Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T14:44:17.365Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part III: - Archaeology of Human Evolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2017

Yehouda Enzel
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Ofer Bar-Yosef
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Quaternary of the Levant
Environments, Climate Change, and Humans
, pp. 179 - 328
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Bar-Yosef, O. & Goren-Inbar, N. 1993. The Lithic Assemblages of ‘Ubeidiya, a Lower Paleolithic Site in the Jordan Valley. Qedem 34. Jerusalem: The Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Tchernov, E. 1972. On the Palaeo-Ecological History of the Site of ‘Ubeidiya. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Tchernov, E. 1986. Introduction – the excavation at ‘Ubeidiya. In Les Mammiféres du Pléistocène Inférieur, de la Vallée du Jourdain a Oubeidiyeh (5), ed. Tchernov, E.. Paris, Association Paléorient, pp. 2544.Google Scholar
Belmaker, M. 2006. Community Structure through Time: ‘Ubeidiya, a Lower Pleistocene Site as a Case Study. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Belmaker, M. 2010. Early Pleistocene faunal connections between Africa and Eurasia: An ecological perspective. In Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Migration Out of Africa, ed. Fleagle, J., Grine, F., Beiden, A., Leakey, R. & Shea, J.J.. Springer, pp. 183205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belmaker, M., Tchernov, E., Condemi, S. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2002. New evidence for hominid presence in the Lower Pleistocene in the southern Levant. Journal of Human Evolution 43: 4356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braun, D., Ron, H. & Marco, S. 1991. Magnetostratigraphy of the hominid tool-bearing ‘Erq el Ahmar formation in the northern Dead Sea Rift. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 191–7.Google Scholar
Caloi, L. & Palombo, M.R. 1997. Biochronology of large mammals in the early and middle Pleistocene on the Italian peninsula. Hystrix 9: 312.Google Scholar
Curtis, G.H. 1967. Notes on some Miocene to Pleistocene potassium/argon results. In Background to Evolution in Africa, ed. Bishop, W.W. & Clark, J.D.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 365–74.Google Scholar
Davis, M., Matmon, A., Fink, D., Rona, H. & Niedermannc, S. 2011. Dating Pliocene lacustrine sediments in the central Jordan Valley, Israel? Implications for cosmogenic burial dating. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 305: 317–27.Google Scholar
Dennell, R.W. 2004. Hominid dispersals and Asian biogeography during the Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene, c. 2.0–0.5 Mya. Asian Perspectives 43: 205–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fejfar, O. & Heinrich, W.-D. 1986. Biostratigraphic subdivision of the European Late Cenozoic based on Muriod rodents (Mammalia). Memorie della Societa Geologica Italiana 31: 185–90.Google Scholar
Ferring, R. Oms, O., Agusti, J. et al. 2011. Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85–1.78 Ma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 108: 10432.Google Scholar
Gaudzinski, S. 2004a. Subsistence patterns of Early Pleistocene hominids in the Levant – Taphonomic evidence from the ‘Ubeidiya Formation (Israel). Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 6575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaudzinski, S. 2004b. Early hominid subsistence in the Levant: Taphonomic studies of the Plio-Pleistocene ‘Ubeidiya Formation (Israel) – evidence from ‘Ubeidiya layer II-24. In Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor, ed. Goren-Inbar, N. & Speth, J.D.. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 7588.Google Scholar
Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S. 2005. Subsistenzstrategien Frühpleistozäner Hominiden in Eurasien: Taphonomische Faunenbetrachtungen der Fundstellen der ‘Ubeidiya Formation (Israel). Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums.Google Scholar
Guérin, C. 1982. Première biozonation du Pléistocène européen, principal résultat biostratigraphique de l’étude des Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du Miocène terminal au Pléistocène supérieur d'Europe occidentale. Geobios 15: 593–8.Google Scholar
Haas, G. 1961. Some remarks on the fauna of Ubeidije, near Afikim (Jordan Valley). Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel Section B 9: 12.Google Scholar
Haas, G. 1966. On the Vertebrate Fauna of the Lower Pleistocene Site of ‘Ubeidiya. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.Google Scholar
Haas, G. 1968. On the fauna of ‘Ubeidiya. Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 7: 114.Google Scholar
Horowitz, A. 1979. The Quaternary of Israel. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, A., Siedner, G. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1973. Radiometric dating of the ‘Ubeidiya Formation, Jordan Valley, Israel. Nature 242: 186–7.Google Scholar
Isaac, G.L. 1984. The archaeology of human origins: Studies of the Lower Pleistocene in East Africa 1971–1981. In Advances in World Archaeology Vol. 3, ed. Wendorf, F. & Close, A.. New York: Academic Press, pp. 187.Google Scholar
Johnsson, K. 1997. Chemical dating of bones based on diagenetic changes in bone apetite. Journal of Archaeological Science 24: 431–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorch, Y. 1966. A Pleistocene florule from the Jordan Valley. Israel Journal of Botany 15: 31–4.Google Scholar
