The appointment of Paul Volcker as chairman of the Board of Governors on August 6, 1979, changed the policymaking environment of the Fed. Burns and Miller had taken the Fed on a detour away from Martin's belief that the Fed was responsible for inflation. Volcker made low inflation the objective of policy. Consistent with his early background in financial markets at the New York Fed and with his oversight of the Bretton Woods system at the treasury, Volcker focused on expectations. Moreover, he acted on the belief that credible monetary policy could shape those expectations.

With that belief, Volcker challenged Keynesian orthodoxy, which held that the “high” unemployment of the 1970s demonstrated that inflation arose from cost-push and supply shocks. Expectations in the form of a wage–price spiral propagated that inflation. Because of the nonmonetary origin and built-in propagation of inflation, an attempt to control it through monetary policy without incomes policies would create unacceptably high levels of unemployment. The rational expectations revolution became so only with the demonstrated success of the Volcker disinflation. The 1979 Joint Economic Report (U.S. Cong. March 22, 1979, 45) expressed the prevailing view: