Introduction

This chapter considers ACTA’s impact on access to knowledge by focusing on two provisions that have the potential to undermine the public’s right to transmit and receive lawful information over the Internet. The first of these is the “cooperative efforts” provision in the section on enforcement in the digital environment. The second is the seizure provision in the section on civil enforcement. Neither provision appears on its face to threaten the public’s exercise of expressive rights on the Internet; however, recent enforcement trends in the United States foreshadow how each could be implemented to limit communicative freedom online, with little or no due process of law.

The cooperative efforts provision encourages the privatisation of online copyright enforcement pursuant to business agreements designed for the benefit of ISPs and copyright owners. Such agreements become binding on Internet users through terms of service drafted unilaterally by ISPs and presented to users on a “take it or leave it” basis. The contractual enforcement arrangements that result from cooperative efforts may displace flexibilities and consumer protections guaranteed under public law. When they do, Internet users will generally be left without judicial recourse because users formally consent to terms of service when they open their accounts.