[T]he system of protection laid down by the Directive [93/13] is based on the notion that the imbalance between the consumer and the seller or supplier may only be corrected by positive action unconnected with the actual parties to the contract. Joined Cases C-240/98 – C-244/98, Océano Grupo, EU:C:2000:346, para. 27

The court must consider whether the term is fair even if none of the parties to the proceedings has raised that issue or indicated that it intends to raise it Section 71 (2) Consumer Rights Act 2015

Este cap í tulo recoge tambi é n la modificaci ó n del procedimiento ejecutivo a efectos de que, de oficio o a instancie de parte, el órgano judicial competente pueda apreciar la existencia de cl á usulas abusivas en eltítulo ejecutivoy, como consecuencia, decretar la improcedencia de la ejecucióno, en su caso, su continuaci ón sin aplicación de aquéllas consideradas abusivas

Preamble to the Spanish Law 1/2013 laying down measures for the strengthening of the protection of mortgagors, the restructuring of debt and social rent of 14 May 2013 … Seule la reconnaissance du pouvoir dont dispose le juge de soulever d'office l'application d'une disposition protectrice du consommateur permettait deré tablir uné quilibre dans le cadre d'un process entre la partie faible et la partie dominante

French Senate, Report no 111 (2007–2008), of December 5, 2007 by Senator M. G é rard Cornu