Tobacco Industry Myth: There are currently no economically sustainable alternatives to tobacco farming for small-scale farmers, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

Research Findings:

1. • Where support for smallholder agriculture was nonexistent or had been reduced (particularly as a result of structural adjustment programs), many farmers felt they had little choice but to turn to tobacco where the industry provides the missing market infrastructure and extension services needed.

2. • Despite this challenge, as the case studies here show, many other crops, crop combinations, farming systems and livelihood strategies offer better opportunities for farmers.

3. • Although the current generation of tobacco farmers will not be affected by tobacco-control measures, given the harsh nature of the work, it will be important for governments to help farmers transition to alternative crops.

4. • The transition will require a national vision for sustainable rural development. Such a vision should include support for market infrastructure and extension services for alternative crops that were previously missing. Furthermore, access to public financing for tobacco-farming transitions is justified, and can be financed in part through domestic taxes on the consumption of tobacco and, where it exists, the removal of public funding for tobacco cultivation.

5. • The active participation of farmers and other stakeholders in the development of new options is key to success.