Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T11:46:45.541Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 2 - Basic science

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2016

Edited by
Robert G. Hahn
Robert G. Hahn
Affiliation:
Linköpings Universitet, Sweden
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Clinical Fluid Therapy in the Perioperative Setting , pp. 41 - 99
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Zdolsek, J, Lisander, B, Hahn, RG. Measuring the size of the extracellular space using bromide, iohexol and sodium dilution. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 1770–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Norberg, Å, Sandhagen, B, Bratteby, L-E, et al. Do ethanol and deuterium oxide distribute into the same water space in healthy volunteers? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 1423–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menschen, S, Busse, MW, Zisowsky, S, Panning, B. Determination of plasma volume and total blood volume using indocyanine green: a short review. J Med 1993; 24: 10–27.Google Scholar
Rehm, M, Haller, M, Orth, V, et al. Changes in blood volume and hematocrit during acute perioperative volume loading with 5% albumin or 6% hetastarch solutions in patients before radical hysterectomy. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: 849–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reekers, M, Simon, MJG, Boer, F, et al. Pulse dye densitometry and indocyanine green plasma disappearance in ASA physical status I-II-patients. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 466–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polidori, D, Rowley, C. Optimal back-extrapolation method for estimating plasma volume in humans using the indocyanine green dilution method. Theor Biol Med Model 2014; 11: 33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaplin, H, Mollison, PL, Vetter, H. The body/venous hematocrit ratio: its constancy over a wide hematocrit range. J Clin Invest 1953; 32: 1309–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Lorenzo, A, Andreoli, A, Matthie, J, Withers, P. Predicting body cell mass with bioimpedance by using theoretical methods. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82: 1542–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadler, SB, Hidalgo, JU, Bloch, T. Prediction of blood volume in normal human adults. Surgery 1962; 51: 224–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Sandfeldt, L, Riddez, L, Rajs, J, et al. High-dose intravenous infusion of irrigating fluids containing glycine and mannitol in the pig. J Surg Res 2001; 95: 114–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ewaldsson, C-A, Hahn, RG. Kinetics and extravascular retention of acetated Ringer's solution during isoflurane and propofol anesthesia for thyroid surgery. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 460–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, RG, Drobin, D. Rapid water and slow sodium excretion of Ringer's solution dehydrates cells. Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 1590–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drobin, D, Hahn, RG. Kinetics of isotonic and hypertonic plasma volume expanders. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 1371–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riddez, L, Hahn, RG, Brismar, B, et al. Central and regional hemodynamics during acute hypovolemia and volume substitution in volunteers. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 635–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svensén, C, Hahn, RG. Volume kinetics of Ringer solution, dextran 70 and hypertonic saline in male volunteers. Anesthesiology 1997; 87: 204–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, RG. Haemoglobin dilution from epidural-induced hypotension with and without fluid loading. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1992; 36: 241–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tollofsrud, S, Elgo, GI, Prough, DS, et al. The dynamics of vascular volume and fluid shifts of lactated Ringer's solution and hypertonic-saline-dextran solutions infused in normovolemic sheep. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 823–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, RG. Blood volume at the onset of hypotension in TURP performed during epidural anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesth 1993; 10: 219–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Hahn, RG. Volume effect of Ringer solution in the blood during general anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesth 1998; 15: 427–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebert, RV, Stead, EA. Demonstration that in normal man no reserves of blood are mobilized by exercise, epinephrine, and hemorrhage. Am J Med Sci 1941; 201: 655–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahn, RG. Volume kinetics of infusion fluids (review). Anesthesiology 2010; 113: 470–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drobin, D, Hahn, RG. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution in hypovolemic volunteers. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 81–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Y, Zhu, S, Hahn, RG. The kinetics of Ringer's solution in young and elderly patients during induction of general and epidural anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51: 880–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olsson, J, Svensén, CH, Hahn, RG. The volume kinetics of acetated Ringer's solution during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 2004; 99: 1854–60.Google ScholarPubMed
Norberg, Å, Hahn, RG, Li, H, et al. Population volume kinetics predicts retention of 0.9% saline infused in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized volunteers. Anesthesiology 2007; 107: 24–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shires, GT, Williams, J, Brown, F. Acute changes in extracellular fluids associated with major surgical procedures. Ann Surg 1961; 154: 803–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guyton, AC, Hall, JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 9th edn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1996: 310–13.Google Scholar
Parker, JC, Falgout, HJ, Oarker, RE, Granger, N, Taylor, AE. The effect of fluid volume loading on exclusion of interstitial albumin and lymph flow in the dog lung. Circ Res 1979; 45: 440–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sjöstrand, F, Edsberg, L, Hahn, RG. Volume kinetics of glucose solutions given by intravenous infusion. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 834–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svensén, CH, Waldrop, KS, Edsberg, L, Hahn, RG. Natriuresis and the extracellular volume expansion by hypertonic saline. J Surg Res 2003; 113: 6–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zdolsek, J, Li, Y, Hahn, RG. Detection of dehydration by using volume kinetics. Anesth Analg 2012; 115:814–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, RG, Lindahl, C, Drobin, D. Volume kinetics of acetated Ringer's solution during experimental spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011; 55: 987–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holte, K, Hahn, RG, Ravn, L, et al. Influence of liberal vs. restrictive fluid management on the elimination of a postoperative intravenous fluid load. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 75–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y, Zhu, HB, Zheng, X, et al. Low doses of esmolol and phenylephrine act as diuretics during intravenous anesthesia. Crit Care 2012; 16: R18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Stewart's Textbook of Acid–Base. 2nd edn. Kellum, J, Elbers, P, eds. 2009; Amsterdam: Paul WG Elbers; AcidBase.org.Google Scholar