Martínez-Navarro, B. 2004. Hippos, pigs, bovids, saber-toothed tigers, monkeys, and hominids: Dispersals through the Levantine corridor during late Pliocene and early Pleistocene times. In Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor, ed. Goren-Inbar, N. & Speth, J.D.. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 3752.Google Scholar
Martínez-Navarro, B., Belmaker, M. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2009. The large carnivores from ‘Ubeidiya (early Pleistocene, Israel): biochronological and biogeographical implications. Journal of Human Evolution 56: 514–24.Google Scholar
Molleson, T.I. & Oakley, K.P. 1966. Relative antiquity of the Ubeidiya hominid. Nature 209: 1268.Google Scholar
Mor, D. & Steinitz, G. 1985. The History of the Yarmouk River Based on K–Ar Dating and its Implication on the Development of the Jordan Rift. Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel.Google Scholar
Opdyke, N.D., Lindsay, E. & Kukla, G. 1983. Evidence for earlier date of ‘Ubeidiya, Israel hominid site. Nature 304: 375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picard, L. 1943. Structure and evolution of Palestine. Bulletin of the Geological Department, Hebrew University 4: 1134.Google Scholar
Picard, L. & Baida, U. 1966. Stratigraphic Position of the ‘Ubeidiya Formation. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Science and Humanities.Google Scholar
Rink, J.W., Bartoll, J., Schwarcz, H., Shane, P. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2007. Testing the reliability of ESR dating of optically exposed buried quartz sediments. Radiation Measurements 42: 1618–26.Google Scholar
Sagi, A. 2005. Magnetostratigraphy of ‘Ubeidiya Formation, Northern Dead Sea Transform, Israel. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Sagi, A., Belmaker, M., Ron, H. et al. 2005. Paleomagnetic dating of ‘Ubeidiya Formation. In Abstracts of the Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting 2005, ed. Abramovich, S.. Jerusalem: Israel Geo-logical Society, p. 101.Google Scholar
Stern, N. 1993. The structure of the Lower Pleistocene archaeological record. Current Anthropology 34: 201–25.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. 1975. The Early Pleistocene Molluscs of `Erq el-Ahmar. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. 1980. The Pleistocene Birds of ‘Ubeidiya, Jordan Valley. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. (ed.) 1986. Les Mammifères du Pléistocène Inférieur de la Vallée du Jourdain a Oubéidiyeh. Paris: Association Paléorient.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. 1987. The age of the ‘Ubeidiya Formation, an early hominid site in the Jordan Valley. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 36: 336.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. 1988a. La biochronologie du site de ‘Ubeidiya (Vallée du Jourdain) et les plus anciens hominidés du Levant. L'Anthropologie (Paris) 92: 839–61.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. 1988b. The age of ‘Ubeidiya Formation (Jordan Valley, Israel) and the earliest hominids in the Levant. Paléorient 14: 63–5.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. & Volokita, M. 1986. Insectivores and Primates from the early Pleistocene of ‘Ubeidiya Formation. In Les Mammiféres du Pléistocène Inférieur, de la Vallée du Jourdain a Oubéidiyeh, ed. Tchernov, E.. Paris: Association Paléorient, pp. 5462.Google Scholar
Tobias, P.V. 1966a. Fossil hominid remains from ‘Ubeidiya, Israel. Nature 211: 130–3.Google Scholar
Tobias, P.V. 1966b. A Member of the Genus Homo from ‘Ubeidiya. Jerusalem: Publications of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.Google Scholar
Verosub, K. & Tchernov, E. 1991. Resultats préliminaires de l’étude mag-nétostratigraphique d'une séquence sédimentaire à l'industrie humaine en Israël. In Les Premiers Peuplements de l'Europe, ed. Vandermeersch, B.. Paris: CNRS, pp. 237–42.Google Scholar

References

Alperson-Afil, N. 2008. Continual fire-making by hominins at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 1733–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alperson-Afil, N. & Goren-Inbar, N. 2010. The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov: Ancient Flames and Controlled Use of Fire. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Alperson-Afil, N. & Goren-Inbar, N. in press. Scarce but significant: The Limestone component of the Acheulian lithic assemblages of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. In The Nature of Culture, ed. Haidle, M.N., Conard, N & Bolus, M.. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Alperson-Afil, N., Sharon, G., Zohar, I. et al. 2009. Spatial organization of hominins activities at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel. Science 326: 1677–80.Google Scholar
Ashkenazi, S. & Mienis, H.K. 2005. The Taxonomy of the Mollusc Assemblage of the Pleistocene Site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (GBY). Irene Sala-Levi CARE Archaeological Foundation, Final report of 2004–2005.Google Scholar
Ashkenazi, S., Klass, K., Mienis, H.K., Spiro, B. & Abel, R. 2010. Fossil embryos and adult Viviparidae from the Early–Middle Pleistocene of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel: Ecology, longevity and fecundity. Lathaia 43: 116–27.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Goren-Inbar, N. 1993. The Lithic Assemblages of ‘Ubeidiya, Qedem 34. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University.Google Scholar
Belitzky, S. 1987. Tectonics of the Korazim Saddle. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Belitzky, S. 2002. The structure and morphotectonics of the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov area, northern Dead Sea Rift, Israel. Quaternary Research 58: 372–80.Google Scholar
Belitzky, S., Goren-Inbar, N. & Werker, E. 1991. A Middle Pleistocene wooden plank with man-made polish. Journal of Human Evolution 20: 349–53.Google Scholar
