Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-n9wrp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T01:07:35.890Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 22 - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in adult neoplasia

from Section 3 - Adult neoplasia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2013

Jonathan H. Gillard
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Adam D. Waldman
Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Peter B. Barker
Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Get access

Summary

Introduction

The socioeconomic impact of adult primary brain neoplasms is disproportionate to their incidence; they often affect young adults, cause significant morbidity, and are usually ultimately fatal. Moreover, advances in treatment of primary malignancies outside the CNS has led to more aggressive clinical management of brain metastases.

Reliable characterization of intracranial masses is, therefore, essential for rational clinical management: in initial diagnosis and prognosis, stratification and planning of therapy for individual patients, and evaluating outcome with established and novel treatment regimens.

The relatively high risk of performing invasive procedures in the brain places particular emphasis on neuroimaging in the evaluation of brain masses. Conventional structural MRI and computed tomography (CT) are widely used in clinical practice but provide limited biological specificity and diagnostic and prognostic information. Non-invasive physiological imaging techniques that augment the information available from structural imaging and inform clinical management are clearly desirable.

Type
Chapter
Information
Clinical MR Neuroimaging
Physiological and Functional Techniques
, pp. 295 - 320
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bruhn, H, Frahm, J, Gyngell, ML, et al. Noninvasive differentiation of tumors with use of localized H-1 MR spectroscopy in vivo: initial experience in patients with cerebral tumors. [See comments]Radiology 1989; 172: 541–548.Google Scholar
Negendank, W.Studies of human tumors by MRS: a review. NMR Biomed 1992; 5: 303–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Podo, F.Tumour phospholipid metabolism. NMR Biomed 1999; 12: 413–439.3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiss, Z.Regulation of mitogenesis by water-soluble phospholipid intermediates. Cell Signal 1999; 11: 149–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillies, RJ, Barry, JA, Ross, BD.In vitro and in vivo 13C and 31P NMR analyses of phosphocholine metabolism in rat glioma cells. Magn Reson Med 1994; 32: 310–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ronen, S, Degani, H.Studies of the metabolism of human breast cancer spheroids by NMR. Magn Reson Med 1989; 12: 274–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabatier, J, Gilard, V, Malet-Martino, M, et al. Characterization of choline compounds with in vitro 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the discrimination of primary brain tumors. Invest Radiol 1999; 34: 230–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Usenius, JP, Vainio, P, Hernesniemi, J, Kauppinen, RA.Choline-containing compounds in human astrocytomas studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy in vivo and in vitro. J Neurochem 1994; 63: 1538–1543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhakoo, KK, Williams, SR, Florian, CL, Land, H, Noble, MD. Immortalization and transformation are associated with specific alterations in choline metabolism. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 4630–4635.Google ScholarPubMed
Howe, FA, Barton, SJ, Cudlip, SA, et al. Metabolic profiles of human brain tumors using quantitative in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49: 223–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Majos, C, Alonso, J, Aguilera, C, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) of human brain tumours: assessment of differences between tumour types and its applicability in brain tumour categorization. Eur Radiol 2003; 13: 582–591.Google ScholarPubMed
Meyerand, ME, Pipas, JM, Mamourian, A, Tosteson, TD, Dunn, JF. Classification of biopsy-confirmed brain tumors using single-voxel MR spectroscopy. [See comments]AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 117–123.Google Scholar
Negendank, WG, Sauter, R, Brown, TR, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with glial tumors: a multicenter study. J Neurosurg 1996; 84: 449–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tate, AR, Majos, C, Moreno, A, et al. Automated classification of short echo time in in vivo 1H brain tumor spectra: a multicenter study. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49: 29–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kugel, H, Heindel, W, Ernestus, RI, et al. Human brain tumors: spectral patterns detected with localized H-1 MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1992; 183: 701–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gill, SS, Thomas, DG, van Bruggen, N, et al. Proton MR spectroscopy of intracranial tumours: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990; 14: 497–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Usenius, JP, Kauppinen, RA, Vainio, PA, et al. Quantitative metabolite patterns of human brain tumors: detection by 1H NMR spectroscopy in vivo and in vitro. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1994; 18: 705–713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Provencher, SW.Estimation of metabolite concentrations from localized in vivo proton NMR spectra. Magn Reson Med 1993; 30: 672–679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hattingen, E, Raab, P, Franz, K, et al. myo-Inositol: a marker of reactive astrogliosis in glial tumors?NMR Biomed 2008; 21: 233–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kreis, R, Ernst, T, Ross, BD.Absolute quantitation of water and metabolites in the human brain. II. Metabolite concentrations. J Magn Reson B 1993; 102: 9–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, BS, Wang, H, Gonen, O.Metabolite ratios to assumed stable creatine level may confound the quantification of proton brain MR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 21: 923–928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, X, Lu, Y, Pirzkall, A, McKnight, T, Nelson, SJ. Analysis of the spatial characteristics of metabolic abnormalities in newly diagnosed glioma patients. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 16: 229–237.Google ScholarPubMed
Fulham, MJ, Bizzi, A, Dietz, MJ, et al. Mapping of brain tumor metabolites with proton MR spectroscopic imaging: clinical relevance. Radiology 1992; 185: 675–686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hattingen, E, Raab, P, Franz, K, et al. Prognostic value of choline and creatine in WHO grade II gliomas. Neuroradiology 2008; 50: 759–767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furuya, S, Naruse, S, Ide, M, et al. Evaluation of metabolic heterogeneity in brain tumors using 1H-chemical shift imaging method. NMR Biomed 1997; 10: 25–30.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks, WM, Stidley, CA, Petropoulos, H, et al. Metabolic and cognitive response to human traumatic brain injury: a quantitative proton magnetic resonance study. J Neurotrauma 2000; 17: 629–640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, YL, Yeung, DK, Leung, SF, Cao, G.Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of late delayed radiation-induced injury of the brain. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 10: 130–137.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, LL, Ma, MJ, Becerra, L, et al. Quantitative neuropathology by high resolution magic angle spinning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 6408–6413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bitsch, A, Bruhn, H, Vougioukas, V, et al. Inflammatory CNS demyelination: histopathologic correlation with in vivo quantitative proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 1619–1627.Google ScholarPubMed
Grossman, RI, Lenkinski, RE, Ramer, KN, Gonzalez-Scarano, F, Cohen, JA.MR proton spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992; 13: 1535–1543.Google ScholarPubMed
Husted, CA, Goodin, DS, Hugg, JW, et al. Biochemical alterations in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal-appearing white matter detected by in vivo 31P and 1H spectroscopic imaging. Ann Neurol 1994; 36: 157–165.Google ScholarPubMed
Larsson, HB, Christiansen, P, Jensen, M, et al. Localized in vivo proton spectroscopy in the brain of patients with multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Med 1991; 22: 23–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, JG, Charles, HC, Barboriak, DP, Doraiswamy, PM.Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Alzheimer’s disease: focus on N-acetylaspartate. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2000; 176: 20–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klunk, WE, Panchalingam, K, Moossy, J, McClure, RJ, Pettegrew, JW.N-Acetyl-l-aspartate and other amino acid metabolites in Alzheimer’s disease brain: a preliminary proton nuclear magnetic resonance study. Neurology 1992; 42: 1578–1585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwo-On-Yuen, PF, Newmark, RD, Budinger, TF, et al. Brain N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid in Alzheimer’s disease: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain Res 1994; 667: 167–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poptani, H, Gupta, RK, Roy, R, et al. Characterization of intracranial mass lesions with in vivo proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16: 1593–1603.Google ScholarPubMed
McKnight, TR, Noworolski, SM, Vigneron, D, Nelson, SJ.An automated technique for the quantitative assessment of 3D-MRSI data from patients with glioma. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 13: 167–177.3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urenjak, J, Williams, SR, Gadian, DG, Noble, M.Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy unambiguously identifies different neural cell types. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 981–989.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhakoo, KKPearce, D.In vitro expression of N-acetyl aspartate by oligodendrocytes: implications for proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy signal in vivo. J Neurochem 2000; 74: 254–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Star-Lack, J, Spielman, D, Adalsteinsson, E, et al. In vivo lactate editing with simultaneous detection of choline, creatine, NAA, and lipid singlets at 1.5 T using PRESS excitation with applications to the study of brain and head and neck tumors. J Magn Reson 1998; 133: 243–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mangiardi, JRBiochemistry and metabolism of brain tumors. In Brain Tumors: An Encyclopedic Approach, eds. Kaye, AH, Laws, ER. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1995, pp. 99–112.Google Scholar
Gatenby, RA, Gillies, RJ.Why do cancers have high aerobic glycolysis?Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 891–899.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirzkall, A, Nelson, SJ, McKnight, TR, et al. Metabolic imaging of low-grade gliomas with three-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2002; 53: 1254–1264.Google ScholarPubMed
Shimizu, H, Kumabe, T, Tominaga, T, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of malignancy of brain tumors with proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17: 737–747.Google ScholarPubMed
Li, X, Vigneron, DB, Cha, S, et al. Relationship of MR-derived lactate, mobile lipids, and relative blood volume for gliomas in vivo. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 760–769.Google ScholarPubMed
Cho, YD, Choi, GH, Lee, SP, Kim, JK.(1)H-MRS metabolic patterns for distinguishing between meningiomas and other brain tumors. Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 21: 663–672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zoula, S, Herigault, G, Ziegler, A, et al. Correlation between the occurrence of 1H-MRS lipid signal, necrosis and lipid droplets during C6 rat glioma development. NMR Biomed 2003; 16: 199–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barba, I, Cabanas, ME, Arus, C. The relationship between nuclear magnetic resonance-visible lipids, lipid droplets, and cell proliferation in cultured C6 cells. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 1861–1868.
Quintero, M, Cabanas, ME, Arus, C.A possible cellular explanation for the NMR-visible mobile lipid (ML) changes in cultured C6 glioma cells with growth. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1771: 31–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffin, JL, Lehtimaki, KK, Valonen, PK, et al. Assignment of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance visible polyunsaturated fatty acids in BT4C gliomas undergoing ganciclovir-thymidine kinase gene therapy-induced programmed cell death. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 3195–3201.Google ScholarPubMed
Hazany, S, Hesselink, JR, Healy, JF, Imbesi, SG.Utilization of glutamate/creatine ratios for proton spectroscopic diagnosis of meningiomas. Neuroradiology 2007; 49: 121–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Opstad, KS, Provencher, SW, Bell, BA, Griffiths, JR, Howe, FA.Detection of elevated glutathione in meningiomas by quantitative in vivo 1H MRS. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49: 632–637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rijpkema, M, Schuuring, J, van der Meulen, Y, et al. Characterization of oligodendrogliomas using short echo time 1H MR spectroscopic imaging. NMR Biomed 2003; 16: 12–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Florian, CL, Preece, NE, Bhakoo, KK, Williams, SR, Noble, M.Characteristic metabolic profiles revealed by 1H NMR spectroscopy for three types of human brain and nervous system tumours. NMR Biomed 1995; 8: 253–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peeling, J, Sutherland, G.High-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy studies of extracts of human cerebral neoplasms. Magn Reson Med 1992; 24: 123–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sontheimer, H.A role for glutamate in growth and invasion of primary brain tumors. J Neurochem 2008; 105: 287–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cho, Y, Bannai, S.Uptake of glutamate and cysteine in C-6 glioma cells and in cultured astrocytes. J Neurochem 1990; 55: 2091–2097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ye, ZC, Rothstein, JD, Sontheimer, H.Compromised glutamate transport in human glioma cells: reduction–mislocalization of sodium–dependent glutamate transporters and enhanced activity of cystine–glutamate exchange. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 10767–10777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klegeris, A, Walker, DG, McGeer, PL.Regulation of glutamate in cultures of human monocytic THP-1 and astrocytoma U-373 MG cells. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 78: 152–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matute, C, Domercq, M, Sanchez-Gomez, MV.Glutamate-mediated glial injury: mechanisms and clinical importance. Glia 2006; 53: 212–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ye, ZC, Sontheimer, H.Glioma cells release excitotoxic concentrations of glutamate. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 4383–4391.Google ScholarPubMed
Volterra, AD, Trotti, C, Tromba, Foridi S, Racagni, G.Glutamate uptake inhibition by oxygen free radicals in rat cortical astrocytes. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 2924–2932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roslin, M, Henriksson, R, Bergstrom, P, Ungerstedt, U, Bergenheim, AT.Baseline levels of glucose metabolites, glutamate and glycerol in malignant glioma assessed by stereotactic microdialysis. J Neurooncol 2003; 61: 151–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faden, AI, Demediuk, P, Panter, SS, Vink, R.The role of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury. Science 1989; 244: 798–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, RB, Allen, PS.A new multiple quantum filter design procedure for use on strongly coupled spin systems found in vivo: its application to glutamate. Magn Reson Med 1998; 39: 762–771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, D, Spielman, DM.Detection of glutamate in the human brain at 3 T using optimized constant time point resolved spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2005; 54: 439–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurd, R, Sailasuta, N, Srinivasan, R, et al. Measurement of brain glutamate using TE-averaged PRESS at 3 T. Magn Reson Med 2004; 51: 435–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castillo, M, Smith, JK, Kwock, L.Correlation of myo-inositol levels and grading of cerebral astrocytomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21: 1645–1649.Google ScholarPubMed
Galanaud, D, Chinot, O, Nicoli, F, et al. Use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain to differentiate gliomatosis cerebri from low-grade glioma. J Neurosurg 2003; 98: 269–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panigrahy, A, Krieger, MD, Gonzalez-Gomez, I, et al. Quantitative short echo time 1H-MR spectroscopy of untreated pediatric brain tumors: preoperative diagnosis and characterization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27: 560–572.Google ScholarPubMed
Chang, L, Lee, PL, Yiannoutsos, CT, et al. A multicenter in vivo proton-MRS study of HIV-associated dementia and its relationship to age. Neuroimage 2004; 23: 1336–1347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantarci, K, Jack, CR, Xu, YC, et al. Regional metabolic patterns in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a 1H MRS study. Neurology 2000; 55: 210–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapeller, P, Ropele, S, Enzinger, C, et al. Discrimination of white matter lesions and multiple sclerosis plaques by short echo quantitative 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neurol 2005; 252: 1229–1234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shih, MT, Singh, AK, Wang, AM, Patel, S, et al. Brain lesions with elevated lactic acid peaks on magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2004; 33: 85–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poptani, H, Gupta, RK, Jain, VK, Roy, R, Pandey, R.Cystic intracranial mass lesions: possible role of in vivo MR spectroscopy in its differential diagnosis. Magn Reson Imaging 1995; 13: 1019–1029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, PH, Hsu, SS, Ding, SW, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging in intracranial cystic mass lesions. Surg Neurol 2007; 68(Suppl 1): S25–S36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, SH, Chang, KH, Song, IC, et al. Brain abscess and brain tumor: discrimination with in vivo H-1 MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1997; 204: 239–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nath, K, Agarwal, M, Ramola, M, et al. Role of diffusion tensor imaging metrics and in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the differential diagnosis of cystic intracranial mass lesions. Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27: 198–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burtscher, IM, Skagerberg, G, Geijer, B, et al. Proton MR spectroscopy and preoperative diagnostic accuracy: an evaluation of intracranial mass lesions characterized by stereotactic biopsy findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21: 84–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Falini, A, Calabrese, G, Origgi, D, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and intracranial tumours: clinical perspectives. J Neurol 1996; 243: 706–714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fountas, KN, Kapsalaki, EZ, Gotsis, SD, et al. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain tumors. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2000; 74: 83–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagberg, G, Burlina, AP, Mader, I, et al. In vivo proton MR spectroscopy of human gliomas: definition of metabolic coordinates for multi-dimensional classification. Magn Reson Med 1995; 34: 242–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preul, MC, Caramanos, Z, Collins, DL, et al. Accurate, noninvasive diagnosis of human brain tumors by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nat Med 1996; 2: 323–325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, J, Tate, AR, Luckin, R, et al. A prototype decision support system for MR spectroscopy-assisted diagnosis of brain tumours. Medinfo 2001; 10: 561–565.Google Scholar
