Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-n9wrp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T14:04:37.286Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
This chapter is part of a book that is no longer available to purchase from Cambridge Core

7 - Ancillary techniques applicable to cytopathology

By
Carlos Bedrossian
Edited by
Prabodh Gupta  and
Zubair Baloch
Carlos Bedrossian
Affiliation:
Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
Prabodh Gupta
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Zubair Baloch
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Get access

Summary

Classical pathomorphology (as presented in the preceding chapters) relies on a basic principle: the nucleus reveals whether a cell is benign or malignant, whereas the cytoplasm and the cells architectural arrangements hold the clues to the cell's origin and the direction of its differentiation. However, even the combined power of pattern recognition and individual cell morphology may fall short of achieving these goals. Nuclear changes indicative of malignancy may be obvious in one case, but missing in another. Some malignant cells, for example those of mesothelioma, have deceptively bland nuclei and are best recognized by a combination of their associated clinical data, morphological phenotype, and immunoprofile. Poorly differentiated neoplasms may offer no phenotypical clue as to the cell type involved.

Ancillary studies may assist further in elevating the precise nature of the lesion in such cases. These have evolved over the past 50 years and now include molecular analyses. The exact identification of cell populations in cytological specimens can be accomplished through: (1) special stains, with various reagents used in histochemical methods; and (2) immunological reactions, with a variety of antibodies that detect diagnostically helpful antigens either by immunofluorescence (IF) or immunohistochemistry (IHC). By far, IHC is the most widely used ancillary technique in the practice of pathology. Its main advantage derives from the limitation of IF, since IF does not permit the simultaneous visualization of a positive reaction and the morphological features of the sample under study. With IF, the reaction may fade over time, requiring image documentation.

Type
Chapter
Information
Cytohistology
Essential and Basic Concepts
 , pp. 162 - 185
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akhtar, M., Bedrossian, C. W., et al. (1992). “Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pediatric neoplasms: correlation between electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry in diagnosis and classification”. Diagn Cytopathol 8(3): 258–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anagnostou, V. K., Welsh, A. W., et al. (2010). “Analytic variability in immunohistochemistry biomarker studies”. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19(4): 982–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, M. S., Knuth, J. L., et al. (2008). “Pancreatic cystic neuroendocrine tumors: preoperative diagnosis with endoscopic ultrasound and fine-needle immunocytology”. J Gastrointest Surg 12(3): 450–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaty, M. W., Fetsch, P., et al. (1997). “Effusion cytology of malignant melanoma. A morphologic and immunocytochemical analysis including application of the MART-1 antibody”. Cancer 81(1): 57–63.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedrossian, C. W. (1989). “Ultrastructure of Pneumocystis carinii: a review of internal and surface characteristics”. Semin Diagn Pathol 6(3): 212–37.Google Scholar
Bedrossian, C. W. (1992). “Asbestos-related diseases: a historical and mineralogic perspective”. Semin Diagn Pathol 9(2): 91–6.Google Scholar
Bedrossian, C. W. (1992). “Electron microscopy: the neglected tool of cytopathology”. Diagn Cytopathol 8(3): iv–vi.Google Scholar
Bedrossian, C. W. (1998). “Diagnostic problems in serous effusions”. Diagn Cytopathol 19(2): 131–7.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedrossian, C. W. (1998). “Special stains, the old and the new: the impact of immunocytochemistry in effusion cytology”. Diagn Cytopathol 18(2): 141–9.3.0.CO;2-L>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedrossian, C. W., Bonsib, S., et al. (1992). “Differential diagnosis between mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma: a multimodal approach based on ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry”. Semin Diagn Pathol 9(2): 124–40.Google Scholar
Bedrossian, C. W., Davila, R. M., et al. (1989). “Immunocytochemical evaluation of liver fine-needle aspirations”. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113(11): 1225–30.Google Scholar
Bedrossian, C. W., Arce, E. A., et al. (1985). “Herpetic tracheobronchitis detected at bronchoscopy: cytologic diagnosis by the immunoperoxidase method”. Diagn Cytopathol 1(4): 292–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedrossian, C. W., Luna, M. A., et al. (1973). “Ultrastructure of pulmonary bleomycin toxicity”. Cancer 32(1): 44–51.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedrossian, C. W., Mason, M. R., et al. (1989). “Rapid cytologic diagnosis of Pneumocystis: a comparison of effective techniques”. Semin Diagn Pathol 6(3): 245–61.Google Scholar
Bedrossian, C. W., Verani, R., et al. (1979). “Pulmonary malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Light and electron microscopic studies of one case”. Chest 75(2): 186–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhan, R., Pisharodi, L. R., et al. (1998). “Cytological, histological, and clinical correlations in intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy”. Ann Diagn Pathol 2(1): 55–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bocking, A., Pomjansky, N., et al. (2009). “[Immunocytochemical identification of carcinomas of unknown primaries on fine-needle-aspiration-biopsies]”. Pathologe 30(Suppl 2): 158–60.Google Scholar
Bourtsos, E. P., Bedrossian, C. W., et al. (2000). “Thyroid plasmacytoma mimicking medullary carcinoma: a potential pitfall in aspiration cytology”. Diagn Cytopathol 23(5): 354–8.3.0.CO;2-7>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carbone, M. and Bedrossian, C. W. (2006). “The pathogenesis of mesothelioma”. Semin Diagn Pathol 23(1): 56–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavaco, B. M., Torrinha, F., et al. (2003). “Preoperative diagnosis of suspicious parathyroid adenomas by RT-PCR using mRNA extracted from leftover cells in a needle used for ultrasonically guided fine needle aspiration cytology”. Acta Cytol 47(1): 5–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chell, S. E., Nayar, R., et al. (1998). “Metaplastic breast carcinoma metastatic to the lung mimicking a primary chondroid lesion: report of a case with cytohistologic correlation”. Ann Diagn Pathol 2(3): 173–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, J. C., Gnepp, D. R., et al. (1988). “Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands: an immunohistochemical analysis”. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 65(3): 316–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, W., Bardhan, R., et al. (2010). “A molecularly targeted theranostic probe for ovarian cancer”. Mol Cancer Ther 9(4): 1028–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chhieng, D. C., Cangiarella, J. F., et al. (2001). “Use of thyroid transcription factor 1, PE-10, and cytokeratins 7 and 20 in discriminating between primary lung carcinomas and metastatic lesions in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens”. Cancer 93(5): 330–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constantinou, M., Binka-Kowalska, A., et al. (2006). “Application of multiplex FISH, CGH and MSSCP techniques for cytogenetic and molecular analysis of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cells in voided urine specimens”. J Appl Genet 47(3): 273–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, Y., Bedrossian, C. W., et al. (2005). “The expression pattern of beta-catenin in mesothelial proliferative lesions and its diagnostic utilities”. Diagn Cytopathol 33(5): 320–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, B. (2007). “Expression of cancer-associated molecules in malignant mesothelioma”. Biomark Insights 2: 173–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, B., Dong, H. P., et al. (2007). “Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of cancer cells in effusion specimens: diagnostic and research applications”. Diagn Cytopathol 35(9): 568–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, B., Risberg, B., et al. (2006). “The biological differences between ovarian serous carcinoma and diffuse peritoneal malignant mesothelioma”. Semin Diagn Pathol 23(1): 35–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, B., Risberg, B., et al. (2003). “Effusion cytology in ovarian cancer: new molecular methods as aids to diagnosis and prognosis”. Clin Lab Med 23(3): 729–54, viii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davila, R. M., Bedrossian, C. W., et al. (1988). “Immunocytochemistry of the thyroid in surgical and cytologic specimens”. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112(1): 51–6.Google Scholar
Las Casas, L. E., Gokden, M., et al. (2004). “A morphologic and statistical comparative study of small-cell carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in fine-needle aspiration biopsy material from lymph nodes”. Diagn Cytopathol 31(4): 229–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matos Granja, N., Soares, R., et al. (2002). “Evaluation of breast cancer metastases in pleural effusions by molecular biology techniques”. Diagn Cytopathol 27(4): 210–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz, L. K., Okonkwo, A., et al. (2002). “Extensive myxoid change in well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the pelvic peritoneum”. Ann Diagn Pathol 6(3): 164–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, D. A., Silverman, J. F., et al. (1996). “Role of immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and DNA analysis in fine-needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis of Wilms' tumor”. Diagn Cytopathol 14(2): 101–7.