Hofmann-Kiefer, KF, Chappell, D, Kammerer, T, et al. Influence of an acetate- and a lactate-based balanced infusion solution on acid base physiology and hemodynamics: an observational pilot study. Eur J Med Res 2012; 17: 21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, TJ, Power, G, Venkatesh, B, et al. Acid–base effects of a bicarbonate-balanced priming fluid during cardiopulmonary bypass: comparison with Plasma-Lyte 148. A randomised single-blinded study. Anaesth Intensive Care 2008; 36: 822–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, TJ, Venkatesh, B, Hall, J. Crystalloid strong ion difference determines metabolic acid–base change during acute normovolaemic haemodilution. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 1432–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlesso, E, Maiocchi, G, Tallarini, F, et al. The rule regulating pH changes during crystalloid infusion. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37: 461–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gattinoni, L, Carlesso, E, Maiocchi, G, et al. Dilutional acidosis: where do the protons come from? Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 2033–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liskaser, FJ, Bellomo, R, Hayhoe, M, et al. Role of pump prime in the etiology and pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary bypass-associated acidosis. Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 1170–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Dell, E, Tibby, SM, Durward, A, et al. Hyperchloremia is the dominant cause of metabolic acidosis in the postresuscitation phase of pediatric meningococcal sepsis. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 2390–4.Google Scholar
Scheingraber, S, Rehm, M, Sehmisch, C, et al. Rapid saline infusion produces hyperchloremic acidosis in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 1265–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, JH, Gottlieb, A, Schoenwald, P, et al. Normal saline versus lactated Ringer's solution for intraoperative fluid management in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: an outcome study. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 817–22.Google Scholar
Handy, JM, Soni, N. Physiological effects of hyperchloraemia and acidosis. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: 141–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, JV. What is the clinical relevance of dilutional acidosis? Anesthesiology 2001; 95: 810–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, PB, Jensen, BL, Skott, O. Chloride regulates afferent arteriolar contraction in response to depolarization. Hypertension 1998; 32: 1066–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aksu, U, Bezemer, R, Yavuz, B, et al. Balanced vs. unbalanced crystalloid resuscitation in a near-fatal model of hemorrhagic shock and the effects on renal oxygenation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Resuscitation 2012; 83: 767–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellum, JA, Song, M, Almasri, E. Hyperchloremic acidosis increases circulating inflammatory molecules in experimental sepsis. Chest 2006; 130: 962–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilcox, CS. Regulation of renal blood flow by plasma chloride. J Clin Invest 1983; 71: 726–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, EL, Hildebrand, KL, McCormick, SA, et al. The effect of intravenous lactated Ringer's solution versus 0.9% sodium chloride solution on serum osmolality in human volunteers. Anesth Analg 1999; 88: 999–1003.Google ScholarPubMed
de Brito-Ashurst, I, Varagunam, M, Raftery, MJ, et al. Bicarbonate supplementation slows progression of CKD and improves nutritional status. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 2075–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chowdhury, AH, Cox, EF, Francis, ST, et al. A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte(R) 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. Ann Surg 2012; 256: 18–24.Google Scholar
Shaw, AD, Bagshaw, SM, Goldstein, SL, et al. Major complications, mortality, and resource utilization after open abdominal surgery: 0.9% saline compared to Plasma-Lyte. Ann Surg 2012; 255: 821–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yunos, NM, Bellomo, R, Hegarty, C, et al. Association between a chloride-liberal vs. chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 2012; 308:1566–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCluskey, SA, Karkouti, K, Wijeysundera, D, et al. Hyperchloremia after noncardiac surgery is independently associated with increased morbidity and mortality: a propensity-matched cohort study. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 412–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Awad, S, Allison, SP, Lobo, DN. The history of 0.9% saline. Clin Nutr 2008; 27: 179–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hadimioglu, N, Saadawy, I, Saglam, T, et al. The effect of different crystalloid solutions on acid–base balance and early kidney function after kidney transplantation. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 264–9.Google Scholar
Khajavi, MR, Etezadi, F, Moharari, RS, et al. Effects of normal saline vs. lactated ringer's during renal transplantation. Ren Fail 2008; 30: 535–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Malley, CM, Frumento, RJ, Hardy, MA, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of lactated Ringer's solution and 0.9% NaCl during renal transplantation. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 1518–24.Google ScholarPubMed

References

Kozek-Langenecker, S. Coagulation and transfusion in the postoperative bleeding patient. Curr Opin Crit Care 2014; 20: 460–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kozek-Langenecker, S, Afshari, A, Albaladejo, P, et al. Management of severe perioperative bleeding. Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2013; 30:270–382.Google Scholar
Spahn, D, Bouillon, B, Cerny, V, et al. Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care 2013; 17: R76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Görlinger, K, Kozek-Langenecker, S. Economic aspects and organisation. In: Marcucci, C, Schroecker, P, eds. Perioperative Hemostasis. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. 2015: 421–45.Google Scholar
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/referrals/Hydroxyethyl_starch-containing_solutions/human_referral_prac_000012.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac05805c516f (last accessed: 27 June 2015).Google Scholar
Ponschab, M, Schöchl, H, Gabriel, C, et al. Haemostatic profile of reconstituted blood in a proposed 1:1:1 ratio of packed red blood cells, platelet concentrate and four different plasma preparations. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 528–36.Google Scholar
Kozek-Langenecker, SA. Effects of hydroxyethyl starch solutions on haemostasis. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 654–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neff, TA, Doelberg, M, Jungheinrich, C, et al. Repetitive large-dose infusion of the novel hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in patients with severe head injury. Anesth Analg 2013; 96: 1453–9.Google Scholar
Deusch, E, Gamsjäger, T, Kress, HG, Kozek-Langenecker, S. Binding of hydroxyethyl starch molecules to the platelet surface. Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 680–3.Google Scholar
Innerhofer, P, Fries, D, Margreiter, J, et al. The effects of perioperatively administered colloids and crystalloids on primary platelet-mediated hemostasis and clot formation. Anesth Analg 2002; 95: 858–65.Google Scholar
De Robertis, E, Kozek-Langenecker, SA, Tufano, R, et al. Coagulopathy induced by acidosis, hypothermia and hypocalcaemia in severe bleeding. Minerva Anestesiol 2015; 81: 65–75.Google ScholarPubMed
Schaden, E, Wetzel, L, Kozek-Langenecker, S, et al. Effect of the carrier solution of tetrastarch on platelet aggregation and clot formation. Br J Anaesth 2012; 109: 572–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tynngard, N, Berlin, G, Samuelsson, A, Berg, S. Low dose of hydroxyethyl starch impairs clot formation as assessed by viscoelastic devices. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2014; 74: 344–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rau, J, Rosenthal, C, Langer, E, et al. A calcium-containing electrolyte-balanced hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solution is associated with higher factor VIII activity than is a non-balanced HES solution, but does not affect von Willebrand factor function or thromboelastometric measurements – results of a model of in vitro haemodilution. Blood Transfus 2014; 12: 260–8.Google Scholar
Linderoos, AC, Niiya, T, Randell, T, Niemi, TT. Stroke volume-directed administration of hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4) and Ringer's acetate in prone position during neurosurgery: a randomized controlled trial. J Anesth 2014; 28: 189–97.Google Scholar
Linderoos, AC, Niiya, T, Silvasti-Lundell, M, et al. Stroke volume-directed administration of hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4) and Ringer's acetate in sitting position during craniotomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013; 57: 729–36.Google Scholar
Hung, MH, Zou, C, Lin, FS, et al. New 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 does not increase blood loss during major abdominal surgery – a randomized controlled trial. J Formos Med Assoc 2014; 113: 429–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schramko, A, Suojaranta-Ylinen, R, Niemi, T, et al. The use of balanced HES 130/0.4 during complex cardiac surgery: effect on blood coagulation and fluid balance: a randomized controlled trial. Perfusion 2014; 30: 224–32.Google Scholar
Cho, JE, Shim, JK, Song, JVV, et al. Effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 as a priming solution on coagulation and inflammation following complex heart surgery. Yonsei Med 2014; 55: 625–34.Google ScholarPubMed
Skhirtladze, K, Base, E, Lassnigg, A, et al. Comparison of the effects of albumin 5%, hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 6%, and Ringer's lactate on blood loss and coagulation after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112: 255–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimenai, DM, Bastianen, GW, Daane, CR, et al. Effect of the colloid gelatin and HES 130/0.4 on blood coagulation in cardiac surgery patients: a randomized controlled trial. Perfusion 2013; 28: 512–19.Google Scholar
Turker, G, Yilmazlar, T, Mogol, EB, et al. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. J Int Med Res 2011; 39: 143–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pathirana, S, Wong, G, Williams, P, et al. The effects of haemodilution with albumin on coagulation in vitro as assessed by rotational thromboelastometry. Anaesth Intensive Care 2015; 43: 187–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haas, T, Preinreich, A, Oswald, E, et al. Effects of albumin 5% and artificial colloids on clot formation in small infants. Anaesthesia 2007; 62: 1000–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winstedt, D, Thomas, OD, Nilsson, F, et al. Correction of hypothermic and dilutional coagulopathy with concentrates of fibrinogen and factor XIII: an in vitro study with ROTEM. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2014; 22: 73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martini, J, Maisch, S, Pilshofer, L, et al. Fibrinogen concentrate in dilutional coagulopathy: a dose study in pigs. Perfusion 2014; 54: 149–57.Google ScholarPubMed
Schlimp, CJ, Cadamuro, J, Solomon, C, Redl, H, Schöchl, H. The effect of fibrinogen concentrate and factor XIII on thromboelastometry in 33% diluted blood with albumin, gelatine, hydroxyethyl starch or saline in vitro. Blood Transfus 2013; 11: 510–17. doi: 10.2450/2012.0171–12. Epub 2012 Dec 13.Google ScholarPubMed
Van der Linden, P, James, M, Mythen, M, Weißkops, RB. Safety of modern starches used during surgery. Anesth Analg 2013; 116: 35–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heler, M, Arnemann, PH, Ertmer, C. To use or not to use hydroxyethyl starch in intraoperative care: are we ready to answer the “Gretchen question”? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2015; 28: 370–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacob, M, Fellahi, JL, Chappell, D, Kurz, A. The impact of hydroxyethyl starches in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Crit Care 2014; 18: 656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jian, M, Li, X, Wang, A, et al. Flurbiprofen and hypertension but not hydroxyethyl starch are associated with post-craniotomy intracranial haemoatoma requiring surgery. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113: 832–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamaji, A, Hajar, L, Caiero, M, et al. Volume replacement therapy during hip arthroplasty using hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) compared to lactated Ringer decreased allogeneic blood transfusions and postoperative infection. Braz J Anesthesiol 2013; 63: 27–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasmussen, KC, Johansson, PI, Hojskov, M, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch reduces coagulation competence and increases blood loss during major surgery: results from a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2014; 259: 249–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kancir, AS, Johansen, JK, Ekeloef, NP, Pedersen, EB. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 on renal function, arterial blood pressure and vasoactive hormones during radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2015; 120: 608–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hans, GA, Ledoux, D, Roediger, L, et al. The effect of intraoperative 6% balanced hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) during cardiac surgery on transfusion requirements. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2015; 29: 328–32.Google Scholar
Myburgh, JA, Finfer, S, Billot, L, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1901–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perner, A., Haase, N, Winkel, P, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 124–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guidet, B, Martinet, O, Boulain, T, et al. Assessment of hemodynamic efficacy and safety of 6% hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 vs. 0.9% NaCl fluid replacement in patients with severe sepsis: The CRYSTMAS study. Crit Care 2012; 16: R94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, MC, Meijers, JC, Vroom, MB, Juffermans, NP. Utility of thromboelastography and/or thromboelastometry in adults with sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care 2014; 18: R30. doi:10.1186/cc13721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meybohm, P, Van Aken, H, De Gasperi, A, et al. Re-evaluating currently available data and suggestions for planning controlled studies regarding the use of hydroxyethyl starch in critically ill patients – a multidisciplinary statement. Crit Care 2013; 17: R166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haase, N, Ostrowski, SR, Wetterslev, J, et al. Thrombelastography in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41: 77–85.Google Scholar
