Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T06:45:39.305Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Radical forgiveness: transforming traumatic memory beyond Hannah Arendt

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2009

François du Bois
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
Antje du Bois-Pedain
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

‘To err is human; to forgive divine.’ So the adage goes. This folklore about the role of the divine in forgiveness may well be the conventional wisdom and defining mantra framing debates about ‘the unforgivable’ in political and social life. The magnitude of human atrocities, in other words, ‘radical evil’, places these crimes beyond the realm of human intervention – human beings can neither punish nor forgive them; they fall in the province of divine prerogative, only God may judge them. These views, however, may have to be set aside in light of the lessons learnt by our generation, a generation which has witnessed a plethora of public apologies for atrocities by world leaders, from Pope John Paul II, to Bill Clinton and to Jacques Chirac. Expressions of forgiveness by victims of some of the most egregious violations of human rights in the past century seem to gesture us to the position: To forgive is human.

The experience of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) has been one of the most profound historical moments at the close of the twentieth century. The days, weeks and months of listening to the testimonies of victims' and survivors' pain and trauma, and of encounters with the terror, depravity and sometimes the brokenness of perpetrators of the most unimaginable crimes, confronted us more closely and deeply with the complexity of the human condition.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arendt, Hannah, The Human Condition, 2nd edn with an introduction by Margaret Canovan (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arendt, Hannah, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin, 1994)Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood, ‘The Truth According to the TRC’ in Amadiume, Ifi and An-Na'im, Abdullahi (eds.), The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice (London and New York: Zed Books, 2000)Google Scholar
D'Entrèves, Maurizio Passerin, The Political Philosophy of Hannah Arendt (London and New York: Routledge, 1994)Google Scholar
Levinas, Emmanuel, Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority, trans. Lingis, Alphonso (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1969)Google Scholar
Levinas, Emmanuel, Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence (Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1974)Google Scholar
Levinas, Emmanuel, Ethics and Infinity: Conversations with Philippe Nemo, trans. Cohen, Richard A. (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1985)Google Scholar
Bernasconi, Robert, ‘Levinas and Derrida: The Question of the Closure of Metaphysics’ in Cohen, Richard A. (ed.), Face to Face with Levinas (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986)Google Scholar
Derrida, Jacques, ‘At this very moment in this work here I am’ in Bernasconi, Robert and Critchley, Simon (eds.), Re-Reading Levinas (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1991)Google Scholar
Gobodo-Madikizela, Pumla, ‘Remorse, Forgiveness and Rehumanization: Stories from South Africa’ (2001) 42 Journal of Humanistic Psychology 7Google Scholar
Malkin, Peter Z. and Stein, Harry, Eichmann in My Hands (London: Muller, 1990)Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah, ‘Thinking and Moral Considerations’ in Kohn, Jerome (ed.), Responsibility and Judgment (New York: Schocken Books, 2003)Google Scholar
Jankélévitch, Vladimir, Forgiveness, trans. Kelley, Andrew (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005)Google Scholar
Jankélévitch, Vladimir with Berlowitz, Béatrice, Quelque Part dans l'Inachevé (Paris: Gallimard, 1978)Google Scholar
Derrida, Jacques, On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness, trans. Dooley, Mark and Hughes, Michael (London and New York: Routledge, 2001)Google Scholar
Laub, Dori and Auerhahn, Nanette, ‘Knowing and not Knowing Massive Psychic Trauma: Forms of Traumatic Memory’ (1993) 74 International Journal of Psycho-Analysis261Google Scholar
Laub, Dori and Lee, S., ‘Thanatos and Massive Psychic Trauma’ (2003) 51 Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association433CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, Joseph, Situation Ethics: The New Morality (London: CSM Press, 1966)Google Scholar
Shriver, Donald W. Jr., An Ethic for Enemies: Forgiveness in Politics (New York, Oxford University Press, 1995)Google Scholar
Simmel, Georg, Conflict, trans. Wolff, Kurt H. (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1955)Google Scholar
Govier, Trudy, ‘Forgiveness and the Unforgivable’ (1999) 36 American Psychological Quarterly 59Google Scholar
Govier, Trudy, Forgiveness and Revenge (London and New York: Routledge, 2002)Google Scholar
Kristeva, Julia, Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987)Google Scholar
Lanzmann, Claude, ‘The Obscenity of Understanding: An Evening with Claude Lanzmann’ (1991) 48 American Imago 480.Google Scholar
Tavuchis, Nicholas, Mea Culpa: A Sociology of Apology and Reconciliation (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991)Google Scholar
Gobodo-Madikizela, Pumla, A Human Being Died That Night: A Story of Forgiveness (Cape Town: David Philip, 2003)Google Scholar
Stolorow, Robert D. and Lachmann, Frank M., ‘Transference – The Organization of Experience’ in Stolorow, Robert D., Brandchaft, Bernard and Atwood, George E. (eds.), Psychoanalytic Treatment: An Intersubjective Approach (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1987)Google Scholar
Horwitz, Leonard, ‘The Capacity to Forgive: Intrapsychic and Developmental Perspectives’ (2005) 53 Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 485 at 485CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, Arthur J., Empathy in Counseling and Psychotherapy: Perspectives and Practices (London and New York: Routledge, 2006)Google Scholar
Rogers, Carl R., ‘The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change’ (1957) 21 Journal of Consulting Psychology 95CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohut, Heinz, How Does Analysis Cure? (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, The Visible and the Invisible, trans. Lingis, Alphonso (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1968)Google Scholar
Black, David M., ‘Sympathy reconfigured: Some Reflections on Sympathy, Empathy and the Discovery of Values’ (2004) 85 International Journal of Psycho-AnalysisCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, Karen D., ‘Reflections on the Unforgivable’ (2004) 1 Perspectives on Evil and Human WickednessGoogle Scholar
Rollin, Henry, ‘Remorse in Melancholia’ (2006) 189 British Journal of PsychiatryGoogle Scholar
Karen, Robert, The Forgiving Self: The Road from Resentment to Connection (New York: Random House, 2003)Google Scholar
Levinas, Emmanuel, ‘Peace and Proximity’ in Peperzak, Adriaan, Critchley, Simon and Bernasconi, Robert (eds.), Emmanuel Levinas: Basic Philosophical Writings (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996)Google Scholar
Peperzak, Adriaan, To the Other: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1993)Google Scholar
Libin, Mark, ‘Can the Subaltern be Heard? Response and Responsibility in South Africa's Human Spirit’ (2003) 17 Textual Practice 119 at 127 (references omitted)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lederach, John Paul, The Moral Imagination: The Art and Soul of Building Peace (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrag, Calvin O., ‘Otherness and the Problem of Evil: How Does That Which Is Other Become Evil?’ (2006) 60 International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 149 at 151Google Scholar
Minow, Martha, Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History after Genocide and Mass Violence (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998)Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×