Acil, A. A., Dogan, S. & Dogan, O. 2008. The effects of physical exercises to mental state and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 15, 808–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adriano, F., Caltagirone, C. & Spalletta, G. 2012. Hippocampal volume reduction in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis. Neuroscientist, 18, 180–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Behere, R. V., Arasappa, R., Jagannathan, A., Varambally, S., Venkatasubramanian, G., Thirthalli, J., Subbakrishna, D. K., Nagendra, H. R. & Gangadhar, B. N. 2011. Effect of yoga therapy on facial emotion recognition deficits, symptoms and functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 123, 147–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bredin, S. S., Warburton, D. E. & Lang, D. J. 2013. The health benefits and challenges of exercise training in persons living with schizophrenia: a pilot study. Brain Sci, 3, 821–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Colcombe, S. J., Kramer, A. F., Mcauley, E., Erickson, K. I. & Scalf, P. 2004. Neurocognitive aging and cardiovascular fitness: recent findings and future directions. J Mol Neurosci, 24, 9–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cooper, D., Barker, V., Radua, J., Fusar-Poli, P. & Lawrie, S. M. 2014. Multimodal voxel-based meta-analysis of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in those at elevated genetic risk of developing schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res, 221, 69–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

De Peri, L., Crescini, A., Deste, G., Fusar-Poli, P., Sacchetti, E. & Vita, A. 2012. Brain structural abnormalities at the onset of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of controlled magnetic resonance imaging studies. Current pharmaceutical design, 18, 486–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dishman, R. K., Berthoud, H. R., Booth, F. W., Cotman, C. W., Edgerton, V. R., Fleshner, M. R., Gandevia, S. C., Gomez-Pinilla, F., Greenwood, B. N., Hillman, C. H., Kramer, A. F., Levin, B. E., Moran, T. H., Russo-Neustadt, A. A., Salamone, J. D., Van Hoomissen, J. D., Wade, C. E., York, D. A. & Zigmond, M. J. 2006. Neurobiology of exercise. Obesity (Silver Spring), 14, 345–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dodd, K. J., Duffy, S., Stewart, J. A., Impey, J. & Taylor, N. 2011. A small group aerobic exercise programme that reduces body weight is feasible in adults with severe chronic schizophrenia: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil, 33, 1222–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Duraiswamy, G., Thirthalli, J., Nagendra, H. R. & Gangadhar, B. N. 2007. Yoga therapy as an add-on treatment in the management of patients with schizophrenia—a randomized controlled trial. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116, 226–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ellison-Wright, I. & Bullmore, E. 2010. Anatomy of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia research, 117, 1–12.Google Scholar

Falkai, P., Malchow, B., Wobrock, T., Gruber, O., Schmitt, A., Honer, W. G., Pajonk, F. G., Sun, F. & Cannon, T. D. 2013. The effect of aerobic exercise on cortical architecture in patients with chronic schizophrenia: a randomized controlled MRI study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 263, 469–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Falkai, P., Rossner, M. J., Schulze, T. G., Hasan, A., Brzózka, M. M., Malchow, B., Honer, W. G., Schmitt, A. 2015. Kraepelin revisited: schizophrenia from degeneration to failed regeneration. Mol Psychiatry, 20(6), 671-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Firth, J., Cotter, J., Elliott, R., French, P. & Yung, A. R. 2015. A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise interventions in schizophrenia patients. Psychol Med, 1–19.Google Scholar

Fleischhacker, W. W., Cetkovich-Bakmas, M., De Hert, M., Hennekens, C. H., Lambert, M., Leucht, S., Maj, M., Mcintyre, R. S., Naber, D., Newcomer, J. W., Olfson, M., Osby, U., Sartorius, N. & Lieberman, J. A. 2008. Comorbid somatic illnesses in patients with severe mental disorders: clinical, policy, and research challenges. J Clin Psychiatry, 69, 514–9.Google ScholarPubMed

Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M., Nieman, D. C. & Swain, D. P. 2011. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 43, 1334–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Goff, D. C., Hill, M. & Barch, D. 2011. The treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 99, 245–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Green, M. F. 1996. What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 321–30.Google ScholarPubMed

Haijma, S. V., Van Haren, N., Cahn, W., Koolschijn, P. C., Hulshoff Pol, H. E. & Kahn, R. S. 2012. Brain Volumes in Schizophrenia: a Meta-Analysis in Over 18 000 Subjects. Schizophrenia bulletin, 39(5):1129–38.Google Scholar