He, B, Xu, B, Xu, X, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch versus other fluids for non-septic patients in the intensive care unit: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 2015; 19: 92. doi: 10.1186/s13054–015–0833–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Haskell, A, Nadel, ER, Stachenfeld, NS, Nagashima, K, Mack, GW. Transcapillary escape rate of albumin in humans during exercise-induced hypervolemia. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 407–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Predescue, D, Vogel, SM, Malik, AB. Functional and morphological studies of protein transcytosis in continuous endothelia. Am J Physiol Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287: L895–901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rippe, B, Kamiya, A, Folkow, B. Is capillary micropinocytosis of any significance for the transcapillary transfer of plasma proteins? Acta Physiol Scand 1977; 100: 258–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosengren, BI, Al Rayyes, O, Rippe, B. Transendothelial transport of low-density lipoprotein and albumin across the rat peritoneum in vivo: effects of the transcytosis inhibitors NEM and filipin. J Vasc Res 2002; 39: 230–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rippe, B, Haraldsson, B. Transport of macromolecules across microvascular walls: the two-pore theory. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 163–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenstermacher, JD. Volume Regulation of the Central Nervous System. In: Staub, NC, Taylor, AE, eds. New York: Raven Press, 1984: 383–404.Google Scholar
Grände, PO. The Lund concept for treatment of a severe brain trauma – a physiological approach. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: 1475–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jungner, M. Grände, PO, Mattiasson, G, Bentzer, P. Effects on brain edema of crystalloid and albumin fluid resuscitation after brain trauma and hemorrhage in the rat. Anesthesiology 2010; 112: 1194–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The SAFE Study Investigators. Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 874–84.Google Scholar
Woodcock, TE, Woodcock, TM. Revised Starling equation and glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: an improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapy. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108: 384–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rippe, B. Does an endothelial surface layer contribute to the size selectivity of the permeable pathways of the three-pore model? Perit Dial Int 2008; 28: 20–4.Google Scholar
Lamke, LO, Liljedahl, SO. Plasma volume changes after infusion of various plasma expanders. Resuscitation 1976; 5: 93–102.Google Scholar
Persson, J, Grände, PO. Plasma volume expansion and transcapillary fluid exchange in skeletal muscle of albumin, dextran, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch, and saline after trauma in the cat. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 2456–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waitzinger, J, Bepperling, F, Pabst, G, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a new hydroxyethyl starch (HES) specification [HES (130/0.4)] after single-dose infusion of 6% or 10% solutions in healthy volunteers. Clin Drug Investig 1998; 16: 151–60.Google Scholar
Perner, A, Haase, N, Guttormsen, AB, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs. Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 124–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubniks, M, Persson, J, Grände, PO. Effect of blood pressure on plasma volume loss in the rat under increased permeability. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 2192–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nygren, A, Redfors, B, Thoren, A, Ricksten, SE. Norepinephrine causes a pressure-dependent plasma volume decrease in clinical vasodilatory shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54: 814–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curry, FR, Rygh, CB, Karlsen, T, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide modulation of albumin clearance and contrast agent permeability in mouse skeletal muscle and skin: role in regulation of plasma volume. J Physiol 2010; 588: 325–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bark, B, Persson, J, Grände, PO. Importance of the infusion rate for the plasma expanding effect of 5% albumin, 6% HES130/0.4, 4% gelatin, and 0.9% NaCl in the septic rat. Crit Care Med 2013; 41: 857–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hébert, PC, Wells, G, Blajchman, A, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. N Eng J Med 1999; 340: 409–18.Google Scholar
Valeri, CR, Donahue, K, Feingold, HM, Cassidy, GP, Altschule, MD. Increase in plasma volume after the transfusion of washed erythrocytes. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1986; 162: 30–6.Google Scholar
Hébert, PC, Fergusson, D, Blajchman, MA, et al. Leukoreduction Study Investigators. Clinical outcomes following institution of the Canadian Universal Leukoreduction Program for red blood cell transfusions. JAMA 2003; 289: 1941–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naidech, A, Jovanovic, B, Wartenberg, K, et al. Higher hemoglobin is associated with improved outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 2383–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M, Stiefel, M, Magge, S, et al. Packed red blood cell transfusion increases local cerebral oxygenation. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 1104–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Pries, AR, Secomb, TW, Gaehtgens, P. The endothelial surface layer. Pflugers Arch 2000; 440: 653–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reitsma, S, Slaaf, DW, Vink, H, van Zandvoort, MA, oude Egbrink, MG. The endothelial glycocalyx: composition, functions, and visualization. Pflugers Arch 2007; 454: 345–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haraldsson, B, Nyström, J, Deen, WM. Properties of the glomerular barrier and mechanisms of proteinuria. Physiol Rev 2008; 88: 451–87.Google Scholar
Danielli, JF. Capillary permeability and edema in the perfused frog. J Physiol (London) 1940; 98: 109–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinbaum, S, Tarbell, JM, Damiano, ER. The structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx layer. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2007; 9: 121–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dane, MJ, van den Berg, BM, Lee, DH, et al. A microscopic view on the renal endothelial glycocalyx. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308: F956–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arkill, KP, Qvortrup, K, Starborg, T, et al. Resolution of the three dimensional structure of components of the glomerular filtration barrier. BMC Nephrol 2014; 15: 24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmon, AH, Satchell, SC. Endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction in disease: albuminuria and increased microvascular permeability. J Pathol 2012; 226: 562–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satchell, S. The role of the glomerular endothelium in albumin handling. Nat Rev Nephrol 2013; 9: 717–25.Google Scholar
Chappell, D, Jacob, M. Role of the glycocalyx in fluid management: small things matter. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2014; 28: 227–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garsen, M, Rops, AL, Rabelink, TJ, Berden, JH, van der Vlag, J. The role of heparanase and the endothelial glycocalyx in the development of proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29: 49–55.Google Scholar