Biton, R., Geffen, E., Vences, M. et al. 2013. The rediscovered Hula painted frog is a living fossil. Nature Communications, Article 1959.Google Scholar
Feibel, C.S. 2001. Archaeological sediments in lake margin environments. In Sediments in Archaeological Contexts, ed. Stein, J.K. & Farrand, W.R.. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Feibel, C.S. 2004. Quaternary lake margins of the Levant Rift Valley. In Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor, ed. Goren-Inbar, N. & Speth, J.D.. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Feibel, C.S. in prep. The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov Volume V: Sediments and Paleoenvironment. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Geraads, D. & Tchernov, E. 1983. Femurs humains du Pleistocene moyen de Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (Israel). L'Anthropologie 87: 138–41.Google Scholar
Gilead, D. 1970. Early Paleolithic Cultures in Israel and the Near East. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Goldstein, M. 2011. Taphonomic Processes in Lake Margin Environments: Microvertebrate Remains at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (Area A), Israel? A Case Study. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N. 2011. Culture and cognition in the Acheulian industry – a case study from Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366: 1038–49.Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N. & Belitzky, S. 1989. Structural position of the Pleistocene Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site in the Dead Sea Rift zone. Quaternary Research, 31, 371376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N. & Saragusti, I. 1996. An Acheulian biface assemblage from the site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel: Indications of African affinities. Journal of Field Archaeology 23: 1530.Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N. & Sharon, G. 2006. Invisible handaxes and visible Acheulian biface technology at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel. In Axe Age: Acheulian Tool-Making from Quarry to Discard, ed. Goren-Inbar, N. & Sharon, G.. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N., Belitzky, S., Verosub, K. et al. 1992. New discoveries at the Middle Pleistocene Gesher Benot Ya'aqov Acheulian site. Quaternary Research 38: 117–28.Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N., Feibel, C.S., Verosub, K.L. et al. 2000. Pleistocene milestones on the Out-of-Africa corridor at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Science 289: 944–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goren-Inbar, N., Sharon, G., Melamed, Y. & Kislev, M. 2002. Nuts, nut cracking, and pitted stones at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 2455–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goren-Inbar, N., Grosman, L. & Sharon, G. 2011. The record, technology and significance of the Acheulian giant cores of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Sciences 38: 1901–17.Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N., Melamed, Y., Zohar, I., Akhilesh, K. & Pappu, S. 2014. Beneath still waters – multistage aquatic exploitation of Euryale ferox (Salisb.) during the Acheulian. Human Exploitation of Aquatic Landscapes’ special issue, ed. Fernandes, R & Meadows, J, Internet Archaeology. doi:10.11141/ia.37.1Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N., Sharon, G., Alperson-Afil, N. & Herzlinger, G. 2015. A new type of anvil in the Acheulian of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 19: 370.Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N., Gonen, S., Herzlinger, G. & Alperson-Afil, N. in prep. The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov: The Lithic Assemblages. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Hartman, G. 2004. Long-term continuity of a freshwater turtle (Mauremys caspica rivulata) population in the Northern Jordan Valley and its paleoenvironmental implications. In Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor, ed. Goren-Inbar, N. & Speth, J.D.. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Hooijer, D.A. 1959. Fossil mammals from Jisr Banat Yaqub, south of Lake Hule, Israel. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel G8: 177–9.Google Scholar
Hooijer, D.A. 1960. A stegodon from Israel. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel G8: 104–7.Google Scholar
Horowitz, A. 1973. Development of the Hula Basin, Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 22: 107–39.Google Scholar
Horowitz, A. & Horowitz, M. 1985. Subsurface late Cenozoic palynostratigraphy of the Hula Basin, Israel. Pollen et Spores XXVII: 365–90.Google Scholar
Madsen, B. & Goren-Inbar, N. 2004. Acheulian giant core technology and beyond: An archaeological and experimental case study. Eurasian Prehistory 2: 352.Google Scholar
Melamed, Y., Kislev, M.E., Weiss, U. & Simchoni, O. 2011. Extinction of water plants in the Hula Valley: Evidence for climate change. Journal of Human Evolution 60: 320–7.Google Scholar
Melamed, Y., Kislev, M., Geffen, E., Lev-Yadun, S. & Goren-Inbar, N. 2016. The plant component of an Acheulian diet at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 113: 1467414679.Google Scholar
Mienis, H. & Ashkenazi, S. 2006. Remains of egg capsules from Theodoxus on 780,000- and 14,000-year old shells from Gesher Benot Ya'aqov. Haasiana 3: 70–1.Google Scholar
Mienis, H.K. & Ashkenazi, S. 2011. Lentic Basommatophora molluscs and hygrophilous land snails as indicators of habitat and climate in the Early–Middle Pleistocene (0.78 Ma) site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (GBY). Journal of Human Evolution 60: 328–40.Google Scholar
Mischke, S., Ashkenazi, S., Almogi-Labin, A. & Goren-Inbar, N. 2014. Ostracod evidence for the Acheulian environment of the ancient Hula Lake (Levant) during the early–mid Pleistocene transition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 412: 148–59.Google Scholar
Moshkovitz, S. & Magaritz, M. 1987. Stratigraphy and isotope records of middle and late Pleistocene mollusks from a continuous corehole in the Hula Basin, northern Jordan Valley, Israel. Quaternary Research 28: 226–37.Google Scholar
Picard, L. 1952. The Pleistocene peat of Lake Hula. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel G2: 147–56.Google Scholar
Picard, L. 1963. The Quaternary in the northern Jordan Valley. Proceedings, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 1: 134.Google Scholar
Picard, L. 1965. The geological evolution of the Quaternary in the central-northern Jordan Graben. American Geological Society Special Papers 84: 337–66.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, R. & Biton, R. 2011. The early–middle Pleistocene faunal assemblages of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov – taphonomy and paleoenvironment. Journal of Human Evolution 60: 357–74.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, R., Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S., Kindler, L. & Goren-Inbar, N. 2012. The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov: Mammalian Taphonomy – The Assemblages of Layers V-5 and V-6. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, A., Nathan, Y., Feldman, H. et al. 2004. Paleoecology and Paleo-salinity of some Pleistocene Lacustrine strata in northern Israel: Acheulian culture, trace elements and stable isotopes of ostracod valves. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program 36: 69.Google Scholar
Sharon, G. 2010. Large flake Acheulian. Quaternary International 223224: 226–33.Google Scholar
Sharon, G. & Goren-Inbar, N. 1999. Soft percussor use at the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov Acheulian site? Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society – Mitekufat Haeven 28: 5579.Google Scholar
Sharon, G., Feibel, C., Alperson-Afil, N. et al. 2010. New evidence for the northern Dead Sea Rift Acheulian. PaleoAnthropology 2010: 7999.Google Scholar
Sharon, G., Alperson-Afil, N. & Goren-Inbar, N. 2011. Cultural conservatism against variability in the continual Acheulian sequence of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 60: 387–97.Google Scholar
Simmons, T. 2004. ‘A Feather for Each Wind that Blows’: Utilizing avifauna in assessing changing patterns in paleoecology and subsist-ence at Jordan Valley archaeological sites. In Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor, ed. Goren-Inbar, N. & Speth, J.D.. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Spiro, B., Ashkenazi, S., Mienis, H.K. et al. 2009. Climate variability in the upper Jordan Valley around 0.78 Ma, inferences from time-series stable isotopes of Viviparidae, supported by mollusc and plant palaeoecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeo-ecology 282: 3244.Google Scholar
Spiro, B., Ashkenazi, S., Starinsky, A. & Katz, A. 2011. Strontium isotopes in Melanopsis sp. as indicators of variation in hydrology and climate in the upper Jordan Valley during the Early–Middle Pleistocene, and wider implications. Journal of Human Evolution 60: 407–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stekelis, M. 1960. The Paleolithic deposits of Jisr Banat Yaqub. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel G9: 6187.Google Scholar
Stekelis, M., Picard, L. & Bate, D.M.A. 1937. Jisr Banat Ya'qub. Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 6: 214–15.Google Scholar
Stekelis, M., Picard, L. & Bate, D.M.A. 1938. Jisr Banat Ya'qub. Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 7: 45.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. 1986. Les Mammiferes du Pleistocene Inferieur de la Vallee du Jordain a Oubeidiyeh. Paris: Association Paleorient.Google Scholar
van Zeist, W. & Bottema, S. 2009. A palynological study of the Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 18: 105–21.Google Scholar
Zohar, I. & Biton, R. 2011. Land, lake, and fish: investigation of fish remains from Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (paleo-Lake Hula). Journal of Human Evolution 60: 343–56.Google Scholar
Zohar, I., Goren, M. & Goren-Inbar, N. 2014. Fish and ancient lakes in the Dead Sea Rift: the use of fish remains to reconstruct the ichthyofauna of paleo-Lake Hula. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeo-ecology 405: 2841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Beyene, Y., Katoh, S., WoldeGabriel, G. et al. 2013. The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulian at Konso, Ethiopia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 110: 1584–91.Google Scholar
Bordes, F. 1953. Notules de typologie paléolithique: i. Outils moustériens à fracture volontaire. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française L: 224–6.Google Scholar
Burdukiewicz, J.M. & Ronen, A. 2000. Ruhama in the northern Negev Desert. A new microlithic site of the Lower Palaeolithic in Israel. Praehistoria Thuringica 5: 3246.Google Scholar
Crovetto, C., Ferrari, M., Peretto, C., Longo, L. & Vianello, F. 1994. The carinated denticulates from the Paleolithic site of Isernia La Pineta (Molise, Central Italy): Tools or flaking waste? The results of the 1993 lithic experiments. Human Evolution 9: 175207.Google Scholar
Delarue, R. & Vignard, E. 1958. Intention et fractures moustériennes sectionnant des racloirs. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française LI: 2931.Google Scholar
