Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wg55d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T11:43:38.879Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 1 - Physiology of Normal Pregnancy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2018

Christoph Lees
Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Wilfried Gyselaers
Affiliation:
Hasselt Universiteit, Belgium
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Roberts, JM, Redman, CW. Pre-eclampsia: more than pregnancy-induced hypertension. Lancet. 1993;341:1447–51.Google Scholar
Ogge, G, Chaiworapongsa, T, Romero, R, et al. Placental lesions associated with maternal underperfusion are more frequent in early-onset than in late-onset preeclampsia. J Perinat Med. 2011;39:641–52.Google Scholar
Falco, ML, Sivanathan, J, Laoreti, A, Thilaganathan, B, Khalil, A. Placental histopathology associated with preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50(3):295301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pathak, S, Lees, C, Hackett, G, Jessop, F, Sebire, N. Frequency and clinical significance of placental histological lesions in an unselected population at or near term. Virchows Arch. 2011;459:565–72.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, S, Irgens, LM, Espinoza, J. Maternal obesity and excess of fetal growth in pre-eclampsia. BJOG. 2014;121:1351–7.Google Scholar
Melchiorre, K, Sharma, S, Thilaganathan, B. Cardiovascular Implications in preeclampsia: an overview. Circulation. 2014;130:701–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melchiorre, K, Sharma, R, Khalil, A, Thilaganathan, B. Maternal cardiovascular function in normal pregnancy: evidence of maladaptation to chronic volume overload. Hypertension. 2016;67:754–62.Google Scholar
Kenchaiah, S, Evans, JC, Levy, D, et al. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:305–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velauthar, L, Plana, MN, Kalidindi, M, et al. First-trimester uterine artery Doppler and adverse pregnancy outcome: a meta-analysis involving 55 974 women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43:500–7.Google Scholar
Kalafat, E, Laoreti, A, Khalil, A, Da Silva Costa, F, Thilaganathan, B. Ophthalmic Artery Doppler Prediction of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jan 12. doi:10.1002/uog.19002.Google Scholar
Allen, RE, Morlando, M, Thilaganathan, B, et al. Predictive accuracy of second-trimester uterine artery Doppler indices for stillbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016;47:22–7.Google Scholar
Andrietti, S, Carlucci, S, Wright, A, Wright, D, Nicolaides, KH. Repeat measurements of uterine artery pulsatility index, mean arterial pressure and serum placental growth factor at 12, 22 and 32 weeks in prediction of pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50:221227.Google Scholar
Sohlberg, S, Mulic-Lutvica, A, Lindgren, P, Ortiz-Nieto, F, Wikstrom, AK, Wikstrom, J. Placental perfusion in normal pregnancy and early and late preeclampsia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Placenta. 2014;35:202–6.Google Scholar
Poon, LCY, Syngelaki, A, Akolekar, Lai J, Nicolaides, KH. Combined screening for preeclampsia and small for gestational age at 11–13 weeks. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2013;33:1627.Google Scholar
Hochholzer, W, Reichlin, T, Stelzig, C, et al. Impact of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and placental growth factor serum levels for risk stratification and early diagnosis in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:326–35.Google Scholar
Nilsson, E, Salonen Ros, H, Cnattingius, S, Lichtenstein, P. The importance of genetic and environmental effects for pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension: a family study. BJOG. 2004;111:200–6.Google Scholar
Steegers, EA, von Dadelszen, P, Duvekot, JJ, Pijnenborg, R. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2010 21;376:631–44.Google Scholar
Buurma, AJ, Turner, RJ, Driessen, JH, Mooyaart, AL, Schoones, JW, Bruijn, JA, Bloemenkamp, KW, Dekkers, OM, Baelde, HJ. Genetic variants in pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2013;19:289303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thilaganathan, B. Maternal death: a century of getting it wrong. TEDx talk on the origins of preeclampsia: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELET24AHnEgGoogle Scholar
Melchiorre, K, Sutherland, GR, Baltabaeva, A, Liberati, M, Thilaganathan, B. Maternal cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in women with preeclampsia at term. Hypertension. 2011;57:8593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melchiorre, K, Sutherland, GS, Liberati, M, Thilaganathan, B. Maternal cardiovascular impairment in pregnancies complicated by severe fetal growth restriction. Hypertension. 2012;60:437443.Google Scholar
Fraser, A, Nelson, SM, Macdonald-Wallis, C, et al. Associations of pregnancy complications with calculated CVD risk and cardiovascular risk factors in middle age: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Circulation. 2012;125:13671380.Google Scholar
Melchiorre, K, Sutherland, GR, Liberati, M, Thilaganathan, B. Preeclampsia is associated with persistent postpartum cardiovascular impairment. Hypertension. 2011;58:709715.Google Scholar
Behrens, I, Basit, S, Melbye, M, et al. Risk of post-pregnancy hypertension in women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy – a nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2017. Jul 12;358:j3078. doi:10.1136/bmj.j3078.Google Scholar
Smith, GC, Pell, JP, Walsh, D. Pregnancy complications and maternal risk of ischaemic heart disease: a retrospective cohort study of 129,290 births. Lancet. 2001;357:2002–6.Google Scholar
Wikstrom, AK, Gunnarsdottir, J, Nelander, M, Simic, M, Stephansson, O, Cnattingius, S. Prehypertension in pregnancy and risks of small for gestational age infant and stillbirth. Hypertension. 2016;67: 640–6.Google Scholar
Thilaganathan, B. Placental syndromes: getting to the heart of the matter. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;49:79.Google Scholar

References

Davison, JM, Vallotton, MB, Lindheimer, MD. Plasma osmolality and urinary concentration and dilution during and after pregnancy: evidence that lateral recumbency inhibits maximal urinary concentrating ability. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol 1981;88:472–9.Google Scholar