Salmon, AH, Neal, CR, Sage, LM, et al. Angiopoietin-1 alters microvascular permeability coefficients in vivo via modification of endothelial glycocalyx. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 83: 24–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarbell, JM, Simon, SI, Curry, FR. Mechanosensing at the vascular interface. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2014; 16: 505–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desjardins, C, Duling, BR. Heparinase treatment suggests a role for the endothelial cell glycocalyx in regulation of capillary hematocrit. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: H647–54.Google ScholarPubMed
Fu, BM, Tarbell, JM. Mechano-sensing and transduction by endothelial surface glycocalyx: composition, structure, and function. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 2013; 5: 381–90.Google Scholar
Ebong, EE, Lopez-Quintero, SV, Rizzo, V, Spray, DC, Tarbell, JM. Shear-induced endothelial NOS activation and remodeling via heparan sulphate, glypican-1, and syndecan-1. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6: 338–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yen, W, Cai, B, Yang, J, et al. Endothelial surface glycocalyx can regulate flow-induced nitric oxide production in microvessels in vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0117133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oberleithner, H. Vascular endothelium: a vulnerable transit zone for merciless sodium. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29: 240–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rops, AL, Loeven, MA, van Gemst, JJ, et al. Modulation of heparan sulphate in the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx decreases leukocyte influx during experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2014; 86: 932–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Rops, AL, van den Hoven, MJ, Baselmans, MM, et al. Heparan sulphate domains on cultured activated glomerular endothelial cells mediate leukocyte trafficking. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 52–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stoler-Barak, L, Moussion, C, Shezen, E, et al. Blood vessels pattern heparan sulphate gradients between their apical and basolateral aspects. PLoS One 2014; 9: e85699.Google Scholar
Proudfoot, AE. Chemokines and glycosaminoglycans. Front Immunol 2015; 6: 246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boels, MG, Lee, DH, van den Berg, BM, et al. The endothelial glycocalyx as a potential modifier of the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Eur J Intern Med 2013; 24: 503–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, SJ, Ridge, LA, Herbert, AP, et al. Tissue-specific host recognition by complement factor H is mediated by differential activities of its glycosaminoglycan- binding regions. J Immunol 2013; 190: 2049–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, R, Rubinstein, AM, Gil, N, et al. Role of heparanase-driven inflammatory cascade in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2014; 63: 4302–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, BF, Jacob, M, Leipert, S, Salmon, AH, Chappell, D. Degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx in clinical settings: searching for the sheddases. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80: 389–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodall, KJ, Poon, IK, Phipps, S, Hulett, MD. Soluble heparan sulphate fragments generated by heparanase trigger the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines through TLR-4. PLoS One 2014; 9: e109596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, DH, Dane, MJ, van den Berg, BM, et al. Deeper penetration of erythrocytes into the endothelial glycocalyx is associated with impaired microvascular perfusion. PLoS One 2014; 9: e96477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dane, MJ, Khairoun, M, Lee, DH, et al. Association of kidney function with changes in the endothelial surface layer. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9: 698–704.Google Scholar
Steppan, J, Hofer, S, Funke, B, et al. Sepsis and major abdominal surgery lead to flaking of the endothelial glycocalix. J Surg Res 2011; 165: 136–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, EP, Li, G, Li, L, et al. The circulating glycosaminoglycan signature of respiratory failure in critically ill adults. J Biol Chem 2014; 289: 8194–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahbar, E, Cardenas, JC, Baimukanova, G, et al. Endothelial glycocalyx shedding and vascular permeability in severely injured trauma patients. J Transl Med 2015; 13: 117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostrowski, SR, Sørensen, AM, Windeløv, NA, et al. High levels of soluble VEGF receptor 1 early after trauma are associated with shock, sympathoadrenal activation, glycocalyx degradation and inflammation in severely injured patients: a prospective study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012; 20: 27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sallisalmi, M, Tenhunen, J, Yang, R, Oksala, N, Pettilä, V. Vascular adhesion protein-1 and syndecan-1 in septic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012; 56: 316–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke-Gaffney, A, Evans, TW. Lest we forget the endothelial glycocalyx in sepsis. Crit Care 2012; 16: 121.Google Scholar
Henrich, M, Gruss, M, Weigand, MA. Sepsis-induced degradation of endothelial glycocalix. Sci World J 2010; 10: 917–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiesinger, A, Peters, W, Chappell, D, et al. Nanomechanics of the endothelial glycocalyx in experimental sepsis. PLoS One 2013; 8: e80905.Google Scholar
Schmidt, EP, Yang, Y, Janssen, WJ, et al. The pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx regulates neutrophil adhesion and lung injury during experimental sepsis. Nat Med 2012; 18: 1217–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Bundgaard-Nielsen, M, Secher, NH, Kehlet, H. ‘Liberal’ vs. ‘restrictive’ perioperative fluid therapy – a critical assessment of the evidence. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53: 843–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chappell, D, Jacob, M, Hofmann-Kiefer, K, Conzen, P, Rehm, M. A rational approach to perioperative fluid management. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 723–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lilot, M, Ehrenfeld, JM, Lee, C, et al. Variability in practice and factors predictive of total crystalloid administration during abdominal surgery: a retrospective two-center analysis. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114: 767–76.Google Scholar
Ince, C. The rationale for microcirculatory-guided fluid therapy. Curr Opin Crit Care 2014; 20: 301–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yealy, DM, Kellum, JA, Huang, DT, et al. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 1683–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Pearse, RM, Harrison, DA, MacDonald, N, et al. Effect of a perioperative, cardiac output-guided hemodynamic therapy algorithm on outcomes following major gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized clinical trial and systematic review. JAMA 2014; 311: 2181–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pottecher, J, Deruddre, S, Teboul, JL, et al. Both passive leg raising and intravascular volume expansion improve sublingual microcirculatory perfusion in severe sepsis and septic shock patients. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 1867–74.Google Scholar
Ospina-Tascon, G, Neves, AP, Occhipinti, G, et al. Effects of fluids on microvascular perfusion in patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 949–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pranskunas, A, Koopmans, M, Koetsier, PM, et al. Microcirculatory blood flow as a tool to select ICU patients eligible for fluid therapy. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39: 612–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silva, E, De Backer, D, Creteur, J, Vincent, JL. Effects of fluid challenge on gastric mucosal pCO2 in septic patients. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 423–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Backer, D, Ortiz, JA, Salgado, D. Coupling microcirculation to systemic hemodynamics. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010; 16: 250–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vellinga, NAR, Ince, C, Boerma, EC. Elevated central venous pressure is associated with impairment of microcirculatory blood flow in sepsis: a hypothesis generating post hoc analysis. BMC Anesthesiol 2013; 13: 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dellinger, RP, Levy, MM, Rhodes, A, et al. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39: 165–228.Google Scholar
Ince, C, Sinaasappel, M. Microcirculatory oxygenation and shunting in sepsis and shock. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 1369–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gruartmoner, G, Mesquida, J, Ince, C. How can we monitor microcirculation in sepsis? Does it improve outcome? In: Deutschman, CS, Neligan, PJ, eds. Evidence-Based Practice of Critical Care. 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2010: 291–6.Google Scholar
De Backer, D, Ospina-Tascon, G, Salgado, D, et al. Monitoring the microcirculation in the critically ill patient: current methods and future approaches. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 1813–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnold, RC, Parrillo, JE, Dellinger, RP, et al. Point-of-care assessment of microvascular blood flow in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 1761–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goedhart, PT, Khalilzada, M, Bezemer, R, et al. Sidestream dark field (SDF) imaging: a novel stroboscopic LED ring-based imaging modality for clinical assessment of the microcirculation. Optics Express 2007; 15: 15101–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Groner, W, Winkelman, JW, Harris, AG, et al. Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation. Nat Med 1999; 5: 1209–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Backer, D, Hollenberg, S, Boerma, C, et al. How to evaluate the microcirculation: report of a round table conference. Crit Care 2007; 11: R101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boerma, EC, Mathura, KR, van der Voort, PHJ, et al. Quantifying bedside-derived imaging of microcirculatory abnormalities in septic patients: a prospective validation study. Crit Care 2005; 9: R601–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherman, H, Klausner, S, Cook, WA. Incident dark-field illumination: a new method for microcirculatory study. Angiology 1971; 22: 295–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aykut, G, Veenstra, G, Scorcella, C, Ince, C, Boerma, C. Cytocam-IDF (incident dark field illumination) imaging for bedside monitoring of the micro-circulation. Intensive Care Med Exp 2015; 3: 40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jhanji, S, Lee, C, Watson, D, et al. Microvascular flow and tissue oxygenation after major abdominal surgery: association with postoperative complications. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 671–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Backer, D, Dubois, MJ, Schmartz, D, et al. Microcirculatory alterations in cardiac surgery: effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and anesthesia. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88: 1396–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karliczek, A, Benaron, DA, Baas, PC, et al. Intraoperative assessment of microperfusion with visible light spectroscopy for prediction of anastomotic leakage in colorectal anastomoses. Colorectal Dis 2010; 12: 1018–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guidet, B, Soni, N, Della Rocca, G, et al. A balanced view of balanced solutions. Crit Care 2010; 14: 325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCluskey, SA, Karkouti, K, Wijeysundera, D, et al. Hyperchloremia after noncardiac surgery is independently associated with increased morbidity and mortality: a propensity-matched cohort study. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 412–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ince, C, Groenveld, AB. The case for 0.9% NaCl: is the undefendable, defensible? Kidney Int 2014; 86: 1087–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handy, JM, Soni, N. Physiological effects of hyperchloraemia and acidosis. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: 141–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilcox, CS. Regulation of renal blood flow by plasma chloride. J Clin Invest 1983; 71: 726–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullivant, EM, Wilcox, CS, Welch, WJ. Intrarenal vasoconstriction during hyperchloremia: role of thromboxane. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: F152–7.Google Scholar
Kiraly, LN, Differding, JA, Enomoto, TM, et al. Resuscitation with normal saline (NS) vs. lactated Ringers (LR) modulates hypercoagulability and leads to increased blood loss in an uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock swine model. J Trauma 2006; 61: 57–64.Google Scholar
Phillips, CR, Vinecore, K, Hagg, DS, et al. Resuscitation of haemorrhagic shock with normal saline vs. lactated Ringer's: effects on oxygenation, extravascular lung water and haemodynamics. Crit Care 2009; 13: R30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Todd, SR, Malinoski, D, Muller, PJ, et al. Lactated Ringer's is superior to normal saline in the resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 2007; 62: 636–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Konrad, FM, Mik, EG, Bodmer, SIA, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution in the pig is associated with renal tissue edema, impaired renal microvascular oxygenation and functional loss. Anesthesiology 2013; 119: 256–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aksu, U, Bezemer, R, Yavuz, B, et al. Balanced vs. unbalanced crystalloid resuscitation in a near-fatal model of hemorrhagic shock and the effects on renal oxygenation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Resuscitation 2012; 83: 767–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarlane, C, Lee, A. A comparison of Plasmalyte 148 and 0.9% saline for intra-operative fluid replacement. Anaesthesia 1994; 49: 779–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, JH, Gottlieb, A, Schoenwald, P, et al. Normal saline versus lactated Ringer's solution for intraoperative fluid management in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: an outcome study. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 817–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Malley, CM, Frumento, RJ, Hardy, MA, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of lactated Ringer's solution and 0.9% NaCl during renal transplantation. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 1518–24.Google Scholar