Hannan, A. J. 2014. Environmental enrichment and brain repair: harnessing the therapeutic effects of cognitive stimulation and physical activity to enhance experience-dependent plasticity. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 40, 13–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hasan, A., Falkai, P., Wobrock, T., Lieberman, J., Glenthoj, B., Gattaz, W. F., Thibaut, F., Moller, H. J. & WFSBP Task force on Treatment Guidelines for Schizophrenia 2013. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 2: update 2012 on the long-term treatment of schizophrenia and management of antipsychotic-induced side effects. World J Biol Psychiatry, 14, 2–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hazlett, E. A., Buchsbaum, M. S., Haznedar, M. M., Newmark, R., Goldstein, K. E., Zelmanova, Y., Glanton, C. F., Torosjan, Y., New, A. S., Lo, J. N., Mitropoulou, V. & Siever, L. J. 2008. Cortical gray and white matter volume in unmedicated schizotypal and schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res, 101, 111–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Heggelund, J., Morken, G., Helgerud, J., Nilsberg, G. E. & Hoff, J. 2012. Therapeutic effects of maximal strength training on walking efficiency in patients with schizophrenia—a pilot study. BMC Res Notes, 5, 344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Heggelund, J., Nilsberg, G. E., Hoff, J., Morken, G. & Helgerud, J. 2011. Effects of high aerobic intensity training in patients with schizophrenia: a controlled trial. Nord J Psychiatry, 65, 269–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Heinrichs, R. W. & Zakzanis, K. K. 1998. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 12, 426–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Helmstaedter, C. & Durwen, H. F. 1990. The Verbal Learning and Retention Test. A useful and differentiated tool in evaluating verbal memory performance. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr, 141, 21–30.Google Scholar

Hoff, A. L., Sakuma, M., Wieneke, M., Horon, R., Kushner, M. & Delisi, L. E. 1999. Longitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1336–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hoff, A. L., Svetina, C., Shields, G., Stewart, J. & Delisi, L. E. 2005. Ten year longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning subsequent to a first episode of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, 78, 27–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Honea, R., Crow, T. J., Passingham, D. & Mackay, C. E. 2005. Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2233–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hottenrott, K. & Neumann, G. 2010. Methods of endurance training. Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann.Google Scholar

Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Schnack, H. G., Bertens, M. G., Van Haren, N. E., Van Der Tweel, I., Staal, W. G., Baare, W. F. & Kahn, R. S. 2002. Volume changes in gray matter in patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 244–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Johansen-Berg, H. 2012. The future of functionally-related structural change assessment. Neuroimage, 62, 1293–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A. & Opler, L. A. 1987. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 13, 261–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kuipers, E., Yesufu-Udechuku, A., Taylor, C. & Kendall, T. 2014. Management of psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ, 348, g1173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lieberman, J. A., Tollefson, G. D., Charles, C., Zipursky, R., Sharma, T., Kahn, R. S., Keefe, R. S., Green, A. I., Gur, R. E., Mcevoy, J., Perkins, D., Hamer, R. M., Gu, H. & Tohen, M. 2005. Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first-episode psychosis. Archives of general psychiatry, 62, 361–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Maass, A., Duzel, S., Goerke, M., Becke, A., Sobieray, U., Neumann, K., Lovden, M., Lindenberger, U., Backman, L., Braun-Dullaeus, R., Ahrens, D., Heinze, H. J., Muller, N. G. & Duzel, E. 2014. Vascular hippocampal plasticity after aerobic exercise in older adults. Mol Psychiatry, 20(5), 585–93.Google Scholar

Malchow, B., Keeser, D., Keller, K., Hasan, A., Rauchmann, B. S., Kimura, H., Schneider-Axmann, T., Dechent, P., Gruber, O., Ertl-Wagner, B., Honer, W. G., Hillmer-Vogel, U., Schmitt, A., Wobrock, T., Niklas, A. & Falkai, P. 2015a. Effects of endurance training on brain structures in chronic schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Schizophr Res., DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Malchow, B., Keller-Varady, K., Hasan, A., Dörfler, S., Schneider-Axmann, T., Hillmer-Vogel, U., Honer, W. G., Schulze, T. G., Niklas, A., Wobrock, T., Schmitt, A. & Falkai, P. 2015b. Effects of endurance training combined with cognitive remediation on everyday functioning, symptoms and cognition in multi-episode schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(4), 847-58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mane, A., Falcon, C., Mateos, J. J., Fernandez-Egea, E., Horga, G., Lomena, F., Bargallo, N., Prats-Galino, A., Bernardo, M. & Parellada, E. 2009. Progressive gray matter changes in first episode schizophrenia: a 4-year longitudinal magnetic resonance study using VBM. Schizophr Res, 114, 136–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Manjunath, R. B., Varambally, S., Thirthalli, J., Basavaraddi, I. V. & Gangadhar, B. N. 2013. Efficacy of yoga as an add-on treatment for in-patients with functional psychotic disorder. Indian J Psychiatry, 55, S374-8.Google ScholarPubMed

Marzolini, S., Jensen, B. & Melville, P. 2009. Feasibility and effects of a group-based resistance and aerobic exercise program for individuals with severe schizophrenia: a multidisciplinary approach. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 2, 29–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

May, A. 2011. Experience-dependent structural plasticity in the adult human brain. Trends Cogn Sci, 15, 475–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Milner, B. 1971. Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological processes in man. Br Med Bull, 27, 272–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Montgomery, S. A. & Asberg, M. 1979. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 382–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Murray, C. J. & Lopez, A. D. 1996. Evidence-based health policy—lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Science, 274, 740–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Oertel-Knochel, V., Mehler, P., Thiel, C., Steinbrecher, K., Malchow, B., Tesky, V., Ademmer, K., Prvulovic, D., Banzer, W., Zopf, Y., Schmitt, A. & Hansel, F. 2014. Effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive performance and individual psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 264(7), 589–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Olabi, B., Ellison-Wright, I., Mcintosh, A. M., Wood, S. J., Bullmore, E. & Lawrie, S. M. 2011. Are there progressive brain changes in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies. Biol Psychiatry, 70, 88–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pajonk, F. G., Wobrock, T., Gruber, O., Scherk, H., Berner, D., Kaizl, I., Kierer, A., Muller, S., Oest, M., Meyer, T., Backens, M., Schneider-Axmann, T., Thornton, A. E., Honer, W. G. & Falkai, P. 2010. Hippocampal plasticity in response to exercise in schizophrenia. Archives of general psychiatry, 67, 133–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Park, J. K., Lee, S. J. & Kim, T. W. 2014. Treadmill exercise enhances NMDA receptor expression in schizophrenia mice. J Exerc Rehabil, 10, 15–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pereira, A. C., Huddleston, D. E., Brickman, A. M., Sosunov, A. A., Hen, R., Mckhann, G. M., Sloan, R., Gage, F. H., Brown, T. R. & Small, S. A. 2007. An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 5638–43.Google Scholar

Raichlen, D. A. & Polk, J. D. 2013. Linking brains and brawn: exercise and the evolution of human neurobiology. Proc Biol Sci, 280, 20122250.Google ScholarPubMed

Sahay, A., Scobie, K. N., Hill, A. S., O’Carroll, C. M., Kheirbek, M. A., Burghardt, N. S., Fenton, A. A., Dranovsky, A. & Hen, R. 2011. Increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sufficient to improve pattern separation. Nature, 472, 466–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Scheewe, T. W., Backx, F. J., Takken, T., Jorg, F., Van Strater, A. C., Kroes, A. G., Kahn, R. S. & Cahn, W. 2013a. Exercise therapy improves mental and physical health in schizophrenia: a randomised controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 127, 464–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Scheewe, T. W., Van Haren, N. E., Sarkisyan, G., Schnack, H. G., Brouwer, R. M., De Glint, M., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Backx, F. J., Kahn, R. S. & Cahn, W. 2013b. Exercise therapy, cardiorespiratory fitness and their effect on brain volumes: a randomised controlled trial in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 23, 675–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schmitt, A., Steyskal, C., Bernstein, H. G., Schneider-Axmann, T., Parlapani, E., Schaeffer, E. L., Gattaz, W. F., Bogerts, B., Schmitz, C. & Falkai, P. 2009. Stereologic investigation of the posterior part of the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Acta neuropathologica, 117, 395–407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Silverstein, M. L., Harrow, M., Mavrolefteros, G. & Close, D. 1997. Neuropsychological dysfunction and clinical outcome in psychiatric disorders: a two-year follow-up study. J Nerv Ment Dis, 185, 722–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Steen, R. G., Mull, C., Mcclure, R., Hamer, R. M. & Lieberman, J. A. 2006. Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 510–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tamminga, C. A., Stan, A. D. & Wagner, A. D. 2010. The hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, 167, 1178–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Van Haren, N. E., Cahn, W., Hulshoff Pol, H. E. & Kahn, R. S. 2012. Confounders of excessive brain volume loss in schizophrenia. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 37(10 Pt 1), 2418–23.Google ScholarPubMed

Van Praag, H., Kempermann, G. & Gage, F. H. 1999. Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nature neuroscience, 2, 266–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Van Praag, H., Shubert, T., Zhao, C. & Gage, F. H. 2005. Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 8680–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vancampfort, D., Knapen, J., Probst, M., Scheewe, T., Remans, S. & De Hert, M. 2012. A systematic review of correlates of physical activity in patients with schizophrenia. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125, 352–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Varambally, S., Gangadhar, B. N., Thirthalli, J., Jagannathan, A., Kumar, S., Venkatasubramanian, G., Muralidhar, D., Subbakrishna, D. K. & Nagendra, H. R. 2012. Therapeutic efficacy of add-on yogasana intervention in stabilized outpatient schizophrenia: randomized controlled comparison with exercise and waitlist. Indian J Psychiatry, 54, 227–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Veit, C. T. & Ware, J. E. 1983. The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations. J Consult Clin Psychol, 51, 730–742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vita, A. & De Peri, L. 2007. Hippocampal and amygdala volume reductions in first-episode schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vita, A., De Peri, L., Deste, G. & Sacchetti, E. 2012. Progressive loss of cortical gray matter in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of longitudinal MRI studies. Transl Psychiatry, 2, e190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Voss, M. W., Vivar, C., Kramer, A. F. & Van Praag, H. 2013. Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity. Trends Cogn Sci, 17, 525–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wolf, S. A., Melnik, A. & Kempermann, G. 2011. Physical exercise increases adult neurogenesis and telomerase activity, and improves behavioral deficits in a mouse model of schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun, 25, 971–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar