Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T03:21:36.971Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 16 - Pain in Disasters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2020

By
Tracey Jackson  and
Matthew Pena
Edited by
Joseph McIsaac
Edited in association with
Kelly McQueen  and
Corry Kucik
Joseph McIsaac
Affiliation:
University of Connecticut
Kelly McQueen
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Corry Kucik
Affiliation:
United States Navy
Get access

Summary

Optimal management of severe pain in a traditional hospital setting can be a challenging process. 1-3 Yet, attempting to manage pain in an out-of-hospital, combat, or austere environment is even more demanding.4-8 Because early intervention in both acute pain9 and chronic pain10 is associated with improved outcomes, timely and aggressive treatment may reduce the prevalence or severity of chronic pain and lead to enduring improvements in patients’ quality of life.11

Type
Chapter
Information
Essentials of Disaster Anesthesia , pp. 143 - 156
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Pain Society. Pain assessment and treatment in the managed care environment: a position statement from the American Pain Society. Case Manager 2000;11(5):50–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ducharme, J. Acute pain and pain control: state of the art. Ann Emerg Med 2000;35:592–603.Google Scholar
Wilson, J, Pendelton, J. Oligoanalgesia in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 1989;7:620–623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Association of EMS Physicians. Prehospital pain management: a position paper from the National Association of EMS Physicians. Prehospital Emerg Care 2003;7:482–488.Google Scholar
Butler, F, Hagmann, J, Butler, E. Tactical combat casualty care in special operations. Mil Med 1996;161:3–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, F, Hagmann, J, Richards, D. Tactical management of urban warfare casualties in special operations. Mil Med 2000;165:1–48.Google Scholar
Weiss, E. Medical considerations for wilderness and adventure travelers. Med Clin North Am 1999;83:885–902.Google Scholar
Bowen, T. Emergency War Surgery: Second United States Revision of the Emergency War Surgery NATO Handbook. Washington, DC: United States Government Publication Office.Google Scholar
Smith, D, McMurray, N, Disler, P. Early intervention for acute back injury: can we finally develop an evidence-based approach? Clin Rehabil 2002;16(1):1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, K, Mayer, T, Gatchel, R. Should extended disability be an exclusion criterion for tertiary rehabilitation? Socioeconomic outcomes of early versus late functional restoration in compensation spinal disorders. Spine 1998;23(19):2110–2116.Google Scholar
Clark, M, Scholten, J, Walker, R, Gironda, R. Assessment and treatment of pain associated with combat related polytrauma. Pain Med 2009;10(3):456–469.Google Scholar
Macintyre, P, Rowbotham, D, Walker, S. Acute pain management in field and disaster situations. In: Macintyre P, Rowbotham D, Walker S. Clinical Pain Management: Acute Pain. London: Hodder Arnold; 2008: 376–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, I, McManus, J. Pain management in current combat operations. Prehosp Emerg Care 2009;13(2):223–237.Google Scholar
Rupp, T, Delaney, K. Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2004;43:494–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, J. Assessment of pain management skills in emergency medicine residents: the role of a pain education program. J Emerg Med 1999;17:349–354.Google Scholar
Guetti, C, Angeletti, C, Paladini, A, Varrassi, G, Marinangeli, F. Pain and natural disaster. Pain Pract 2013;13(7):589–593.Google Scholar
Edwards, WT. Posttrauma pain. In: Loeser, J, Bonica, J (eds.), Bonica’s Management of Pain, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001:788–793.Google Scholar
Wolf, N. The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty are Used Against Women. New York: Vintage, 1998.Google Scholar
Buckenmaier, C. The role of pain management in recovery following trauma and orthopaedic surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2012;20(Suppl 1):S35–S38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vervest, A, Schimmel, G. Taxonomy of pain of the IASP. Pain Med 1988;34:318–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, M, Bullard, M, Grafstein, E. Revisions to the Canadian emergency triage priority. Can J Emerg Med 2004;6:421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovach, C, Weissman, D, Griffie, J, Matson, S, Muchka, S. Assessment and treatment of discomfort for people with late-stage dementia. J Pain Symptom Manage 1999;18:412–419.Google Scholar
Thomas, S, Andruszkiewicz, L. Ongoing visual analog score display improves emergency department pain care. J Emerg Med 2004;26:389–394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cleeland, C, Ryan, K. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1994;23(2):129–138.Google Scholar
Atkinson, T, Rosenfeld, B, Sit, L, et al. Using confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate construct validity of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). J Pain Symptom Manage 2011;41(3):558–565.Google Scholar
Berthier, F, Potel, G, Leconte, P, Touze, M, Baron, D. Comparative study of methods of measuring acute pain intensity in an ED. Am J Emerg Med 1998;16:132–136.Google Scholar
Bijur, P, Latimer, C, Gallagher, E. Validation of a verbally administered numerical rating scale of acute pain for the use in emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2003;10:390–392.Google Scholar
Carpenter, J, Brockopp, D. Comparison of patients’ ratings and examination of nurses’ responses to pain intensity rating scales. Cancer Nurs 1995;18:292–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choiniere, M, Amsel, R. A visual analogue thermometer for measuring pain intensity. J Pain Symptom Manage 1996;11:299–311.Google Scholar
Deloach, L, Higgins, M, Caplan, A, Stiff, J. The visual analogue scale in the immediate postoperative period: intrasubject variability and correlation with a numeric scale. Anesth Analg 1998;86:102–106.Google Scholar
Myles, P, Troedel, S, Boquest, M, Reeves, M. The pain visual analog scale: is it linear or nonlinear? Anesth Analg 1999;89:1517–1520.Google Scholar
Myles, P, Urquhart, N. The linearity of the visual analogue sclae in patients with severe acute pain. Anesth Intensive Care 2005;33:54–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul-Dauphin, A, Guillemin, F, Virion, J, Briancon, S. Bias and precision in visual analogue sclaes: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:1117–1127.Google Scholar
Price, D, McGrath, P, Rafii, A, Buckingham, B. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain 1983;17:45–56.Google Scholar
Joshi, G, Ogunnaike, B. Consequences of inadequate postoperative pain relief and chronic persistent postoperative pain. Anesthesiol Clin North America 2005;23:21–36.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO model lists of essential medicines. www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/ (accessed September 2019).Google Scholar
Sepehri, G, Meimandi, M. Pattern of drug prescription and utilization among Bam residents during the first six months after the 2003 Bam earthquake. Prehosp Disaster Med 2006;21:396–402.Google Scholar
Mulvey, J, Oadri, A, Magsood, M. Earthquake injuries and the use of ketamine for surgical procedures: the Kashmir experience. Anaesth Intensive Care 2006;34(4):489–494.Google Scholar
Tamayo-Sarver, J, Dawson, N, Cydulka, R, Wigton, R, Baker, D. Variability in emergency physician decision making about prescribing opioid analgesics. Ann Emerg Med 2004;43:483–493.Google Scholar
Chou, R, Fanciullo, J, Fine, P, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic non-cancer pain. J Pain 2009;10:113–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marinangeli, F, Narducci, C, Ursini, M, et al. Acute pain and availability of analgesia in the prehospital emergency setting in Italy: a problem to be solved. Pain Pract 2009;9:282–288.Google Scholar
Dale, O, Hjortkjaer, R, Kharasch, ED. Nasal administration of opioids for pain management in adults. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002;46:759–770.Google Scholar
Kendall, J, Reeves, B, Latter, V. Multicentre randomised controlled trial of nasal diamorphine for analgesia in children and teenagers with clinical fractures. Br Med J 2001;322:261–265.Google Scholar
Galinski, M, Dolveck, F, Borron, S, et al. A randomized, double-blind study comparing morphine with fentanyl in prehospital analgesia. Am J Emerg Med 2005;23(2):114–119.Google Scholar
Rickard, C, O’Meara, P, McGrail, M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of intranasal fentanyl vs intravenous morphine for analgesia in the prehospital setting. Am J Emerg Med 2007;25(8):911–917.Google Scholar
Angeletti, C, Guetti, C, Papola, R, et al. Pain after earthquake. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012;20:43.Google Scholar
Buttar, N, Wang, K. The “aspirin” of the new millennium: cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:1027–1038.Google Scholar
Doody, S, Smith, C, Webb, J. Nonpharmacologic interventions for pain management. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1991;3:69–75.Google Scholar
Wedmore, I, Johnson, T, Czarnik, J, Hendrix, S. Pain management in the wilderness and operational setting. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2005;23:585–601.Google Scholar
Himmelseher, S, Durieux, M. Ketamine for perioperative pain management. Anesthesiology 2005;102:211–220.Google Scholar
Subramaniam, K, Subramaniam, B, Steinbrook, R. Ketamine as adjuvant analgesic to opioids: a quantitative and qualitative systemic review. Anesth Analg 2004;99:482–495.Google Scholar
Nadeson, R, Tucker, A, Bajunaki, E, Goodchild, C. Potentiation by ketamine of fentanyl antinociception. I. An experimental study in rats showing that ketamine administered by non-spinal routes targets spinal cord antinociceptive systems. Br J Anaseth 2002;88:685–691.Google Scholar
Koppert, W, Sittl, R, Scheuber, K, et al. Differential modulation of remifentanil-induced analgesia and post infusion hyperalgesia by S-ketamine and clonidine in humans. Anesthesiology 2003;99:152–159.Google Scholar
Gram, LF. Antidepressants: Receptors, pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. In: Burrows, G, Norman, T, Davies, B, eds., Antidepressants. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1983: 81–95.Google Scholar
Max, M, Lynch, S, Muir, J, et al. Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 1992;326(19):1250–1256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Max, M, Culnane, M, Schafer, S, et al. Amitriptyline relieves diabetic neuropathy pain in patients with normal or depressed mood. Neurology 1987;37(4):589–596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Max, M, Schafer, S, Culnane, M, et al. Amitriptyline, but not lorazepam, relieves postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 1988;38(9):1427–1432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sindrup, S, Gram, L, Skjoid, T, Froland, A, Beck-Nielsen, H. Concentration-response relationship in imipramine treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:509–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kishore-Kumar, R, Max, M, Schafer, S, et al. Desipramine relieves postherpetic neuralgia. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47(3):305–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, E. The evolving role of antiepileptic drugs in treating neurogenic pain. Neurology 2000;55:S41–S46.Google Scholar
McQuay, H, Carroll, D, Jadad, A, Wiffen, P, Moore, A. Anticonvulsant drugs for management of pain: a systematic review. BMJ 1995;311:1047–1052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burchiel, K. Carbamazepine inhibits spontaneous activity in experimental neuromas. Exp Neurol 1988;102:249–253.Google Scholar
Campbell, F, Graham, J, Zikha, K. Clinical trial of carbazepine in trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1966;29:265–267.Google Scholar
McCleane, G. Intravenous infusion of phenytoin relieves neuropathic pain: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Anesth Analg 1999;89:985–988.Google Scholar
Wallace, A, Galindez, D, Salahieh, A, et al. Effect of clonidine on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2004;101(2):284–293.Google Scholar
Angst, M, Clark, J. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: a qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology 2006;104:570–587.Google Scholar
Celerier, E, Rivat, C, Jun, Y, et al. Long-lasting hyperalgesia induced by fentanyl in rats: preventative effect of ketamine. Anesthesiology 2000;92(2):465–472.Google Scholar
Colloca, L, Benedetti, F. Nocebo hyperalgesia: how anxiety is turned into pain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2007;20:435–439.Google Scholar
Ong, B, Arneja, A, Ong, E. Effects of anesthesia on pain after lower-limb amputation. J Clin Anesth 2006;18:600–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richman, J, Liu, S, Courpas, G, et al. Does continuous peripheral nerve block provide superior pain control to opioids? A meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2006;102(1):248–257.Google Scholar
Malchow, R, Black, I. The evolution of pain management in the critically ill trauma patient: emerging concepts from the global war on terrorism. Crit Care Med 2008;36(Suppl 7):S346–S357.Google Scholar
Malchow, R. Ultrasonography for advanced regional anesthesia and acute pain management in a combat environment. US Army Med Dep J 2009;Oct–Dec:64–66.Google Scholar
Buckenmaier, C, Rupprecht, C, McKnight, G, et al. Pain following battlefield injury and evacuation: a survey of 110 casualties from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Pain Med 2009;10:1487–1496.Google Scholar
Buckenmaier, C, McKnight, G, Winkley, J, et al. Continuous peripheral nerve block for battlefield anesthesia and evacuation. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30:202–205.Google Scholar
Blaivas, M, Adhikari, S, Lander, L. A prospective comparison of procedural sedation and ultrasound-guided interscalene nerve block for shoulder reduction in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2011;18:922–927.Google Scholar
Stone, M, Wang, R, Price, D. Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus nerve block vs procedural sedation for the treatment of upper extremity emergencies. Am J Emerg Med 2008;26:706–710.Google Scholar
Stone, M, Muresanu, M. Ultrasound-guided ulnar nerve block in the management of digital abscess and hand cellulitis. Acad Emerg Med 2010;17:e3–e4.Google Scholar
Stone, M, Carnell, J, Fischer, J, Herring, A, Nagdev, A. Ultrasound-guided intercostal nerve block for traumatic pneumothorax requiring tube thoracostomy. Am J Emerg Med 2011;29(6):e1–e2.Google Scholar
Herring, A, Stone, M, Fischer, J, et al. Ultrasound-guided distal popliteal sciatic nerve block for ED anesthesia. Am J Emerg Med 2011;29:697.Google Scholar
Herring, A, Stone, M, Nagdev, A. Ultrasound-guided suprascapular nerve block for shoulder reduction and adhesive capsulitis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2011;29:963.Google Scholar
Herring, A, Stone, M, Nagdev, A. Ultrasound-guided abdominal wall nerve blocks in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2012;30(5):759–764.Google Scholar
Frenkel, O, Herring, A, Fischer, J, Carnell, J, Nagdev, A. Supracondylar radial nerve block for treatment of distal radius fractures in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 2011;41(4):386–388.Google Scholar
Beaudoin, F, Nagdev, A, Merchant, R, Becker, B. Ultrasound-guided femoral nerve blocks in elderly patients with hip fractures. Am J Emerg Med 2010;28(1):76–81.Google Scholar
Choi, S, Brull, R. Is ultrasound guidance advantageous for interventional pain management? A review of acute pain outcomes. Anesth Analg 2011;113:596–604.Google Scholar
Walker, K, McGrattan, K, Aas-Eng, K, Smith, A. Ultrasound guidance for peripheral nerve blockade. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;7(4):CD006459.Google Scholar
Shah, S, Dala, A, Joseph, G, Rogers, S, Dyer, G. Impact of portable ultrasound in trauma care after the Haitian earthquake of 2010. Am J Emerg Med 2010;28(8):970–971.Google Scholar
Ma, O, Norvell, J, Subramanian, S. Ultrasound applications in mass casualties and extreme environments. Crit Care Med 2007;35:S275–S927.Google Scholar
Mazur, S, Rippey, J. Transport and use of point-of-care ultrasound by disaster medical assistance team. Prehosp Disaster Med 2009;24:140–144.Google Scholar
Sippel, S, Muruganandan, K, Levine, A, Shah, S. Use of ultrasound in the developing world. Int J Emerg Med 2011;4:72.Google Scholar
Cheung, J, Chen, E, Darani, R, et al. The creation of an objective assessment tool for ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia using the Delphi method. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2012;37(3):329–333.Google Scholar
Gandhi, K, Patel, V, Maliakal, T, Xu, D, Flisinski, K. Universal documentation sheet for peripheral nerve blocks. J New York School Reg Anesth 2009;12:23–24.Google Scholar
Stojadinovic, A, Auton, A, Peoples, G, et al. Responding to challenges in modern combat casualty care: innovative use of advanced regional anesthesia. Pain Med 2006;7(4):330–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, D, Durieux, M, Marcus, M. Toxicity of local anesthetics. Best Pract Res Clin Anesthesiol 2003;17:111–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiGregorio, G, Neal, J, Rosenquist, R, Weinberg, G. Clinical presentation of local anesthetic systemic toxicity: a review of published cases, 1979 to 2009. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010;35(2):181–187.Google Scholar
Ciechanowicz, S, Patil, V. Lipid emulsion for local anesthetic systemic toxicity. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2012;2012:131784.Google Scholar
Lippert, S, Nagdev, A, Stone, M, Herring, A, Norris, R. Pain control in disaster settings: a role for ultrasound guided nerve blocks. Ann Emerg Med 2013;61(6):690–696.Google Scholar
Candal-Couto, J, McVie, J, Haslam, N, Innes, A, Rushmer, J. Pre-operative analgesia for patients with femoral neck fractures using a modified fascia iliaca block technique. Injury 2005;36:505–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karmakar, M, Ho, A. Acute pain management of patients with multiple fractured ribs. J Trauma 2003;54:615–625.Google Scholar
Ritchie, E, Tong, D, Chung, F, et al. Suprascapular nerve block for postoperative pain relief in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a new modality? Anesth Analg 1997;84:1306–1312.Google Scholar
Bullock, M, Pheley, A, Kiresuk, T, Lenz, S, Culliton, P. Characteristics and complaints of patients seeking therapy at a hospital-based alternative medicine clinic. J Altern Complement Med 1997;3(1):31–37.Google Scholar
Cassidy, C. Chinese medicine users in the United States. J Alt Comp Med 1998;4(1):17–27.Google Scholar
Haake, M, Muller, H, Schade-Brittinger, C, et al. German acupuncture trials (GERAC) for chronic low back pain: randomized, multicenter, blinded, parallel-group trial with 3 groups. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(17):1892–1898.Google Scholar
Berman, B, Ezzo, J, Hadhazy, V, Swyers, J. Is acupuncture effective in the treatment of fibromyalgia. J Fam Pract 1999;48(3):213–218.Google Scholar
Tukmachi, E, Jubb, R, Dempsey, E, Jones, P. The effect of acupuncture on the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis–an open randomized controlled study. Acupunct Med 2004;22(1):14–22.Google Scholar
Niemtzow, R, Gambel, J, Helms, J, et al. Integrating ear and scalp acupuncture techniques into the care of blast-injured United States military service members with limb loss. J Alt Comp Med 2006;12(7):596–599.Google Scholar
Goertz, C, Niemtzow, R, Burns, S, et al. Auricular acupuncture in the treatment of acute pain syndromes: a pilot study. Mil Med 2006;171(10):1010–1014.Google Scholar
Vickers, A, Rees, R, Zollman, C, et al. Acupuncture of chronic headache disorders in primary care: randomised controlled trial and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess 2004;8(48):1–35.Google Scholar
Pilkington, K, Kirkwood, G, Rampes, H, Cummings, M, Richardson, J. Acupuncture for anxiety and anxiety disorders–a systematic review. Acupunct Med 2007;12(1-2):1–10.Google Scholar
Allen, J, Schnyer, R, Hitt, S. The efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of major depression in women. Psychol Sci 1998;5:397–401.Google Scholar
Allen, J, Schnyer, R, Chambers, A, et al. Acupuncture for depression: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67(11):1665–1673.Google Scholar
Manber, R, Schnyder, R, Allen, J, Rush, A, Blasey, C. Acupuncture: a promising treatment of depression during pregnancy. J Affect Disord 2004;83(1):89–95.Google Scholar
Fireman, Z, Segal, A, Kopelman, Y, Sternberg, A, Carasso, R. Acupuncture treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind controlled study. Digestion 2001;64(2):100–103.Google Scholar
Jena, S, Witt, C, Brinkhaus, B, Wegscheider, K, Wilich, S. Acupuncture in patients with headache. Cephalgia 2008;28(9):969–979.Google Scholar
Duncan, B, White, A, Rahman, A. Acupuncture in the treatment of fibromyalgia in tertiary care. Acupunct Med 2007;25(4):137–147.Google Scholar
Hollifield, M, Sinclair-Lian, N, Warner, T, Hammerschlag, R. Acupuncture for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2007;195(6):504–513.Google Scholar
Lao, L. Safety issues in acupuncture. J Altern Complement Med 1996;2:27–31.Google Scholar
Burke, A, Upchurch, D, Dye, C, Chyu, L. Acupuncture use in the United States: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. J Alt Comp Med 2006;12(7):639–648.Google Scholar
Rubonis, A, Bickman, L. Psychological impairment in the wake of disaster: the disaster-psychopathology relationship. Psychol Bull. 1991;109:384–399.Google Scholar
Dersh, J, Polatin, P, Gatchel, R. Chronic pain and psychopathology: Research findings and theoretical considerations. Psychosom Med 2002;64:773–786.Google Scholar
Young, M, O’Young, BJ, Stiens, S, Hoffberg, H. Terrorism’s effect on chronic pain perception: an analysis of a multi-center cohort. Pract Pain Manag 2002;2:9–12.Google Scholar
Sokal, J, Young, M, O’Young, B, Gatchel, R. The impact of stress and anxiety on pain. Adv Dir Rehab 2003;12:25–27.Google Scholar
Bleich, A, Gelkopf, M, Solomon, Z. Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and coping behaviors among a nationally representative sample in Israel. JAMA 2003;290(5):612–620.Google Scholar
Wesley, A, Polatin, P, Gatchel, R. Psychosocial, psychiatric and socioeconomic factors in chronic occupational musculoskeletal disorders. In: Mayer, T, Gatchel, R, Polatin, P (eds.), Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders: Function, Outcomes and Evidence. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2000: 577–608.Google Scholar
Polatina, P, Young, M, Mayerd, M, Gatchele, R. Bioterrorism, stress, and pain: the importance of an anticipatory community preparedness intervention. J Psychosom Res 2005;58:311–316.Google Scholar
Donta, S, Clauw, D, Engel, C, et al. Cognitive behavior therapy and aerobic exercise for Gulf War veterans’ illnesses: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;289(11):1396–1404.Google Scholar
Resnik, D, Rehm, M. The undertreatment of pain: scientific, clinical, cultural, and philosophical factors. Med Health Care Philos 2001;4(3):277–288.Google Scholar
Clark, M. Post-deployment pain: a need for rapid detection and intervention. Pain Med 2004;5(4):333–334.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×