Peeters, LLH, Lotgering, FK. Chapter 11: De normale zwangerschap: de zwangere vrouw. In: Heineman, MJ, Evers, JLH, Massuger, LFAG, Steegers, EAP, eds. Obstetrie en Gynaecologie, De voortplanting van de mens. Reed Business, Amsterdam 2012: 257–75 (ISBN 978 90 352 3489 5).Google Scholar
Valdes, G, Corthorn, J. Challenges posed to the maternal circulation by pregnancy (review). Integrated Blood Pressure Control 2011;4:4553.Google Scholar
Schrier, RW, Niederberger, M. Paradoxes of body fluid volume regulation in health and disease – a unifying hypothesis. West J Med. 1994;161:293408.Google Scholar
Tkachenko, O, Shchekochikhin, D, Schrier, RW. Hormones and hemodynamics in pregnancy. (review) Int J Endocrinol Metab 2014;12:e14098.Google Scholar
Irani, R, Xia, Y. The functional role of the Renin-Angiotensin-System in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Placenta 2008;29:763–71.Google Scholar
Conrad, KP. Emerging role of relaxin in the maternal adaptations to normal pregnancy: Implications for preeclampsia. Semin Nephrol 2011;31:1532.Google Scholar
Van Eijndhoven, HWF. Mechanisms of vasodilatation in early pregnancy. PhD Thesis, Maastricht University, Medical Faculty. 2009. pp. 93–8.Google Scholar
Robson, SC, Hunter, S, Boys, RJ. Serial study of factors influencing changes in cardiac output during human pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1989;256:H10605.Google Scholar
Tan, EK, Tan, EL, Med, M. Alterations in physiology and anatomy during pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2013;27:791802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pang, CC. Autonomic control of the venous system in health and disease; Effects of drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2001;90:179230.Google Scholar
Berlin, DA, Bakker, J. Understanding venous return. Intensive Care Med 2014;40:1564–6.Google Scholar
Spaanderman, M, Ekhart, T, van Eyck, J et al. Preeclampsia and maladaptation to pregnancy: A role for atrial natriuretic peptide? Kidney Int 2001;60:13971406.Google Scholar
Cong, J, Yang, X, Zhang, Y et al. Quantitative analysis of left atrial volume and function during normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancy: a real-time three-dimensional echocardiography study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;31:805–12.Google Scholar
Nama, V, Antonios, TF, Onwude, J et al. Mid-pregnancy drop in normal pregnancy: myth or reality? J Hypertens 2011;29:763–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheung, KL, Lafayette, RA. Renal physiology of pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2013;20:209–14.Google Scholar
Oelkers, WK. Effects of estrogens and progestogens on the renin-aldosterone system and blood pressure. Steroids 1996;61:166–71.Google Scholar
Arbab-Zadeh, A, Perhonen, M, Howden, E, et al. Cardiac remodeling in response to 1 year of intensive endurance training. Circulation 2014;130:2152–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, E, Leinwand, LA. Pregnancy as a cardiac stress model. Cardiovasc Res 2014;101:561–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornburg, KL, Jacobson, SL, Giraud, GD, et al. Hemodynamic changes in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2000;24:1114.Google Scholar
Aardenburg, R, Spaanderman, MEA, Ekhart, TH, et al. Low plasma volume following pregnancy complicated by pre-eclampsia predisposes to hypertensive disease in a next pregnancy. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;110:1001–6.Google Scholar
Melchiorre, K, Sharma, R, Thilaganathan, B. Cardiac structure and function in normal pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynaecol 2012;24:413–21.Google Scholar
Melchiorre, K, Sutherland, GR, Liberati, M, et al. Preeclampsia is associated with persistent postpartum cardiovascular impairment. Hypertension 2011;58:709–15.Google Scholar
Sunitha, M, Chandrasekharappa, S, Brid, SV. Electrocardiographic QRS axis, Q-wave and T-wave changes in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of normal pregnancy. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8:BC 1721.Google Scholar
Spaanderman, MEA, Meertens, M, van Bussel, M, et al. Cardiac output increases independently of basal metabolic rate in early human pregnancy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000;278:H1585–8.Google Scholar
Forsum, E, Löf, M. Energy metabolism during human pregnancy. Annu Rev Nutr 2007;27:277–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopes van Balen, VA, Spaan, JJ, Ghossein, C, et al. Early pregnancy circulatory adaptation and recurrent hypertensive disease: an explorative study. Reprod Sci 2013;20:1069–74.Google Scholar
Aardenburg, R, Spaanderman, MEA, Courtar, DA, et al. Formerly preeclamptic women with a subnormal plasma volume are not able to maintain a rise in stroke volume during moderate exercise. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2005 12:599603.Google Scholar
Lommerse, T, Aardenburg, R, Houben, AJHM, et al. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation in formerly preeclamptic women correlates inversely with body mass index and varies independently of plasma volume. Reprod Sci 2007;14:765–70.Google Scholar

References

Sanghavi, M, Rutherford, JD. Cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy. Circulation 2014;130(12):1003–8.Google Scholar
Ouzounian, JG, Elkayam, U. Physiologic changes during normal pregnancy and delivery. Cardiol Clin 2012;30(3):317–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melchiorre, K, Sharma, R, Thilaganathan, B. Cardiac structure and function in normal pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2012;24(6):413–21.Google Scholar
Mahendru, AA, Everett, TR, Wilkinson, IB, Lees, CC, McEniery, CM. Maternal cardiovascular changes from pre-pregnancy to very early pregnancy. J Hypertens 2012;30(11):2168–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savu, O, Jurcuţ, R, Giuşcă, S, et al. Morphological and functional adaptation of the maternal heart during pregnancy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5(3):289–97.Google Scholar
Mahendru, AA, Everett, TR, Wilkinson, IB, Lees, CC, McEniery, CM. A longitudinal study of maternal cardiovascular function from preconception to the postpartum period. J Hypertens 2014;32(4):849–56.Google Scholar
Cong, J, Fan, T, Yang, X, et al. Structural and functional changes in maternal left ventricle during pregnancy: a three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2015;13:6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, E, Leinwand, LA. Pregnancy as a cardiac stress model. Cardiovasc Res 2014;101(4):561–70.Google Scholar
Ducas, RA, Elliott, JE, Melnyk, SF, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pregnancy: Insights from the cardiac hemodynamic imaging and remodeling in pregnancy (CHIRP) study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2014;16(1):1.Google Scholar
Liu, LX, Arany, Z. Maternal cardiac metabolism in pregnancy. Cardiovasc Res 2014;101(4):545–53.Google Scholar
Yosefy, C, Shenhav, S, Feldman, V, Sagi, Y, Katza, A, Anteby, E. Left atrial function during pregnancy: A three-dimensional ecocardiographic study. Echocardiography 2012;29(9):1096–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunitha, M, Chandrasekharappa, S, Brid, SV. Electrocradiographic Qrs axis, Q wave and T-wave changes in 2nd and 3rd trimester of normal pregnancy. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8(9):BC17BC21.Google Scholar
Williams, JG, Rincon-Skinner, T, Sun, D, Wang, Z, Zhang, S, Zhang, X, Hintze, TH. Role of nitric oxide in the coupling of myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary vascular dynamics during pregnancy in the dog. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;293(4):H247986.Google Scholar
Ando, T, Kaur, R, Holmes, AA, Brusati, A, Fujikura, K, Taub, CC. Physiological adaptation of the left ventricle during the second and third trimesters of a healthy pregnancy: A speckle tracking echocardiography study. Am J Cardiovasc Dis 2015;5(2):119–26.Google ScholarPubMed
Zentner, D, du Plessis, M, Brennecke, S, Wong, J, Grigg, L, Harrap, S. Cardiac function at term in human pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens 2012;2(2):132–8.Google Scholar
Estensen, ME, Beitnes, JO, Grindheim, G, Aaberge, L, Smiseth, OA, Henriksen, T, Aakhus, S. Altered maternal left ventricular contractility and function during normal pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;41(6):659–66.Google Scholar
Bamfo, JE, Kametas, NA, Nicolaides, KH, Chambers, JB. Maternal left ventricular diastolic and systolic long-axis function during normal pregnancy. Eur J Echocardiogr 2007;8(5):360–8.Google Scholar
Kampman, MA, Bilardo, CM, Mulder, BJ, Aarnoudse, JG, Ris-Stalpers, C, van Veldhuisen, DJ, Pieper, PG. Maternal cardiac function, uteroplacental Doppler flow parameters and pregnancy outcome: A systematic review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;46(1):21–8.Google Scholar

References

Sandoo, A, van Zanten, JJ, Metsios, GS, Carroll, D, Kitas, GD. The endothelium and its role in regulating vascular tone. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2010;4:302–12.Google Scholar
Boulpaep, EL. Arteries and veins. In: Boron, WF, Boulpaep, EL, editors. Medical physiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc.; 2003. pp. 447–62.Google Scholar
Gelman, S. Venous function and central venous pressure: a physiologic story. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(4):735–48.Google Scholar
Berne, R, Levy, M. Control of cardiac output: coupling of heart and blood vessels. In: Berne, R, Levy, M, editors. Cardiovascular physiology. London: The C.V. Mosby Company; 2001. pp. 199226.Google Scholar
Boulpaep, EL. Integrated control of the cardiovascular system. In: Boron, WF, Boulpaep, EL, editors. Medical physiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc.; 2003. pp. 574–90.Google Scholar
Dora, KA. Coordination of vasomotor responses by the endothelium. Circ J. 2010;74(2):226–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pang, CC. Autonomic control of the venous system in health and disease: effects of drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 2001;90(2–3):179230.Google Scholar
Segal, SS. Special circulations. In: Boron, WF, Boulpaep, EL, editors. Medical physiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc.; 2003. pp. 558–73.Google Scholar
Greenway, CV, Lautt, WW. Blood volume, the venous system, preload, and cardiac output. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1986;64(4):383–7.Google Scholar
Boulpaep, EL. Organization of the cardiovascular system. In: Boron, WF, Boulpaep, EL, editors. Medical physiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc.; 2003. pp. 423–46.Google Scholar
Lu, D, Kassab, GS. Role of shear stress and stretch in vascular mechanobiology. J R Soc Interface. 2011;8(63):13791385.Google Scholar
Collins, C, Tzima, E. Hemodynamic forces in endothelial dysfunction and vascular aging. Exp Gerontol. 2011;46(2–3):185–8.Google Scholar
Lewis, B. The peripheral veins. In: Rumack, CM, Wilson, RD, Charboneau, JW, Johnson, JM, editors. Diagnostic ultrasound. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2005. pp. 1019–35.Google Scholar
Khalil, RA. Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Function. San Rafael (CA): Morgan and Claypool Life Sciences; 2010.Google Scholar
Bank, AJ, Kaiser, DR. Smooth muscle relaxation: effects on arterial compliance, distensibility, elastic modulus, and pulse wave velocity. Hypertension. 1998;32(2):356–9.Google Scholar
Tomiyama, H, Yamashina, A. Non-invasive vascular function tests: their pathophysiological background and clinical application. Circ J. 2010;74(1):2433.Google Scholar
Nelson, TR, Pretorius, DH. The Doppler signal: where does it come from and what does it mean? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;151(3):439–47.Google Scholar
Martin, N, Lilly, LS. The cardiac cycle: Mechanisms of heart sounds and murmurs. In: Lilly, LS, editor. Pathophysiology of heart disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2007. pp. 2944.Google Scholar
Bateman, GA, Cuganesan, R. Renal vein Doppler sonography of obstructive uropathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178(4):921–5.Google Scholar
Tomsin, K, Mesens, T, Molenberghs, G, Peeters, L, Gyselaers, W. Time interval between maternal electrocardiogram and venous Doppler waves in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia: a pilot study. Ultraschall Med. 2012;33(7):E11925.Google Scholar
Roobottom, CA, Hunter, JD, Weston, MJ, Dubbins, PA. Hepatic venous Doppler waveforms: changes in pregnancy. J Clin Ultrasound. 1995;23(8):477–82.Google Scholar
Gyselaers, W, Mesens, T, Tomsin, K, Peeters, L. Doppler assessment of maternal central venous hemodynamics in uncomplicated pregnancy: a comprehensive review. Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 2009;1(3):171–81.Google Scholar
Satyapal, KS. Classification of the drainage patterns of the renal veins. Journal of anatomy. 1995;186 (Pt 2):329–33.Google Scholar
Gyselaers, W, Molenberghs, G, Mesens, T, Peeters, L. Maternal hepatic vein Doppler velocimetry during uncomplicated pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2009;35(8):1278–83.Google Scholar
Tomsin, K, Mesens, T, Molenberghs, G, Gyselaers, W. Venous pulse transit time in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Reprod Sci. 2012;19(4):431–6.Google Scholar
Sakai, K, Imaizumi, T, Maeda, H, Nagata, H, Tsukimori, K, Takeshita, A, et al. Venous distensibility during pregnancy. Comparisons between normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Hypertension. 1994;24(4):461–6.Google Scholar
Staelens, AS, Van Cauwelaert, S, Tomsin, K, Mesens, T, Malbrain, ML, Gyselaers, W. Intra-abdominal pressure measurements in term pregnancy and postpartum: an observational study. PLoS one. 2014;9(8):e104782.Google Scholar
Gyselaers, W, Peeters, L. Physiological implications of arteriovenous anastomoses and venous hemodynamic dysfunction in early gestational uterine circulation: a review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26(9):841–6.Google Scholar
Vonck, S, Staelens, AS, Mesens, T, Tomsin, K, Gyselaers, W. Hepatic hemodynamics and fetal growth: a relationship of interest for further research. PLoS one. 2014;9(12):e115594.Google Scholar

References

De Backer, D, Ospina-Tascon, G, Salgado, D, Favory, R, Creteur, J, Vincent, JL, Monitoring the microcirculation in the critically ill patient: current methods and future approaches. Intensive Care Med, 2010; 36(11):1813–25.Google Scholar
Boron, W, Boupaep, E, Medical Physiology, 2e Updated Edition. 2012.Google Scholar
Sakai, T, Hosoyamada, Y, Are the precapillary sphincters and metarterioles universal components of the microcirculation? An historical review. J Physiol Sci, 2013; 63(5):319–31.Google Scholar
De Backer, D, Hollenberg, S, Boerma, C, et al. How to evaluate the microcirculation: report of a round table conference. Crit Care, 2007; 11(5): R101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmon, AH, Satchell, SC, Endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction in disease: albuminuria and increased microvascular permeability. J Pathol, 2012;226(4): 562–74.Google Scholar
Woodcock, TE, Woodcock, TM, Revised Starling equation and the glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: an improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapy. Br J Anaesth, 2012;108(3):384–94.Google Scholar
Chappell, D, Jacob, M, Role of the glycocalyx in fluid management: Small things matter. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 2014;28(3):227–34.Google Scholar
Donati, A, Damiani, E, Domizi, R, et al. Alteration of the sublingual microvascular glycocalyx in critically ill patients. Microvasc Res, 2013;90:86–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Backer, D, Ortiz, JA, Salgado, D, Coupling microcirculation to systemic hemodynamics. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2010;16(3):250–4.Google Scholar
Trzeciak, S, Dellinger, RP, Parrillo, JE, et al. Early microcirculatory perfusion derangements in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: relationship to hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and survival. Ann Emerg Med, 2007; 49(1):8898, 98 e12.Google Scholar
Ince, C, The rationale for microcirculatory guided fluid therapy. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2014; 20(3):301–8.Google Scholar
Veenstra, G, Ince, C, Boerma, EC, Direct markers of organ perfusion to guide fluid therapy: when to start, when to stop. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 2014; 28(3):217–26.Google Scholar
Allen, J, Howell, K, Microvascular imaging: techniques and opportunities for clinical physiological measurements. Physiol Meas, 2014; 35(7):R91–R141.Google Scholar
Grassi, W, De Angelis, R, Capillaroscopy: questions and answers. Clin Rheumatol, 2007; 26(12):2009–16.Google Scholar
Ingegnoli, F, Gualtierotti, R, Lubatti, C, et al. Nailfold capillary patterns in healthy subjects: a real issue in capillaroscopy. Microvasc Res, 2013;90:90–5.Google Scholar
Michoud, E, Poensin, D, Carpentier, PH, Digitized nailfold capillaroscopy. Vasa, 1994; 23(1):3542.Google Scholar
Roustit, M, Cracowski, JL, Non-invasive assessment of skin microvascular function in humans: an insight into methods. Microcirculation, 2012;19(1):4764.Google Scholar
Antonios, TF, Rattray, FE, Singer, DR, Markandu, ND, Mortimer, PS, MacGregor, GA. Maximization of skin capillaries during intravital video-microscopy in essential hypertension: comparison between venous congestion, reactive hyperaemia and core heat load tests. Clin Sci (Lond), 1999; 97(4):523–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aykut, G, Veenstra, G, Scorcella, C, Ince, C, Boerma, C. Cytocam-IDF (incident dark field illumination) imaging for bedside monitoring of the microcirculation. Intensive Care Med Exp, 2015; 3(1):40.Google Scholar
Goedhart, PT, Khalilzada, M, Bezemer, R, Merza, J, Ince, C. Sidestream Dark Field (SDF) imaging: a novel stroboscopic LED ring-based imaging modality for clinical assessment of the microcirculation. Opt Express, 2007;15(23):15101–14.Google Scholar
Groner, W, Winkelman, JW, Harris, AG, et al. Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation. Nat Med, 1999;5(10):1209–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathura, KR, Vollebregt, KC, Boer, K, De Graaff, JC, Ubbink, DT, Ince, C. Comparison of OPS imaging and conventional capillary microscopy to study the human microcirculation. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2001;91(1):74–8.Google Scholar
Lehmann, C, Abdo, I, Kern, H, et al. Clinical evaluation of the intestinal microcirculation using sidestream dark field imaging–recommendations of a round table meeting. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc, 2014;57(2):137–46.Google Scholar
Nilsson, J, Eriksson, S, Blind, PJ, Rissler, P, Sturesson, C. Microcirculation changes during liver resection–a clinical study. Microvasc Res, 2014;94:4751.Google Scholar
Weber, MA, Milstein, DM, Ince, C, Oude Rengerink, K, Roovers, JP. Vaginal microcirculation: Non-invasive anatomical examination of the micro-vessel architecture, tortuosity and capillary density. Neurourol Urodyn, 2015;34(8), 723–9.Google Scholar
Weber, MA, Milstein, DM, Ince, C, Roovers, JP. Is pelvic organ prolapse associated with altered microcirculation of the vaginal wall? Neurourol Urodyn, 2016; 35(7):764–70.Google Scholar
Ijaz, S, Milstein, DM, Ince, C, Roovers, JP. Impairment of hepatic microcirculation in fatty liver. Microcirculation, 2003; 10(6):447–56.Google Scholar
Abdo, I, Yang, W, Winslet, MC, Seifalian, AM. Microcirculation in pregnancy. Physiol Res, 2014;63(4):395408.Google Scholar
Cornette, J, Herzog, E, Buijs, EA, et al. Microcirculation in women with severe pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome: a case-control study. BJOG, 2014; 121(3):363–70.Google Scholar
Top, AP, Tasker, RC, Ince, C, The microcirculation of the critically ill pediatric patient. Crit Care, 2011; 15(2):213.Google Scholar
Bezemer, R, Bartels, SA, Bakker, J, Ince, C. Clinical review: Clinical imaging of the sublingual microcirculation in the critically ill–where do we stand? Crit Care, 2012; 16(3):224.Google Scholar
Mik, EG, Johannes, T, Fries, M, Clinical microvascular monitoring: a bright future without a future? Crit Care Med, 2009;37(11):2980–1.Google Scholar
Lee, DH, Cornette, J, Herzog, E, Buijs, EA. Deeper penetration of erythrocytes into the endothelial glycocalyx is associated with impaired microvascular perfusion. PLoS One, 2014. 9(5): e96477.Google Scholar
Boerma, EC, Mathura, KR, van der Voort, PH, Spronk, PE, Ince, C. Quantifying bedside-derived imaging of microcirculatory abnormalities in septic patients: a prospective validation study. Crit Care, 2005:9(6):R6016.Google Scholar
Hubble, SM, Kyte, HL, Gooding, K, Shore, AC. Variability in sublingual microvessel density and flow measurements in healthy volunteers. Microcirculation, 2009;16(2):183–91.Google Scholar
van Elteren, HA, Ince, C, Tibboel, D, Reiss, IK, de Jonge, RC. Cutaneous microcirculation in preterm neonates: comparison between sidestream dark field (SDF) and incident dark field (IDF) imaging. J Clin Monit Comput, 2015; 16(2): 183–91.Google Scholar
van den Berg, VJ, van Elteren, HA, Buijs, EA, et al. Reproducibility of microvascular vessel density analysis in Sidestream dark-field-derived images of healthy term newborns. Microcirculation, 2015;22(1):3743.Google Scholar
Bezemer, R, Dobbe, JG, Bartels, SA, et al. Rapid automatic assessment of microvascular density in sidestream dark field images. Med Biol Eng Comput, 2011;49(11):1269–78.Google Scholar
Dobbe, JG, Streekstra, GJ, Atasever, B, van Zijderveld, R, Ince, C. Measurement of functional microcirculatory geometry and velocity distributions using automated image analysis. Med Biol Eng Comput, 2008. 46(7): 659–70.Google Scholar
Humeau, A, Steenbergen, W, Nilsson, HStrömberg, T.Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring and imaging: novel approaches. Med Biol Eng Comput, 2007;45(5):421–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riva, C, Ross, B, Benedek, GB, Laser Doppler measurements of blood flow in capillary tubes and retinal arteries. Invest Ophthalmol, 1972;11(11):936–44.Google Scholar
Roustit, M, Blaise, SMillet, CCracowski, JL. Reproducibility and methodological issues of skin post-occlusive and thermal hyperemia assessed by single-point laser Doppler flowmetry. Microvasc Res, 2010;79(2):102–8.Google Scholar
Roustit, M, Cracowski, JL, Assessment of endothelial and neurovascular function in human skin microcirculation. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2013;34(7):373–84.Google Scholar
Cracowski, JL, Minson, CTSalvat-Melis, MHalliwill, JR. Methodological issues in the assessment of skin microvascular endothelial function in humans. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2006;27(9):503–8.Google Scholar
Eriksson, S, Nilsson, J, Sturesson, C, Non-invasive imaging of microcirculation: a technology review. Med Devices (Auckl), 2014;7:445–52.Google Scholar
Leutenegger, M, Martin-Williams, E, Harbi, P, et al. Real-time full field laser Doppler imaging. Biomed Opt Express, 2011;2(6):1470–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serov, A, Lasser, T, High-speed laser Doppler perfusion imaging using an integrating CMOS image sensor. Opt Express, 2005;13(17):6416–28.Google Scholar
Briers, JD, Laser Doppler, speckle and related techniques for blood perfusion mapping and imaging. Physiol Meas, 2001;22(4):R3566.Google Scholar
Forrester, KR, Tulip, J, Leonard, C, Stewart, C, Bray, RC. A laser speckle imaging technique for measuring tissue perfusion. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2004;51(11):2074–84.Google Scholar
Mahe, G, Humeau-Heurtier, A, Durand, S, Leftheriotis, G, Abraham, P. Assessment of skin microvascular function and dysfunction with laser speckle contrast imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2012;5(1):155–63.Google Scholar
O’Doherty, J, McNamara, P, Clancy, NT, Enfield, JG, Leahy, MJ. Comparison of instruments for investigation of microcirculatory blood flow and red blood cell concentration. J Biomed Opt, 2009;14(3):034025.Google Scholar
Roustit, M, Millet, C, Blaise, S, Dufournet, B, Cracowski, JL. Excellent reproducibility of laser speckle contrast imaging to assess skin microvascular reactivity. Microvasc Res, 2010;80(3):505–11.Google Scholar
Tew, GA, Klonizakis, M, Crank, H, Briers, JD, Hodges, GJ. Comparison of laser speckle contrast imaging with laser Doppler for assessing microvascular function. Microvasc Res, 2011;82(3):326–32.Google Scholar
Cracowski, JL, Roustit, M, Pharmacology of the human skin microcirculation. Microvasc Res, 2010;80(1):1.Google Scholar
Buise, MP, Ince, C, Tilanus, HW, Klein, J, Gommers, D, van Bommel, J. The effect of nitroglycerin on microvascular perfusion and oxygenation during gastric tube reconstruction. Anesth Analg, 2005;100(4):1107–11.Google Scholar
Holzle, F, Loeffelbein, DJ, Nolte, D, Wolff, KD. Free flap monitoring using simultaneous non-invasive laser Doppler flowmetry and tissue spectrophotometry. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2006;34(1):2533.Google Scholar
Knobloch, K, Lichtenberg, A, Pichlmaier, M, et al. Microcirculation of the sternum following harvesting of the left internal mammary artery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2003;51(5):255–9.Google Scholar
Knobloch, K, Lichtenberg, A, Pichlmaier, M, Tomaszek, S, Krug, A, Haverich, A. Palmar microcirculation after harvesting of the radial artery in coronary revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg, 2005;79(3):1026–30; discussion 1030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ladurner, R, Feilitzsch, M, Steurer, W, Coerper, S, Königsrainer, A, Beckert, S. The impact of a micro-lightguide spectrophotometer on the intraoperative assessment of hepatic microcirculation: a pilot study. Microvasc Res, 2009;77(3):387–8.Google Scholar
Sommer, B, Berschin, G, Sommer, HM, Microcirculation Under an Elastic Bandage During Rest and Exercise – Preliminary Experience With the Laser-Doppler Spectrophotometry System O2C. J Sports Sci Med, 2013;12(3):414–21.Google Scholar
Nagel, E, Vilser, W, Fink, A, Riemer, T. [Static vessel analysis in nonmydriatic and mydriatic images]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 2007;224(5):411–6.Google Scholar
Smith, W, Wang, JJ, Wong, TY, et al. Retinal arteriolar narrowing is associated with 5-year incident severe hypertension: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Hypertension, 2004;44(4):42–7.Google Scholar
Vilser, W, Nagel, E, Lanzl, I, Retinal Vessel Analysis–new possibilities. Biomed Tech (Berl), 2002;47 Suppl 1 Pt 2:682–5.Google Scholar
Lim, M, Sasongko, MB, Ikram, MK, et al. Systemic associations of dynamic retinal vessel analysis: a review of current literature. Microcirculation, 2013;20(3):257–68.Google Scholar
Brueckmann, A, Seeliger, C, Lehmann, T, Schleußner, E, Schlembach, D. Altered Retinal Flicker Response Indicates Microvascular Dysfunction in Women With Preeclampsia. Hypertension, 2015;66(4):900–5.Google Scholar
Kneser, M, Kohlmann, T, Pokorny, J, Tost, F. Age related decline of microvascular regulation measured in healthy individuals by retinal dynamic vessel analysis. Med Sci Monit, 2009;15(8):CR43641.Google Scholar
Pemp, B, Weigert, G, Karl, K, et al. Correlation of flicker-induced and flow-mediated vasodilatation in patients with endothelial dysfunction and healthy volunteers. Diabetes Care, 2009;32(8):1536–41.Google Scholar
Cecconi, M, De Backer, D, Antonelli, M, et al. Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med, 2014;40(12):1795–815.Google Scholar
Hayes, MA,Timmins, AC, Yau, EH, Palazzo, M, Hinds, CJ, Watson, D. Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients. N Engl J Med, 1994;330(24):1717–22.Google Scholar
ARISE Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group, Peake, SL, et al. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med, 2014;371(16):1496–506.Google Scholar
ProCESS Investigators, Yealy, DM, Kellum, JA, et al. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med, 2014;370(18):1683–93.Google Scholar
Cornette, J, Buijs, EA, Duvekot, JJ,et al. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous nicardipine in severe pre-eclamptic women with a hypertensive crisis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2015;47(1): 8995.Google Scholar
Perez-Barcena, J, Romay, E, Llompart-Pou, JA, et al. Direct observation during surgery shows preservation of cerebral microcirculation in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Sci, 2015;353(1–2):3843.Google Scholar
Sarmento, SG, Santana, EF, Campanharo, FF, et al. Microcirculation Approach in HELLP Syndrome Complicated by Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome and Massive Hepatic Infarction. Case Rep Emerg Med, 2014;2014:389680.Google Scholar
Ait-Oufella, H, Bourcier, S, Lehoux, S, Guidet, B. Microcirculatory disorders during septic shock. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2015;21(4):271–5.Google Scholar
Ait-Oufella, H, Lemoinne, S, Boelle, PY, et al. Mottling score predicts survival in septic shock. Intensive Care Med, 2011;37(5):801–7.Google Scholar
Bateman, RM, Walley, KR, Microvascular resuscitation as a therapeutic goal in severe sepsis. Crit Care, 2005;9 Suppl 4:S2732.Google Scholar
De Backer, D, Creteur, J, Preiser, JC, Dubois, MJ, Vincent, JL. Microvascular blood flow is altered in patients with sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002;166(1):98104.Google Scholar
De Backer, D, Donadello, K, Sakr, Y, et al. Microcirculatory alterations in patients with severe sepsis: impact of time of assessment and relationship with outcome. Crit Care Med, 2013;41(3):791–9.Google Scholar
Donati, A, Domizi, R, Damiani, E, Adrario, E, Pelaia, P, Ince, C. From macrohemodynamic to the microcirculation. Crit Care Res Pract, 2013;2013:892710.Google Scholar
Donati, A, Tibboel, D, Ince, C. Towards integrative physiological monitoring of the critically ill: from cardiovascular to microcirculatory and cellular function monitoring at the bedside. Crit Care, 2013;17 Suppl 1: S5.Google Scholar
Sakr, Y, Dubois, MJ, De Backer, D, Creteur, J, Vincent, JL. Persistent microcirculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med, 2004;32(9):1825–31.Google Scholar
Top, AP, Ince, C, de Meij, N, van Dijk, M, Tibboel, D. Persistent low microcirculatory vessel density in nonsurvivors of sepsis in pediatric intensive care. Crit Care Med, 2011;39(1):813.Google Scholar
Cornette, J, Roos-Hesselink, J. Normal cardiovascular adaptation to pregnancy, in Evidence-Based Cardiology Consult, Stergiopoulos, K., Editor. 2014, Springer: London. 423–32.Google Scholar
Duvekot, JJ, Peeters, LL, Maternal cardiovascular hemodynamic adaptation to pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 1994;49(12 Suppl):S114.Google Scholar
Melchiorre, K, Sharma, R, Thilaganathan, B, Cardiac structure and function in normal pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 2012;24(6):413–21.Google Scholar
Cantwell, R, Clutton-Brock, T, Cooper, G. Saving Mothers’ Lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006–2008. The Eighth Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG, 2011;118 Suppl 1:1203.Google Scholar
de Jonge, A, Mesman, JA, Manniën, J. Severe adverse maternal outcomes among women in midwife-led versus obstetrician-led care at the onset of labour in the Netherlands: A nationwide cohort study. PLoS One, 2015;10(5):e0126266.Google Scholar
Schutte, JM, Steegers, EA, Schuitemaker, NW. Rise in maternal mortality in the Netherlands. BJOG, 2010;117(4):399406.Google Scholar
van Roosmalen, J, Zwart, J, Severe acute maternal morbidity in high-income countries. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2009;23(3):297304.Google Scholar
Perel, P, Roberts, I, Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012;6:CD000567.Google Scholar
Santry, HP, Alam, HB, Fluid resuscitation: past, present, and the future. Shock, 2010;33(3):229–41.Google Scholar
Smorenberg, A, Ince, C, Groeneveld, AJ, Dose and type of crystalloid fluid therapy in adult hospitalized patients. Perioper Med (Lond), 2013;2(1):17.Google Scholar
Pranskunas, A, Koopmans, M, Koetsier, PM, Pilvinis, V, Boerma, EC. Microcirculatory blood flow as a tool to select ICU patients eligible for fluid therapy. Intensive Care Med, 2013;39(4):612–9.Google Scholar
Linder, HR, Reinhart, WH, Hänggi, W, Katz, M, Schneider, H. Peripheral capillaroscopic findings and blood rheology during normal pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 1995;58(2):141–5.Google Scholar
Ohlmann, P, Jung, F, Mrowietz, C, Alt, T, Alt, S, Schmidt, W. Peripheral microcirculation during pregnancy and in women with pregnancy induced hypertension. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc, 2001;24(3):183–91.Google Scholar
George, RB, Munro, A, Abdo, I, McKeen, DM, Lehmann, C. An observational assessment of the sublingual microcirculation of pregnant and non-pregnant women. Int J Obstet Anesth, 2014;23(1):23–8.Google Scholar
Hasan, KM, Manyonda, IT, Ng, FS, Singer, DR, Antonios, TF. Skin capillary density changes in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. J Hypertens, 2002;20(12):2439–43.Google Scholar
Nama, V, Antonios, TF, Onwude, J, Manyonda, IT. Capillary remodeling in normal pregnancy: Can it mediate the progressive but reversible rise in blood pressure? Novel insights into cardiovascular adaptation in pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens, 2012;2(4): 380–6.Google Scholar
Ramsay, JE, Simms, RJ, Ferrell, WR, et al. Enhancement of endothelial function by pregnancy: inadequate response in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2003;26(2):475–9.Google Scholar
Khan, F, Belch, JJ, MacLeod, M, Mires, G. Changes in endothelial function precede the clinical disease in women in whom preeclampsia develops. Hypertension, 2005;46(5):1123–8.Google Scholar
Khan, F, Mires, G, Macleod, M, Belch, JJ, et al. Relationship between maternal arterial wave reflection, microvascular function and fetal growth in normal pregnancy. Microcirculation, 2010;17(8):608–14.Google Scholar
Eneroth-Grimfors, E, Lindblad, LE, Westgren, M, Ihrman-Sandahl, C, Bevegård, S. Noninvasive test of microvascular endothelial function in normal and hypertensive pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1993;100(5):469–71.Google Scholar
Lupton, SJ, Chiu, CL, Hodgson, LA, et al. Changes in retinal microvascular caliber precede the clinical onset of preeclampsia. Hypertension, 2013;62(5):899904.Google Scholar

References

Spaanderman, ME, Meertens, M, van Bussel, M, Ekhart, THA, Peeters, LLH. The cardiac output increases independent of basal metabolic rate in early human pregnancy. Am J Physiol 2000;278:H1585H1588.Google Scholar
Hermsteiner, M, Zoltan, DR, Doetsch, J, Rascher, W, Kuenzel, W. Human chorionic gonadotropin dilates uterine and mesenteric resistance arteries in pregnant and nonpregnant rats. Pflugers Arch 1999;439(1–2):186–94.Google Scholar
Crandall, ME, Keve, TM, McLaughlin, MK. Characterization of norepinephrine sensitivity in the maternal splanchnic circulation during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990 May;162(5):1296–301.Google Scholar
Hermsteiner, M, Zoltan, DR, Doetsch, J, Rascher, W, Kuenzel, W. Human chorionic gonadotropin dilates uterine and mesenteric resistance arteries in pregnant and nonpregnant rats. Pflugers Arch 1999;439(1–2):186–94.Google Scholar
Hermsteiner, M, Zoltan, DR, Kunzel, W. The vasoconstrictor response of uterine and mesenteric resistance arteries is differentially altered in the course of pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001 Dec 10;100(1):2935.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, MK, Keve, TM. Pregnancy-induced changes in resistance blood vessels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986 Dec;155(6):1296–9.Google Scholar
Parent, A, St-Louis, J, Schiffrin, EL. Vascular effects of bradykinin and sodium nitroprusside during pregnancy in the rat. Clin Exp Hypertens B 1989;8(3):561–82.Google Scholar
Ren, Y, Garvin, JL, Liu, R, Carretero, OA. Cross-talk between arterioles and tubules in the kidney. Pediatr Nephrol 2009 Jan;24(1):31–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baylis, C, Davison, JM. The Urinary System. In: Chamberlain, G, Broughton Pipkin, F, editors. Clinical Physiology in Obstetrics. Third edn. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science; 1998. pp. 263307.Google Scholar
Novak, J, Danielson, LA, Kerchner, LJ, et al. Relaxin is essential for renal vasodilation during pregnancy in conscious rats. J Clin Invest 2001 Jun;107(11):1469–75.Google Scholar
Magness, RR, Rosenfeld, CR. Local and systemic estradiol-17 beta: effects on uterine and systemic vasodilation. Am J Physiol 1989 Apr;256(4 Pt 1):E536E542.Google Scholar
Vacca, G, Battaglia, A, Grossini, E, Mary, DA, Molinari, C, Surico, N. The effect of 17beta-oestradiol on regional blood flow in anaesthetized pigs. J Physiol 1999 Feb 1;514 (Pt 3):875–84.Google Scholar
Byers, MJ, Zangl, A, Phernetton, TM, Lopez, G, Chen, DB, Magness, RR. Endothelial vasodilator production by ovine uterine and systemic arteries: ovarian steroid and pregnancy control of ERalpha and ERbeta levels. J Physiol 2005;565(Pt 1).Google Scholar
Liao, WX, Magness, RR, Chen, DB. Expression of estrogen receptors-alpha and -beta in the pregnant ovine uterine artery endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro. Biol Reprod 2005 Mar;72(3):530–7.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, CR, Cox, BE, Roy, T, Magness, RR. Nitric oxide contributes to estrogen-induced vasodilation of the ovine uterine circulation. J Clin Invest 1996 Nov 1;98(9):2158–66.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, CR, Roy, T, Cox, BE. Mechanisms modulating estrogen-induced uterine vasodilation. Vascul Pharmacol 2002Feb;38(2):115–25.Google Scholar
Chang, K, Lubo, Z. Review article: steroid hormones and uterine vascular adaptation to pregnancy. Reprod Sci 2008 Apr;15(4):336–48.Google Scholar
Rupnow, HL, Phernetton, TM, Shaw, CE, Modrick, ML, Bird, IM, Magness, RR. Endothelial vasodilator production by uterine and systemic arteries. VII. Estrogen and progesterone effects on eNOS. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001 Apr;280(4):H1699H1705.Google Scholar
Chen, DB, Jia, S, King, AG, Barker, A, Li, SM, Mata-Greenwood, E, et al. Global protein expression profiling underlines reciprocal regulation of caveolin 1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in ovariectomized sheep uterine artery by estrogen/progesterone replacement therapy. Biol Reprod 2006 May;74(5):832–8.Google Scholar
Ford, SP. Control of blood flow to the gravid uterus of domestic livestock species. J Anim Sci 1995 Jun;73(6):1852–60.Google Scholar
Anderson, SG, Hackshaw, BT, Still, JG, Greiss, FC, Jr. Uterine blood flow and its distribution after chronic estrogen and progesterone administration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977 Jan 15;127(2):138–42.Google Scholar
Ezimokhai, M, Osman, N, Agarwal, M. Human chorionic gonadotrophin is an endothelium-independent inhibitor of rat aortic smooth muscle contractility. Am J Hypertens 2000 Jan;13(1 Pt 1):6673.Google Scholar
Chesley, LC, Talledo, E, Bohler, CS, Zuspan, FP. Vascular Reactivity to Angiotensin II and Norepinephrine in Pregnant Woman. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1965 Mar 15;91:837–42.Google Scholar
Sladek, SM, Magness, RR, Conrad, KP. Nitric oxide and pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1997 Feb;272(2 Pt 2):R441R463.Google Scholar
Baylis, C, Davison, JM. The Urinary System. In: Clinical Physiology in Obstetrics (Third edn.), edited by Chamberlain, G and Broughton, Pipkin, F. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science, 1998, pp. 263307.Google Scholar
Chesley, LC, Talledo, E, Bohler, CS, Zuspan, FP. Vascular Reactivity to Angiotensin II and Norepinephrine in Pregnant Woman. Am J Obstet Gynecol 91: 837–42, 1965.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, MK, Keve, TM. Pregnancy-induced changes in resistance blood vessels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155: 1986.Google Scholar
Sladek, SM, Magness, RR, Conrad, KP. Nitric oxide and pregnancy. Am J Physiol 272: R441R463, 1997.Google Scholar
Slangen, BF, Out, IC, Verkeste, CM, Peeters, LL. Hemodynamic changes in early pregnancy in chronically instrumented, conscious rats. Am J Physiol 270: H1779H1784, 1996.Google Scholar
Van Eijndhoven, HWF, Slangen, BFM, van der Heijden, OWH, Aardenburg, R, Spaanderman, ME, Peeters, LLH. Hemodynamic changes in pseudopregnancy in chronically instrumented, conscious rats are preserved after hysterectomy. Pflugers Arch. 2002;443:427–31.Google Scholar
Spaanderman, ME, Ekhart, THA, van Eyck, J, de Leeuw, PW, Peeters, LLH. Preeclampsia and maladaptation to pregnancy: a role for natriuretic peptide? Kidney Int. 2001;60:1397–406.Google Scholar
Spaanderman, ME, Willekes, C, Hoeks, APG, Ekhart, THA, Peeters, LLH. The effect of pregnancy on the compliance of large arteries and veins in normal parous controls and formerly preeclamptic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000:183;1278–86.Google Scholar
Scholten, RR, Hopman, MT, Sweep, FC, et al. Co-occurrence of cardiovascular and prothrombotic risk factors in women with a history of preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;121(1):97105.Google Scholar
Spaanderman, ME, van Beek, E, Ekhart, THA, et al. Changes in hemodynamics and volume homeostasis with the menstrual cycle, in women with a history of preeclamsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1127–34.Google Scholar
Spaanderman, ME, Ekhart, THA, van Eyck, J, Cheriex, EC, de Leeuw, PW, Peeters, LLH. Asymptomatic formerly preeclamptic women have latent hemodynamic abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000:182;101107.Google Scholar
Aardenburg, R, Spaanderman, ME, Courtar, DA, van Eijndhoven, HW, de Leeuw, PW, Peeters, LL. A subnormal plasma volume in formerly preeclamptic women is associated with a low venous capacitance. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2005 Feb;12(2):107–11.Google Scholar
Krabbendam, I, Janssen, BJ, Van Dijk, AP, et al. The relation between venous reserve capacity and low plasma volume. Reprod Sci. 2008;15(6):604–12.Google Scholar
Krabbendam, I, Jacobs, LC, Lotgering, FK, Spaanderman, ME. Venous response to orthostatic stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295(4):H158793.Google Scholar
Scholten, RR, Oyen, WJ, Van der Vlugt, MJ, et al. Impaired fetal growth and low plasma volume in adult life. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Dec;118(6):1314–22.Google Scholar
Scholten, RR, Thijssen, DJ, Lotgering, FK, Hopman, MT, Spaanderman, ME. Cardiovascular effects of aerobic exercise training in formerly preeclamptic women and healthy parous control subjects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Apr 23. pii: S0002–9378(14)00385–8.Google Scholar
Scholten, RR, Spaanderman, ME, Green, DJ, Hopman, MT, Thijssen, DH. Retrograde shear rate in formerly preeclamptic and healthy parous women before and after exercise training: relationship with endothelial function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014 Jun 6. pii: ajpheart.00128.2014.Google Scholar
Convertino, VA. Blood volume: its adaptation to endurance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991 December;23(12):1338–48.Google Scholar
Mueller, PJ. Exercise training attenuates increases in lumbar sympathetic nerve activity produced by stimulation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla. J Appl Physiol 2007 February;102(2):803–13.Google Scholar
Rudra, CB, Williams, MA, Lee, IM, Miller, RS, Sorensen, TK. Perceived exertion during prepregnancy physical activity and preeclampsia risk. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005 November;37(11):1836–41.Google Scholar
Sorensen, TK, Williams, MA, Lee, IM, Dashow, EE, Thompson, ML, Luthy, DA. Recreational physical activity during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. Hypertension 2003 June;41(6):1273–80.Google Scholar
Scholten, RR, Sep, S, Peeters, L, Hopman, MT, Lotgering, FK, Spaanderman, ME. Prepregnancy low-plasma volume and predisposition to preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 May;117(5):1085–93.Google Scholar
Bernstein, IM, Ziegler, W, Badger, GJ. Plasma volume expansion in early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 May;97(5 Pt 1):669–72.Google Scholar
Salas, SP, Marshall, G, Gutierrez, BL, Rosso, P. Time course of maternal plasma volume and hormonal changes in women with preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. Hypertension. 2006 Feb;47(2):203–8.Google Scholar
Hytten, FE, Paintin, DB. Increase in plasma volume during normal pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp. 1963 Jun;70:402–7.Google Scholar
Pirani, BB, Campbell, DM, MacGillivray, I. Plasma volume in normal first pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1973 Oct;80(10):884–7.Google Scholar
Lopes van Balen, VA, Spaan, JJ, Ghossein, C, van Kuijk, SM, Spaanderman, ME, Peeters, LL. Early pregnancy circulatory adaptation and recurrent hypertensive disease: an explorative study. Reprod Sci. 2013 Sep;20(9):1069–74.Google Scholar
Lotgering, FK, Struijk, PC, van Doorn, MB, Wallenburg, HC. Errors in predicting maximal oxygen consumption in pregnant women. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992 Feb;72(2):562–7.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×