Shaw, AD, Bagshaw, SM, Goldstein, SL, et al. Major complications, mortality, and resource utilization after open abdominal surgery: 0.9% saline compared to Plasma-Lyte. Ann Surg 2012; 255: 821–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yunos, NM, Bellomo, R, Hegarty, C, et al. Association between a chloride-liberal vs. chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 2012; 308: 1566–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yunos, NM, Kim, IB, Bellomo, R, et al. The biochemical effects of restricting chloride-rich fluids in intensive care. Crit Care Med 2011; 39: 2419–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhee, P, Wang, D, Ruff, P, et al. Human neutrophil activation and increased adhesion by various resuscitation fluids. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 74–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, R, Kirschenbaum, LA, Larow, C, Astiz, ME. The effect of resuscitation fluids on neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions in septic shock. Shock 2011; 36: 440–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, BU, Hwang, JQ, Gardner, TH, et al. Lactated Ringer's solution reduces systemic inflammation compared with saline in patients with acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 710–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brain Trauma Foundation; American Association of Neurological Surgeons; Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24: S1–106.Google Scholar
Bederson, JB, Connolly, ES, Batjer, HH, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 2009; 40: 994–1010.Google Scholar
Cooper, DJ, Myburgh, J, Heritie, S, et al. Albumin resuscitation for traumatic brain injury: is intracranial hypertension the cause of increased mortality? J Neurotrauma 2013; 30: 512–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tommassino, C, Moore, S, Todd, MM. Cerebral effects of isovolemic hemodilution with crystaloid or colloid solutions. Crit Care Med 1988; 16: 862–71.Google Scholar
Roquilly, A, Loutrel, O, Cinotti, R, et al. Balanced versus chloride-rich solutions for fluid resuscitation in brain-injured patients: a randomized double-blind pilot study. Crit Care 2013; 17: R77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, TJ. The ideal crystalloid – what is ‘balanced’? Curr Opin Crit Care 2013; 19: 299–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doherty, M, Buggy, DJ. Intraoperative fluids: how much is too much? Br J Anaesth 2012; 109: 69–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holte, K, Sharrock, NE, Kehlet, H. Pathophysiology and clinical implications of perioperative fluid excess. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89: 622–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, RM, Park, PK, Hunt, JP, et al. National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical Trials Network. Less is more: improved outcomes in surgical patients with conservative fluid administration and central venous pressure monitoring. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 208: 725–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ley, EJ, Clond, MA, Srour, MK, et al. Emergency department crystalloid resuscitation of 1.5 L or more is associated with increased mortality in elderly and nonelderly trauma patients. J Trauma 2011; 70: 398–400.Google Scholar
Van Bommel, J, Siegenund, M, Henny, CP, Trouwborst, A, Ince, C. Critical hematocrit in intestinal tissue oxygenation during severe normovolemic hemodilution. Anesthesiology 2001; 94: 152–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vermeer, H, Teerenstra, S, de Sevaux, RGL. The effect of hemodilution during normothermic cardiac surgery on renal physiology and function: a review. Perfusion 2008; 23: 329–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arikan, AA, Zappitelli, M, Goldstein, SL, et al. Fluid overload is associated with impaired oxygenation and morbidity in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012; 13: 253–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perel, P, Roberts, I. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4: CD000567.Google Scholar
Jones, SB, Whitten, CW, Monk, TG. Influence of crystalloid and colloid replacement solutions on hemodynamic variables during acute normovolemic hemodilution. J Clin Anesth 2004; 16: 11–17.Google Scholar
Lobo, DN, Stanga, Z, Aloysius, MM, et al. Effect of volume loading with 1 liter intravenous infusions of 0.9% saline, 4% succinylated gelatin (Gelofusine) and 6% hydroxyethyl starch (Voluven) on blood volume and endocrine responses: a randomized, three-way crossover study in healthy volunteers. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 464–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, MFM, Michell, WL, Joubert, IA, et al. Resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch improves renal function and lactate clearance in penetrating trauma in a randomized controlled study: the FIRST trial (fluids in resuscitation of severe trauma). Br J Anaesth 2011; 107: 693–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annane, D, Siami, S, Jaber, S, et al. CRISTAL Investigators. Effects of fluid resuscitation with colloids vs. crystalloids on mortality in critically ill patients presenting with hypovolemic shock: the CRISTAL randomized trial. JAMA 2013; 310: 1809–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myburgh, JA, Finfer, S, Bellomo, R, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1901–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edul, VS, Enrico, C, Laviolle, B, et al. Quantitative assessment of the microcirculation in healthy volunteers and in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2012; 40: 1443–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Atasever, B, van der Kuil, M, Boer, C, et al. Red blood cell transfusion compared with gelatin solution and no infusion after cardiac surgery: effect on microvascular perfusion, vascular density, hemoglobin, and oxygen saturation. Transfusion 2012; 52: 2452–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nisanevich, V, Felsenstein, I, Almogy, G, et al. Effect of intraoperative fluid management on outcome after intraabdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 25–32.Google Scholar
de Aguilar-Nasciamento, JE, Diniz, BN, Do Carmo, AV, Silveira, EAO, Silva, RM. Clinical benefits after the implementation of a protocol of restricted perioperative intravenous crystalloid fluids in major abdominal operations. World J Surg 2009; 33: 925–30.Google Scholar
Melis, M, Marcon, F, Masi, A, et al. Effect of intra-operative fluid volume on perioperative outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2012; 105: 81–4.Google Scholar
Abraham-Nordling, M, Hjern, F, Pollack, J, et al. Randomized clinical trial of fluid resuscitation in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 186–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellamy, MC. Wet, dry or something else? Br J Anaesth 2006; 97: 755–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peng, Z, Kellum, J. Perioperative fluids: a clear road ahead? Curr Opin Crit Care 2013; 19: 353–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Prichard, JS. Pulmonary edema. In: Weatherhall, DJ, Ledingham, JGG, Warrel, DA, eds. Oxford Textbook of Medicine. 3rd edn. Oxford/New York/Tokyo: Oxford University Press, 1996: 2495–505.Google Scholar