Tate, AR, Underwood, J, Acosta, DM, et al. Development of a decision support system for diagnosis and grading of brain tumours using in vivo magnetic resonance single voxel spectra. NMR Biomed 2006; 19: 411–434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiang, IC, Kuo, YT, Lu, CY, et al. Distinction between high-grade gliomas and solitary metastases using peritumoral 3-T magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion, and perfusion imagings. Neuroradiology 2004; 46: 619–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Law, M, Cha, S, Knopp, EA, et al. High-grade gliomas and solitary metastases: differentiation by using perfusion and proton spectroscopic MR imaging. Radiology 2002; 222: 715–721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morales, H, Kwock, L, Castillo, MMagnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of pilomyxoid astrocytomas: case reports and comparison with pilocytic astrocytomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2007; 31: 682–687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cirak, B, Horska, A, Barker, PB, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in pediatric pilomyxoid astrocytoma. Childs Nerv Syst 2005; 21: 404–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toyooka, M, Kimura, H, Uematsu, H, et al. Tissue characterization of glioma by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: glioma grading and histological correlation. Clin Imaging 2008; 32: 251–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galanaud, D, Nicoli, F, Chinot, O, et al. Noninvasive diagnostic assessment of brain tumors using combined in vivo MR imaging and spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2006; 55: 1236–1245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbarella, G, Ricci, R, Pirini, G, et al. In vivo single voxel 1H MRS of glial brain tumors: correlation with tissue histology and in vitro MRS. Int J Oncol 1998; 12: 461–468.Google ScholarPubMed
Guillevin, R, Menuel, C, Duffau, H, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy predicts proliferative activity in diffuse low-grade gliomas. J Neurooncol 2008; 87: 181–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKnight, TR, Lamborn, KR, Love, TD, et al. Correlation of magnetic resonance spectroscopic and growth characteristics within Grades II and III gliomas. J Neurosurg 2007; 106: 660–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimizu, H, Kumabe, T, Shirane, R, Yoshimoto, T.Correlation between choline level measured by proton MR spectroscopy and Ki-67 labeling index in gliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21: 659–665.Google ScholarPubMed
Matsumura, A, Isobe, T, Anno, I, Takano, S, Kawamura, H.Correlation between choline and MIB-1 index in human gliomas. A quantitative in proton MR spectroscopy study. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12: 416–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nafe, R, Herminghaus, S, Raab, P, et al. Preoperative proton-MR spectroscopy of gliomas: correlation with quantitative nuclear morphology in surgical specimen. J Neurooncol 2003; 63: 233–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Croteau, D, Scarpace, L, Hearshen, D, et al. Correlation between magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging and image-guided biopsies: semiquantitative and qualitative histopathological analyses of patients with untreated glioma. Neurosurgery 2001; 49: 823–829.Google ScholarPubMed
Gupta, RK, Cloughesy, TF, Sinha, U, et al. Relationships between choline magnetic resonance spectroscopy, apparent diffusion coefficient and quantitative histopathology in human glioma. J Neurooncol 2000; 50: 215–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupo, JM, Cha, S, Chang, SM, Nelson, SJ. Analysis of metabolic indices in regions of abnormal perfusion in patients with high-grade glioma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28: 1455–1461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stadlbauer, A, Gruber, S, Nimsky, C, et al. Preoperative grading of gliomas by using metabolite quantification with high-spatial-resolution proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 2006; 238: 958–969.Google ScholarPubMed
Dowling, C, Bollen, AW, Noworolski, SM, et al. Preoperative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of brain tumors: correlation with histopathologic analysis of resection specimens. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001; 22: 604–612; comment 597–598.Google ScholarPubMed
Ganslandt, O, Stadlbauer, A, Fahlbusch, R, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging integrated into image-guided surgery: correlation to standard magnetic resonance imaging and tumor cell density. Neurosurgery 2005; 56(Suppl 2): 291–298; discussion 298.Google ScholarPubMed
Di Costanzo, A, Scarabino, T, Trojsi, F, et al. Multiparametric 3 T MR approach to the assessment of cerebral gliomas: tumor extent and malignancy. Neuroradiology 2006; 48: 622–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGirt, MJ, Chaichana, KL, Attenello, FJ, et al. Extent of surgical resection is independently associated with survival in patients with hemispheric infiltrating low-grade gliomas. Neurosurgery 2008; 63: 700–707; author reply 707–708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKnight, TR, von dem Bussche, MH, Vigneron, DB, et al. Histopathological validation of a three-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopy index as a predictor of tumor presence. J Neurosurg 2002; 97: 794–802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, AA, Lau, A, Pirzkall, A, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging in the evaluation of patients undergoing gamma knife surgery for grade IV glioma. J Neurosurg 2004; 101: 467–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirzkall, A, Li, X, Oh, J, et al. 3D MRSI for resected high-grade gliomas before RT: tumor extent according to metabolic activity in relation to MRI. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 59: 126–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, I, Tamai, G, Lee, MC, et al. Patterns of recurrence analysis in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme after three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy with respect to pre-radiation therapy magnetic resonance spectroscopic findings. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69: 381–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grosu, AL, Weber, WA, Franz, M, et al. Reirradiation of recurrent high-grade gliomas using amino acid PET (SPECT)/CT/MRI image fusion to determine gross tumor volume for stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63: 511–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Payne, GS, Leach, MOApplications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in radiotherapy treatment planning. Br J Radiol 2006; 79(Spec Issue 1): S16–S26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heesters, MA, Kamman, RL, Mooyaart, EL, Go, KG.Localized proton spectroscopy of inoperable brain gliomas. Response to radiation therapy. J Neurooncol 1993; 17: 27–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wald, LL, Nelson, SJ, Day, MR, et al. Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging of glioblastoma multiforme after brachytherapy. J Neurosurg 1997; 87: 525–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graves, EE, Nelson, SJ, Vigneron, DB, et al. Serial proton MR spectroscopic imaging of recurrent malignant gliomas after gamma knife radiosurgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001; 22: 613–624.Google ScholarPubMed
Usenius, T, Usenius, JP, Tenhunen, M, et al. Radiation-induced changes in human brain metabolites as studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995; 33: 719–724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matulewicz, L, Sokol, M, Michnik, A, Wydmanski, J.Long-term normal-appearing brain tissue monitoring after irradiation using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo: statistical analysis of a large group of patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66: 825–832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollingworth, W, Medina, LS, Lenkinski, RE, et al. A systematic literature review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the characterization of brain tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27: 1404–1411.Google ScholarPubMed
Rabinov, JD, Lee, PL, Barker, FG, et al. In vivo 3-T MR spectroscopy in the distinction of recurrent glioma versus radiation effects: initial experience. Radiology 2002; 225: 871–879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rock, JP, Scarpace, L, Hearshen, D, et al. Associations among magnetic resonance spectroscopy, apparent diffusion coefficients, and image-guided histopathology with special attention to radiation necrosis. Neurosurgery 2004; 54: 1111–1117; discussion 1117–1119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeng, QS, Li, CF, Zhang, K, et al. Multivoxel 3D proton MR spectroscopy in the distinction of recurrent glioma from radiation injury. J Neurooncol 2007; 84: 63–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandsma, D, Stalpers, L, Taal, P, Sminia, W, van den Bent, MJ.Clinical features, mechanisms, and management of pseudoprogression in malignant gliomas. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 453–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balmaceda, C, Critchell, D, Mao, X, et al. Multisection 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging assessment of glioma response to chemotherapy. J Neurooncol 2006; 76: 185–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sankar, T, Caramanos, Z, Assina, R, et al. Prospective serial proton MR spectroscopic assessment of response to tamoxifen for recurrent malignant glioma. J Neurooncol 2008; 90: 63–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, PS, Viviers, L, Abson, C, et al. Monitoring temozolomide treatment of low-grade glioma with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 781–786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naressi, A, Couturier, C, Castang de Beer, I, Graveron-Demilly, RD.Java-based graphical user interface for MRUI, a software package for quantitation of in vivo/medical magnetic resonance spectroscopy signals. Comput Biol Med 2001; 31: 269–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×