de la Torre, I. & Mora, R. 2005. Technological Strategies in the Lower Pleistocene at Olduvai Beds I & II. ERAUL 112. Liège: University of Liège Press.Google Scholar
de la Torre, I. & Mora, R. 2009. The technology of the ST site complex. In Peninj: A Research Project on Human Origins (1995–2005), ed. Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Alcalá, L. & Luque, L.. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books, pp. 145–89.Google Scholar
Dibble, H.L. & McPherron, S. 2006. The missing Mousterian. Current-Anthropology 47: 777803.Google Scholar
Dibble, H.L. & McPherrron, S. 2007. Truncated-faceted pieces: Hafting modification, retouch, or cores? In Cores or Tools? Alternative Approaches to Stone Tool Analysis, ed. McPherron, S.. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 7590.Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N. 1988. Too small to be true? Reevaluation of cores on flakes in Levantine Mousterian assemblages. Lithic Technology 17: 3744.Google Scholar
Lamdan, M., Ziffer, D., Huster, Y. & Ronen, A. 1977. Prehistoric Archaeological Survey of Nahal Shiqma. Shaar Hanegev: Local Council of Shaar Hanegev (in Hebrew).Google Scholar
Laukhin, S.A., Ronen, A., Pospelova, G.A. et al. 2001. New data on the geology and geochronology of the Lower Palaeolithic site Bizat Ruhama in the southern Levant. Paléorient 27: 6980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malinsky-Buller, A., Grosman, L. & Marder, O. 2011. A case of techno-typological lithic variability & continuity in the late Lower Palaeolithic. Before Farming 2011/1: 132.Google Scholar
Mallol, C., VanNieuwenhuyse, D. & Zaidner, Y. 2011. Depositional and paleoenvironmental setting of the Bizat Ruhama Early Pleistocene archaeological assemblages (northern Negev, Israel): A microstratigraphic perspective. Geoarchaeology 26: 118–41.Google Scholar
Martínez-Navarro, B., Belmaker, M. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2012. The bovid assemblage (Bovidae, Mammalia) from the Early Pleistocene site of ‘Ubeidiya, Israel: Biochronological and paleoecological implications for the fossil and lithic bearing strata. Quaternary International 267: 7897.Google Scholar
Ohel, M.Y. 1976. Upper Acheulian handaxes from Ruhama, Israel. Tel Aviv 3: 4956.Google Scholar
Peretto, C. 1994. Le industrie littiche del giacimento paleolitico di Isernia La Pineta, la typologia, le trace di utilizzazione, la sperimentazione. Isernia: Istituto Regionale per gli Studi Storici del Molise ‘V. Cuoco’, C. Iannone.Google Scholar
Piperno, M., Collina, C., Galloti, R. et al. 2009. Obsidian exploitation and utilization during the Oldowan at Melka Kunture (Ethiopia). In Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan, ed. Hovers, E. & Braun, D.R.. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 111–28.Google Scholar
Ronen, A., Burdukiewicz, J.-M., Laukhin, S.A. et al. 1998. The Lower Palaeolithic site Bizat Ruhama in the northern Negev, Israel. Archäo-logisches Korrespondenzblatt 28: 163–73.Google Scholar
Semaw, S., Rogers, M. & Stout, D. 2009. The Oldowan–Acheulian transition: Is there a ‘Developed Oldowan’ artifact tradition? In Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions, ed. Camps, M. & Chauhan, P.. New York: Springer, pp. 173–93.Google Scholar
Yaalon, D.H. & Dan, J. 1967. Factors controlling soil formation and distribution in the Mediterranean coastal plain of Israel during the Quaternary. Paper presented at the 7th INQUA Congress 1965, pp. 321–38.Google Scholar
Yeshurun, R., Zaidner, Y., Eisenmann, V., Martínez-Navarro, B. & Bar-Oz, G. 2011. Lower Paleolithic hominin ecology at the fringe of the desert: Faunal remains from Bizat Ruhama and Nahal Hesi, Northern Negev, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 60: 492507.Google Scholar
Zaidner, Y. 2003. The use of raw material at the Lower Paleolithic site of Bizat Ruhama, Israel. In Lower Palaeolithic Small Tools in Europe and the Levant, ed. Burdukiewicz, J.M. & Ronen, A., BAR Inter-national Series 1115. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp. 121–32.Google Scholar
Zaidner, Y. 2011. The core-and-flake industry of Bizat Ruhama, Israel: Assessing early Pleistocene cultural affinities. In The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Middle East and Neighboring Regions, ed. LeTensorer, J.-M., Jagher, R. & Otte, M., ERAUL 126. Liège: University of Liège Press, pp. 1324.Google Scholar
Zaidner, Y. 2013. Adaptive flexibility of Oldowan hominins: Secondary use of flakes at Bizat Ruhama, Israel. PLoS ONE 8: e66851.Google Scholar
Zaidner, Y. 2014. Lithic Production Strategies at the Early Pleistocene Site of Bizat Ruhama, Israel. BAR International Series 2685. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Zaidner, Y., Yeshurun, R. & Mallol, C. 2010. Early Pleistocene hominins outside of Africa: Recent excavations at Bizat Ruhama, Israel. Paleo-Anthropology 2010: 162–95.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E. 1984. The Neogene and the Quaternary in the Central Negev. In Outlines of the Geology of the Northwestern Negev, ed. Z.B. Begin, Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/19/84.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E. 1986. Pliocene–Early Pleistocene surfaces in the northwestern Negev – paleogeography and tectonic implications. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/26/86.Google Scholar

References

Agam, A., Marder, O. & Barkai, R. 2015. Small flake production and lithic recycling at late Acheulian Revadim, Israel. Quaternary Inter-national 361: 4660.Google Scholar
Assaf, E., Parush, Y., Gopher, A. & Barkai, R. 2015. Intra-site variability in lithic recycling at Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary International 361: 88102.Google Scholar
Assaf, E., Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. 2016. Knowledge transmission and apprentice flint-knappers in the Acheulo-Yabrudian: A case study from Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary International 398: 7085.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1994. The Lower Paleolithic of the Near East. Journal of World Prehistory 8: 211265.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 2006. The known and unknown about the Acheulian. In Axe Age: Acheulian Tool-Making from Quarry to Discard, ed. Goren-Inbar, N. & Sharon, G.. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. 2011. Innovative human behavior between Acheulian and Mousterian: A view from Qesem Cave, Israel. In The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Middle East and neighbouring regions, ed. Le Tensorer, J.M., Jagher, R. & Otte, M., ERAUL 126. Liège: Université de Liège.Google Scholar
Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. 2013. Cultural and biological transformations in the Middle Pleistocene Levant: A view from Qesem Cave, Israel. In Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans, Vol. 1. The Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans series. Springer, pp. 115–37.Google Scholar
Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. 2016. On anachronism: The curious presence of spheroids and polyhedrons at Acheulo-Yabrudian Qesem Cave. Quaternary International 398: 118128.Google Scholar
Barkai, R., Gopher, A., Lauritzen, S.E. & Frumkin, A. 2003. Uranium series dates from Qesem Cave, Israel, and the end of the Lower Palaeolithic. Nature 423: 977–9.Google Scholar
Barkai, R., Gopher, A. & Shimelmitz, R. 2005. Middle Pleistocene blade production in the Levant: An Amudian assemblage from Qesem Cave, Israel. Eurasian Prehistory 3: 3974.Google Scholar
Barkai, R., Lemorini, C., Shimelmitz, R. et al. 2009. A blade for all seasons? Making and using Amudian blades at Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 24: 5775.Google Scholar
Barkai, R., Lemorini, C. & Gopher, A. 2010. Palaeolithic cutlery 400 000–200 000 years ago: Tiny meat-cutting tools from Qesem Cave, Israel. Antiquity 84: 325.Google Scholar
Barkai, R., Solodenko, N. & Lemorini, C. 2013. An Amudian oddity: A giant biface from Late Lower Paleolithic Qesem Cave in context. Tel-Aviv 40: 176–86.Google Scholar
Ben-Dor, M., Gopher, A., Hershkovitz, I. & Barkai, R. 2011. Man the fat hunter: The demise of Homo erectus and the emergence of a new hominin lineage in the Middle Pleistocene (ca. 400 kyr) Levant. PLoS ONE 6: e28689. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028689.Google Scholar
Bermúdes de Castro, J.L. & Martinón-Torres, M. 2012. A new model for the evolution of the human Pleistocene populations of Europe. Quaternary International 295: 102–12.Google Scholar
Binford, L.R. 1978. Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Binford, L.R. 1983. In Pursuit of the Past. Decoding Archaeological Record. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Blasco, R., Rosell, J., Cuartero, F. et al. 2013. Using bones to shape stones: MIS 9 bone retouchers at both edges of the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE 8: e76780.Google Scholar
Blasco, R., Rosell, J. Gopher, A. & Barkai, R. 2014. Subsistence economy and social life around the hearth: A zooarchaeological perspective from Middle Pleistocene (300 kya) Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 35: 248–68.Google Scholar
Blasco, R., Rosell, J., Gopher, A. & Barkai, R. 2016. What happens around a fire: Faunal processing sequences and spatial distribution at Qesem Cave (300 ka), Israel. Quaternary International 398: 190209.Google Scholar
Boaretto, E., Barkai, R., Gopher, A., Berna, F. & Weiner, S. 2009. Specialized flint procurement strategies for hand axes, scrapers and blades in the Late Lower Paleolithic: A 10Be study at Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 24: 112.Google Scholar
Bourguignon, L. 2001. Apports de l'expérimentation et de l'analyse techno-morpho-fonctionnelle à la reconnaissance des processus d'aménagement de la retouche Quina. In Préhistoire et approche expérimentale, ed. Bourguigno, L., Ortega, I. & Frère-Sautot, M.C., Préhistoires no. 5. Montagnac: Monique Mergoil Editions.Google Scholar
Claud, E., Soressi, M., Jaubert, J. & Hublin, J.-J. 2012. Étude tracéologique de l'outillage moustérien de type Quina du bonebed de Chez-Pinaud à Jonzac (Charente-Maritime). Nouveaux éléments en faveur d'un site de boucherie et de traitement des peaux. Gallia Préhistoire 54: 332.Google Scholar
Copeland, L. 1983. The Amudian beach industry at Abri Zumoffen. In Adlun in the Stone Age, ed. Roe, D.A., BAR International Series 159. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Copeland, L. 2000. Yabrudian and related industries: The state of research in 1996. In Toward Modern Humans: Yabrudian and Micoquian, 400–50 kyears Ago, ed. Ronen, A. & Weinstein-Evron, M., BAR International Series 850. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Dennell, R. 2009. The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Endicott, P., Ho, S. & Stringer, C. 2010. Using genetic evidence to evaluate four palaeoanthropological hypotheses for the timing of Neanderthal and modern human origins. Journal of Human Evolution 59: 8795.Google Scholar
Falguères, C., Richard, M., Tombret, O. et al. 2016. New ESR/U-series dates in Yabrudian and Amudian layers at Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary International 398: 612.Google Scholar
Fornai, C., Benazzi, S., Gopher, A. et al. 2016. Morphological and morphometric analysis of I/12a hominin deciduous lower second molar from Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary International 398: 175189.Google Scholar
Freidline, S.E., Gunz, P., Janković, I., Harvati, K. & Hublin, J.J. 2012. A comprehensive morphometric analysis of the frontal and zygomatic bone of the Zuttiyeh fossil from Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 62: 225–41.Google Scholar
Frumkin, A., Karkanas, P., Bar-Matthews, M. et al. 2009. Gravitational deformations and filling of aging caves: The example of Qesem Cave karst system, Israel. Geomorphology 106: 154–64.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1956. Acheuleo-Jabrudian et Pre-Aurignacian de la Grotte du Taboun (Mont Carmel): etude stratigraphique et chronologique. Quaternaria 3: 3959.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1970. Pre-Aurignacian and Amudian: A comparative study of the earliest blade industries of the Near East. In Frühe Menschheit und Umwelt, ed. Gripp, K., Schütrumpf, R. & Schabedissen, H.. Köln: Böhlau Verlag.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. & Bate, D.M.A. 1937. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. & Kirkbride, D. 1961. Excavation of the Abri Zumffen, a paleolithic rock-shelter near Adlun, South Lebanon, 1958. Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth XVI: 748.Google Scholar
Gissis, I. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1974. New excavations in Zuttiyeh Cave, Wadi Amud, Israel. Paléorient 5: 175–80.Google Scholar
Gopher, A., Barkai, R., Shimelmitz, R. et al. 2005. Qesem Cave: An Amudian site in central Israel. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society – Mitekufat Haeven 35: 6992.Google Scholar
Gopher, A., Ayalon, A., Bar-Matthews, M. et al. 2010. The chronology of the late Lower Paleolithic in the Levant based on U–Th ages of speleothems from Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary Geochronology 5: 644–56.Google Scholar
Gopher, A., Parush, Y., Assaf, E. & Barkai, R. 2016. Spatial aspects as seen from a density analysis of lithics at Middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave: Preliminary results and observations. Quaternary Inter-national 398: 103117.Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N. 1995. The Lower Paleolithic of Israel. In The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, ed. Levy, T.. London: Leicester University Press, pp. 93109.Google Scholar
Hardy, K., Radini, A., Buckley, S. et al. 2016. Dental calculus reveals potential respiratory irritants and ingestion of essential plant-based nutrients at Lower Palaeolithic Qesem Cave Israel. Quaternary Inter-national 398: 129–35.Google Scholar
Hershkovitz, I., Smith, P., Sarig, R. et al. 2011. Middle Pleistocene dental remains from Qesem Cave, Israel. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144: 575–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hershkovitz, I., Weber, G., Fornai, C. et al. 2016. New Middle Pleistocene dental remains from Qesem cave (Israel). Quaternary International 398: 148–58.Google Scholar
Horáček, I., Maul, L., Smith, K.T., Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. 2013. Bat remains (Mammalia, chiroptera) from the middle Pleistocene site of Qesem Cave, Israel, with the first Pleistocene record of fruit bats in the Mediterranean region. Palaeontologia Electronica 16.3.23A.Google Scholar
Jagher, R. & Le Tensorer, J.-M. 2011. El Kowm, a key area for Palaeolithic of the Levant in Central Asia. In The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Middle East and Neighboring Regions, ed. Le Tensorer, J.-M., Jagher, R. & Otte, M., ERAUL 126. Liege: Liege University Press, pp. 197208.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A.J. 1990. The Amudian in the context of the Mugharan tradition at the Tabun Cave (Mount Carmel), Israel. In The Emergence of Modern Humans, ed. Mellars, P.. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, C.R. & McBrearty, S. 2010. 500,000 year old blades from the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 58: 193200.Google Scholar
Karkanas, P., Shahack-Gross, R., Ayalon, A. et al. 2007. Evidence for habitual use of fire at the end of the Lower Paleolithic: Site formation processes at Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 53: 197212.Google Scholar
Keith, A. 1927. A report on the Galilee skull. In Researches in Prehistoric Galilee, 1925–1926, ed. Turville-Pétre, F.. London: Council of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Le Cabec, A., Gunz, P., Kupczik, K., Braga, J. & Hublin, J.J. 2012. Anter-ior tooth root morphology and size in Neanderthals: Taxonomic and functional implications. Journal of Human Evolution 64: 169–93.Google Scholar
Lemorini, C., Gopher, A., Shimelmitz, R., Stiner, M. & Barkai, R. 2006. Use-wear analysis of an Amudian laminar assemblage from Acheuleo-Yabrudian Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 921–34.Google Scholar
Lemorini, C., Venditti, F., Assaf, E. et al. 2015. The function of re-cycled lithic items at late Lower Paleolithic Qesem Cave, Israel: An overview of the use-wear data. Quaternary International 361:103–12.Google Scholar
Lemorini, C., Bourguignon, L., Zupancich, A., Gopher, A. & Barkai, R. 2016. A scraper's life history: Morpho-techno-functional and use-wear analysis of Quina and demi-Quina scrapers form Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary International 398: 8693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Tensorer, J.-M., Hauck, Th., Woitczak, D. et al. 2007a. Hummal et Nadaouiyeh (El Kowm, Syrie centrale), Resultats de la campagne 2007. http://elkowm.unibas.ch/Bilder/Publikationen/2007/RAP%20Fouille%2007.pdf.Google Scholar
Le Tensorer, J.-M., Jagher, R., Rentzel, P. et al. 2007b. Long-term site formation processes at the natural springs Nadaouiyeh and Hummal in the El Kowm oasis, Central Syria. Geoarchaeology 22: 621–39.Google Scholar
