achieves 80,000 unique users a month.

Digital Information
  • Order or Anarchy?
  • Edited by Hazel Woodward, Lorraine Estelle
  • Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    15 December 2009
  • If the vision for the future of digital information is order, ease of access, discoverable resources and sustainable business models, how might this be achieved? In an information environment shaped by an ever-growing and persistent demand for more and more digital content from every direction, it has become increasingly important that publishers, libraries and information professionals understand the challenges and opportunities of the Google environment. This book addresses these issues and carves out a strategy for the future of digital information. Put together by an international, cross-sectoral team of contributors, each authored chapter provides a snapshot of where we are now and considers how the barriers to success might be overcome and what the digital information environment might look like if these issues are - or indeed are not - addressed. They include: digital information - an overview of the landscape; scholarly communications - the view from the library; scholarly communications - the publisher's view; e-books and scholarly communication futures; digitizing the past - next steps for public sector digitization; resource discovery; and, who owns the content in the digital environment. This book is essential reading for all library and information professionals as well as for researchers and library students. The book will also be of interest to publishers wishing to reconcile their own digital strategies with those of both information consumers and providers.

Supporting Research Students
  • Barbara Allan
  • Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    09 June 2018
    Print publication:
    15 December 2009
  • The importance of supporting the needs of research students has recently risen higher up the academic agenda around the world. Numbers of postgraduate students have expanded, and the traditional PhD has now been joined by a new range of doctoral qualifications including professional doctorates such as the Doctor in Business Administration (DBA). These developments have led to a more diverse student body which now includes senior professional practitioners. This shift has seen an acknowledgement that support services within universities must cater more for the needs of research students. While the library and information profession is a graduate one, a relatively small number of LIS professionals have a research degree. This means that, though they are likely to have experience of carrying out smaller scale research projects, they will not have experienced and internalized the distinct learning processes involved in gaining a doctorate. This timely book offers guidance to enable them to support the specialist needs of research students effectively. Individual chapters are designed to be read and worked through in any order. The key areas covered are: research and the research process; the research student's experience; research skills training; supporting research students in academic libraries and information services; virtual graduate schools; introduction to research communities; and, professional development. This is an essential text for all library and information professionals in higher education institutions globally that cater for the needs of research students. It will also be valuable reading for LIS students.

Page 237 of 293