Guyton, AO, Lindsey, AW. Effect of elevated left atrial pressure and decreased plasma protein concentration upon the development of pulmonary edema. Circ Res 1959; 7: 649–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blomqvist, H, Wickerts, CJ, Berg, B, et al. Does PEEP facilitate the resolution of extravascular lung water after experimental hydrostatic pulmonary edema? Eur Respir J 1991; 4: 1053–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernard, GR, Artigas, A, Brigham, KL, et al. and the Consensus Committee. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 818–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luhr, O, Aardal, S, Nathorst-Westfelt, U, et al. Pulmonary function in adult survivors of severe acute lung injury treated with inhaled nitric oxide. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998; 42: 391–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linden, V, Palmer, K, Reinhard, J, et al. High survival in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome treated by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, minimal sedation, and pressure supported ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 1630–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frostell, C, Blomqvist, H, Hedenstierna, G, Pieper, R. Thoracic and abdominal lymph drainage in relation to mechanical ventilation and PEEP. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1987; 31: 405–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staub, NC. State of the art review. Pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974; 109: 358–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Brigham, KL, Meyrick, B. Endotoxin and lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 913–27.Google ScholarPubMed
Slutsky, AS. Consensus Conference on mechanical ventilation – Jan 28–30, 1993 at Northbrook, Illinois, USA. Part 2. Intensive Care Med 1994; 20: 150–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolobow, T, Moretti, MP, Fumagalli, R, et al. Severe impairment in lung function induced by high peak airway pressure during mechanical ventilation. An experimental study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 312–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Webb, HH, Tierney, DF. Experimental pulmonary edema due to intermittent positive pressure ventilation with high inflation pressures. Protection by positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974; 110: 556–65.Google Scholar
Dreyfuss, D, Saumon, G. Lung overinflation. Physiologic and anatomic alterations leading to pulmonary edema. In: Zapol, WM, Lemaire, F, eds. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1991: 433–49.Google Scholar
West, JB, Mathieu-Costello, O. Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries: role in lung and heart disease. Lancet 1992; 340: 762–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wickerts, CJ, Berg, B, Frostell, C, et al. Influence of hypertonic-hyperoncotic solution and furosemide on extravascular lung water resorption in canine hydrostatic pulmonary edema. J Physiol 1992; 458: 425–38.Google Scholar
Matthay, MA, Wiener-Kronish, JP. Pleural effusions associated with hydrostatic and increased permeability pulmonary edema. Chest 1988; 93: 852–8.Google Scholar
Miniati, M, Parker, JC, Pistolesi, M, et al. Reabsorption kinetics of albumin from pleural space of dogs. Am J Physiol 1988; 255: H375–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Blomqvist, H, Berg, B, Frostell, C, Wickerts, C-J, Hedenstierna, G. Net fluid leakage (LN) in experimental pulmonary edema in the dog. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990; 34: 377–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthay, MA, Wiener-Kronish, JP. Intact epithelial barrier function is critical for the resolution of alveolar edema in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1250–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staub, NC. What's new in pulmonary edema research? In Recent Advances in Anaesthesia, Pain, Intensive Care and Emergency. APICE 1987, Trieste: 3–9.Google Scholar
Blomqvist, H, Frostell, C, Pieper, R, Hedenstierna, G. Measurement of dynamic lung fluid balance in the mechanically ventilated dog. Theory and results. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990; 34: 370–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calandrino, FSJ, Anderson, DJ, Mintun, MA, Schuster, DP. Pulmonary vascular permeability during the adult respiratory distress syndrome: a positron emission tomographic study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 421–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuster, DP. What is acute lung injury? What is ARDS? Chest 1995; 107: 1721–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palazzo, R, Hamvas, A, Shuman, T, et al. Injury in nonischemic lung after unilateral pulmonary ischemia with reperfusion. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 612–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandiford, P, Province, MA, Schuster, DP. Distribution of regional density and vascular permeability in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 737–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, HA, Clark, JC, Minhas, PS, et al. Pulmonary neutrophil activation following head trauma (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: A349.Google Scholar
Jones, HA, Cadwallader, KA, White, JF, et al. Dissociation between respiratory burst activity and deoxyglucose uptake in human neutrophil granulocytes: implications for interpretation of (18)F-FDG PET images. J Nucl Med 2002; 43: 652–7.Google Scholar
de Prost, N, Costa, EL, Wellman, T, et al. Effects of surfactant depletion on regional pulmonary metabolic activity during mechanical ventilation. J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 1249–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, ELV, Musch, G, Winkler, T, et al. Mild endotoxemia during mechanical ventilation produces spatially heterogeneous pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation in sheep. Anesthesiology 2010; 112: 658–69.Google Scholar
Chen, DL, Schuster, DP. Positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose to evaluate neutrophil kinetics during acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286: L834–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borges, JB, Costa, ELV, Suarez-Sipmann, F, et al. Early inflammation mainly affects normally and poorly aerated lung in experimental ventilator-induced lung injury*. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: e279–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lattuada, M, Hedenstierna, G. Abdominal lymph flow in an endotoxin sepsis model: influence of spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 2792–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zambon, M, Mont, GI, Landoni, G. Outcome of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: causes of death, survival rates and long-term complications. In: Vincent, JL, ed. Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Berlin: Springer, 2014: 245–53.Google Scholar
Lattuada, M, Bergquist, M, Maripuu, E, Hedenstierna, G. Mechanical ventilation worsens abdominal edema and inflammation in porcine endotoxemia. Crit Care 2013; 17: R126.Google Scholar
Amato, MB, Meade, MO, Slutsky, AS, Brochard, L. Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 747–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Basic science
  • Edited by Robert G. Hahn, Linköpings Universitet, Sweden
  • Book: Clinical Fluid Therapy in the Perioperative Setting
  • Online publication: 05 June 2016
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316401972.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Basic science
  • Edited by Robert G. Hahn, Linköpings Universitet, Sweden
  • Book: Clinical Fluid Therapy in the Perioperative Setting
  • Online publication: 05 June 2016
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316401972.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Basic science
  • Edited by Robert G. Hahn, Linköpings Universitet, Sweden
  • Book: Clinical Fluid Therapy in the Perioperative Setting
  • Online publication: 05 June 2016
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316401972.009
Available formats
×