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Facundo, D. J., Quinonez, G., et al. (2003). “Transmission electron microscopy of fine needle aspiration biopsies of metastases. Accuracy of both techniques as established by biopsy diagnoses”. Acta Cytol 47(3): 457–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferra, S., Denley, R., et al. (2009). “Reflex UroVysion testing in suspicious urine cytology cases”. Cancer Cytopathol 117(1): 7–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fetsch, P. A. and Abati, A.. (2001). “Immunocytochemistry in effusion cytology: a contemporary review”. Cancer 93(5): 293–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filho, A. L., Baltazar, F., et al. (2007). “Immunohistochemical expression and distribution of VEGFR-3 in malignant mesothelioma”. Diagn Cytopathol 35(12): 786–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gong, Y., Sun, X., et al. (2003). “Immunocytochemistry of serous effusion specimens: a comparison of ThinPrep vs cell block”. Diagn Cytopathol 28(1): 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granja Nde, M., Ricardo, S. A., et al. (2005). “Potential use of loss of heterozygosity in pleural effusions of breast cancer metastases using the microsatellite marker of the 16q22.1 region of the CDH1 gene”. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 27(2): 61–6.Google Scholar
Grote, H. J., Schmiemann, V., et al. (2003). “DNA extraction from bronchial aspirates for molecular cytology: which method to take?”Anal Cell Pathol 25(2): 83–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halling, K. C., King, W., et al. (2002). “A comparison of BTA stat, hemoglobin dipstick, telomerase and Vysis UroVysion assays for the detection of urothelial carcinoma in urine”. J Urol 167(5): 2001–06.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halperin, D., Fairfax, M. R., et al. (1995). “Wuchereria bancrofti in BAL fluid of a woman with a concomitant breast lesion”. Diagn Cytopathol 12(3): 285–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanna, A., Pang, Y., et al. (2010). “Podoplanin is a useful marker for identifying mesothelioma in malignant effusions”. Diagn Cytopathol 38(4): 264–9.Google Scholar
Jhala, N. C., Jhala, D., et al. (2004). “Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: a powerful tool to obtain samples from small lesions”. Cancer 102(4): 239–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, L., Sebo, T. J., et al. (2006). “BRAF mutation analysis in fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of the thyroid”. Diagn Mol Pathol 15(3): 136–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, T. L., Joseph, C. L., et al. (1994). “Prevalence of HPV 16 and 18 DNA sequences in CIN III lesions of adults and adolescents”. Diagn Cytopathol 10(3): 276–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaleem, Z., White, G., et al. (2001). “Critical analysis and diagnostic usefulness of limited immunophenotyping of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas by flow cytometry”. Am J Clin Pathol 115(1): 136–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, W. A., Attal, H., et al. (2001). “Cytodiagnosis of a meningeal fibrosarcoma metastatic to the thyroid gland”. Semin Diagn Pathol 18(2): 104–09.Google Scholar
Khayyata, S., Yun, S., et al. (2009). “Value of P63 and CK5/6 in distinguishing squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma in lung fine-needle aspiration specimens”. Diagn Cytopathol 37(3): 178–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishnamurti, U., Sasatomi, E., et al. (2007). “Analysis of loss of heterozygosity in atypical and negative bile duct brushing cytology specimens with malignant outcome: are ‘false-negative’ cytologic findings a representation of morphologically subtle molecular alterations?”Arch Pathol Lab Med 131(1): 74–80.Google Scholar
Kulshrestha, R. and Vijayan, V. K.. (2009). “Immunohistochemical staining on fine needle aspiration biopsy-cell block specimens in the differential diagnosis of lung cancers”. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 51(1): 21–5.Google Scholar
Levine, P. H., Joutovsky, A., et al. (2006). “CDX-2 expression in pulmonary fine-needle aspiration specimens: a useful adjunct for the diagnosis of metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma”. Diagn Cytopathol 34(3): 191–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lozano de Arce, E. A., Bedrossian, C. W., et al. (1985). “Detection of herpesvirus cervicovaginitis by a sequential Papanicolaou–immunoperoxidase technique”. Diagn Cytopathol 1(1): 23–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mai, K. T., Perkins, D. G., et al. (2006). “ES1, a new lung carcinoma antibody – an immunohistochemical study”. Histopathology 49(5): 515–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maksem, J. A., Bedrossian, C. W., et al. (2005). “Resolving ASCUS without recourse to HPV testing: manual reprocessing of residual automated liquid-based cytology (ALBC) material using manual liquid-based cytology (MLBC)”. Diagn Cytopathol 33(6): 434–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maksem, J. A., Dhanwada, V., et al. (2006). “Testing automated liquid-based cytology samples with a manual liquid-based cytology method using residual cell suspensions from 500 ThinPrep cases”. Diagn Cytopathol 34(6): 391–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maldonado, F. and Jett, J. R.. (2010). “Advances in the diagnosis of lung cancer: contribution of molecular biology to bronchoscopic diagnosis”. Curr Opin Pulm Med 16(4): 315–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchevsky, A. M., Gupta, R., et al. (2010). “Diagnosis of metastatic neoplasms: a clinicopathologic and morphologic approach”. Arch Pathol Lab Med 134(2): 194–206.Google Scholar
Mason, M. R., Bedrossian, C. W., et al. (1987). “Value of immunocytochemistry in the study of malignant effusions”. Diagn Cytopathol 3(3): 215–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mennemeyer, R., Bartha, M., et al. (1979). “Diagnostic cytology and electron microscopy of fine needle aspirates of retroperitoneal lymph nodes in the diagnosis of metastatic pelvic neoplasms”. Acta Cytol 23(5): 370–3.Google Scholar
Michael, C. W. and King, J. A. (1997). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and tridimensional reconstruction of cell clusters in serous fluids. Diagn Cytopathol 17(4): 272–9.3.0.CO;2-E>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullins, J. M. (1999). “Overview of fluorochromes”. Methods Mol Biol 115: 97–105.Google Scholar
Naryshkin, S. and Bedrossian, C. W.. (1995). “Selected mimics of malignancy in sputum and bronchoscopic cytology specimens”. Diagn Cytopathol 13(5): 443–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nayar, R., Breland, C., et al. (1999). “Immunoreactivity of ductal cells with putative myoepithelial markers: a potential pitfall in breast carcinoma”. Ann Diagn Pathol 3(3): 165–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, W. K., Li, A. S., et al. (2003). “Significance of atypical repair in liquid-based gynecologic cytology: a follow-up study with molecular analysis for human papillomavirus”. Cancer 99(3): 141–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nguyen, C. T., Litt, D. B., et al. (2009). “Prognostic significance of nondiagnostic molecular changes in urine detected by UroVysion fluorescence in situ hybridization during surveillance for bladder cancer”. Urology 73(2): 347–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Hara, M. F., Bedrossian, C. W., et al. (1984). “Flow cytometry in cancer diagnosis”. Prog Clin Pathol 9: 135–53.Google Scholar
Ohar, J. A., Jackson, F., et al. (1992). “Bronchoalveolar lavage cell count and differential are not reliable indicators of amiodarone-induced pneumonitis”. Chest 102(4): 999–1004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohori, N. P., Khalid, A., et al. (2002). “Multiple loss of heterozygosity without K-ras mutation identified by molecular analysis on fine-needle aspiration cytology specimen of acinar cell carcinoma of pancreas”. Diagn Cytopathol 27(1): 42–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onofre, A. S., Pomjanski, N., et al. (2007). “Immunocytochemical diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and identification of carcinomas of unknown primary metastatic to the liver on fine-needle aspiration cytologies”. Cancer 111(4): 259–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ordonez, N. G. and Mackay, B.. (1998). “Electron microscopy in tumor diagnosis: indications for its use in the immunohistochemical era”. Hum Pathol 29(12): 1403–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osamura, R. Y. (2009). “Molecular cytopathology: a new era of clinical cytology”. Acta Cytol 53(3): 245–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pajor, G., Sule, N., et al. (2008). “Increased efficiency of detecting genetically aberrant cells by UroVysion test on voided urine specimens using automated immunophenotypical preselection of uroepithelial cells”. Cytometry A 73(3): 259–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pisharodi, L. R. and Bedrossian, C.. (1998). “Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of small-cell lesions of the liver”. Diagn Cytopathol 19(1): 29–32.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pisharodi, L. R. and Bedrossian, C. W.. (1996). “Cytologic diagnosis of pseudomyxoma peritonei: common and uncommon causes”. Diagn Cytopathol 14(1): 10–3.3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pomjanski, N., Grote, H. J., et al. (2005). “Immunocytochemical identification of carcinomas of unknown primary in serous effusions”. Diagn Cytopathol 33(5): 309–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raber, M. N., Barlogie, B., et al. (1982). “Ploidy, proliferative activity and estrogen receptor content in human breast cancer”. Cytometry 3(1): 36–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rada, T., Reis, R. L., et al. (2010). “Distinct stem cells subpopulations isolated from human adipose tissue exhibit different chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential”. Stem Cell Rev. Epub.
Reich, R., Vintman, L., et al. (2005). “Differential expression of the 67 kilodalton laminin receptor in epithelioid malignant mesothelioma and carcinomas that spread to serosal cavities”. Diagn Cytopathol 33(5): 332–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saad, R. S., Essig, D. L., et al. (2004). “Diagnostic utility of CDX-2 expression in separating metastatic gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma from other metastatic adenocarcinoma in fine-needle aspiration cytology using cell blocks”. Cancer 102(3): 168–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Safley, A. M., Buckley, P. J., et al. (2004). “The value of fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma by fine-needle aspiration”. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128(12): 1395–403.Google Scholar
Salla, C., Chatzipantelis, P., et al. (2007). “Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: a case report and literature review”. World J Gastroenterol 13(38): 5158–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savic, S., Franco, N., et al. (2010). “Fluorescence in situ hybridization in the definitive diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma in effusion cytology”. Chest. 138(1): 137–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schindler, S., Nayar, R., et al. (2001). “Diagnostic challenges in aspiration cytology of the salivary glands”. Semin Diagn Pathol 18(2): 124–46.Google Scholar
Shultz, T., Miller, W. C., et al. (1979). “Clinical application of measurement of angiotensin-converting enzyme level”. JAMA 242(5): 439–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sigstad, E., Dong, H. P., et al. (2004). “The role of flow cytometric immunophenotyping in improving the diagnostic accuracy in referred fine-needle aspiration specimens”. Diagn Cytopathol 31(3): 159–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sigstad, E., Dong, H. P., et al. (2005). “Quantitative analysis of integrin expression in effusions using flow cytometric immunophenotyping”. Diagn Cytopathol 33(5): 325–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simsir, A., Fetsch, P., et al. (2001). “Absence of SV-40 large T antigen (Tag) in malignant mesothelioma effusions: an immunocytochemical study”. Diagn Cytopathol 25(4): 203–07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, G., Katyal, S. L., et al. (1983). “Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Staining for surfactant apoprotein in alveolar proteinosis and in conditions simulating it”. Chest 83(1): 82–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivertsen, S., Berner, A., et al. (2006). “Cadherin expression in ovarian carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma cell effusions”. Acta Cytol 50(6): 603–07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strojan Flezar, M. and Srebotnik Kirbis, I.. (2009). “Identification of carcinoma origin by thyroid transcription factor-1 immunostaining of fine needle aspirates of metastases”. Cytopathology 20(3): 176–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visscher, D. W. and Bedrossian, C. W.. (1995). “c-erbB-2 in retrospect: is it time for molecular cytology?”Diagn Cytopathol 12(2): 145–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warth, A., Muley, T., et al. (2010). “A histochemical approach to the diagnosis of visceral pleural infiltration by non-small cell lung cancer”. Pathol Oncol Res 16(1): 119–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westfall, D. E., Fan, X., et al. (2010). “Evidence-based guidelines to optimize the selection of antibody panels in cytopathology: pleural effusions with malignant epithelioid cells”. Diagn Cytopathol 38(1): 9–14.Google Scholar
Willmore-Payne, C., Layfield, L. J., et al. (2005). “c-KIT mutation analysis for diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in fine needle aspiration specimens”. Cancer 105(3): 165–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolman, S. R., Sanford, J. S., et al. (1995). “Genetic probes in cytology: principles and applications”. Diagn Cytopathol 13(5): 429–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, M., Szporn, A. H., et al. (2005). “Cytology applications of p63 and TTF-1 immunostaining in differential diagnosis of lung cancers”. Diagn Cytopathol 33(4): 223–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wurlitzer, F., Bedrossian, C., et al. (1973). “Problems of diagnosing and treating infiltrating lipomas”. Am Surg 39(4): 240–3.Google Scholar
Yang, B., Ali, S. Z., et al. (2002). “CD10 facilitates the diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma from primary adrenal cortical neoplasm in adrenal fine-needle aspiration”. Diagn Cytopathol 27(3): 149–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoder, B. J., Skacel, M., et al. (2007). “Reflex UroVysion testing of bladder cancer surveillance patients with equivocal or negative urine cytology: a prospective study with focus on the natural history of anticipatory positive findings”. Am J Clin Pathol 127(2): 295–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeppa, P., Cozzolino, I., et al. (2009). “Cytologic, flow cytometry, and molecular assessment of lymphoid infiltrate in fine-needle cytology samples of Hashimoto thyroiditis”. Cancer Cytopathol 117(3): 174–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, L. C., Sidhu, G. S., et al. (2005). “Fine-needle aspiration cytology of pancreatoblastoma in a young woman: report of a case and review of the literature”. Diagn Cytopathol 33(4): 258–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zografos, G. N., Stathopoulou, A., et al. (2005). “Preoperative imaging and localization of small sized insulinoma with EUS-guided fine needle tattoing: a case report”. Hormones (Athens) 4(2): 111–6.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×