Le Tensorer, J.-M., Von Falkenstein, V., Le Tensorer, H. & Muhesen, S. 2011. Hummal: A very long paleolithic sequence in the steppe of Central Syria – considerations on Lower Paleolithic and the beginning of Middle Paleolithic. In The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Middle East and Neighboring Regions, ed. Le Tensorer, J.-M., Jagher, R. & Otte, M., ERAUL 126. Liege: Liege University Press, pp. 235–48.Google Scholar
Liu, W., Schepartz, L.A., Xing, S. et al. 2013. Late Middle Pleistocene hominin teeth from Panxian Dadong, South China. Journal of Human Evolution 64: 337–55.Google Scholar
Maul, L., Smith, K., Barkai, R. et al. 2011. Of men and mice at Middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave, Israel: Small vertebrates, environment and biostratigraphy. Journal of Human Evolution 60: 464–80.Google Scholar
Maul, L.C., Bruch, A.A., Smith, K.T. et al. 2016. Palaeoecological and biostratigraphical implications of the microvertebrates of Qesem Cave in Israel. Quaternary International. 398: 219–32.Google Scholar
Mendez, F.L., Krahn, T., Schrack, B. et al. 2013. An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human y chromosome phylogenetic tree. American Journal of Human Genetics 92: 16.Google Scholar
Mercier, N., Valladas, H., Falguères, C. et al. 2013. New datings of Amudian layers at Qesem cave (Israel): Results of TL applied to burnt flints and ESR/U-series to teeth. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 3011–20.Google Scholar
Nishiaki, Y., Kanjo, Y., Muhesen, S. & Akazawa, T. 2011. Recent progress in lower and middle Palaeolithic research at Dederiyeh Cave, northwest Syria. In The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Middle East and Neighboring Regions, ed. Le Tensorer, J.-M., Jagher, R. & Otte, M., ERAUL 126. Liege: Liege University Press, pp. 6776.Google Scholar
Nowell, A. 2010. Defining behavioral modernity in the context of Neandertal and anatomically modern human populations. Annual Review of Anthropology 39: 437–52.Google Scholar
Parush, Y., Assaf, E., Gopher, A. & Barkai, R. 2015. Looking for sharp edges: Modes of flint recycling at Middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary International 361: 6187.Google Scholar
Parush, Y., Gopher, A. & Barkai, R. 2016. Amudian versus Yabrudian under the rock shelf: A study of two lithic assemblages from Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary International. 398: 1336.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, R., Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S. & Goren-Inbar, N. 2008. Systematic butchering of fallow deer (Dama) at the early middle Pleistocene Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov (Israel). Journal Human Evolution 54: 134–49.Google Scholar
Rink, W.J., Mercier, N., Mihalović, D. et al. 2013. New radiometric ages from the BH-1 hominin from Balanica (Serbia): Implications for understanding the role of the Balkans in Middle Pleistocene human evolution. PLoS One 8: e54608. doi:10.1371.Google Scholar
Roebroek, W. & Villa, P. 2011. On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe. Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA 108: 5209e5214.Google Scholar
Rosell, J. Blasco, R. Gopher, A. & Barkai, R. 2015. Recycling bones in the Middle Pleistocene: Some reflections from Gran Dolina TD10–1 (Spain), Bolomor Cave (Spain) and Qesem Cave (Israel). Quaternary International 361: 297312.Google Scholar
Rust, A. 1950. Die Hohlenfunde von Jabrud (Syrien). Neumunster: Karl Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Marco, A., Blasco, R., Rosell, J., Gopher, A. & Barkai, R. 2016. Birds as indicators of high biodiversity zones around the Middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary International 421: 2331.Google Scholar
Sandgathe, D.M., Dibble, H.L., Goldberg, P. et al. 2011. Timing of the appearance of habitual fire use. Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA 108: E298.Google Scholar
Sarig, R., Gopher, A., Barkai, R. et al. 2016. How did the Qesem Cave people use their teeth? Analysis of dental wear patterns. Quaternary International 398: 136–47.Google Scholar
Shahack-Gross, R., Berna, F., Karkanas, T. et al. 2014. Evidence for the repeated use of a central hearth at Middle Pleistocene (300 ka ago) Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 44: 1221.Google Scholar
Shimelmitz, R. 2015. The recycling of flint throughout the Lower and Middle Paleolithic sequence of Tabun Cave, Israel. Quaternary Inter-national 361: 3446.Google Scholar
Shimelmitz, R., Gopher, A., Barkai, R. 2011. Systematic blade production at Late Lower Paleolithic (400–200 kar) Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 61: 458–79.Google Scholar
Shimelmitz, R., Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. 2016. Regional variability in late Lower Paleolithic Amudian blade technology: Analyzing new data from Qesem, Tabun and Yabrud I. Quaternary International 398: 3760.Google Scholar
Smith, K.T., Maul, L.C., Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. 2013. To catch a chameleon, or actualism vs. natural history in the taphonomy of the microvertebrate fraction at Qesem cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 3326–39.Google Scholar
Smith, K., Maul, L., Flemming, F., Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. 2016. The microvertebrates of Qesem Cave: A comparison of the two main concentrations. Quaternary International 398: 233–45.Google Scholar
Speth, J.D. 2012. Middle Palaeolithic subsistence in the Near East: Zoo-archaeological perspectives past, present and future. Before Farming 2: 1e45.Google Scholar
Starkovich, B.M. & Conard, J.N. 2014. Lower Paleolithic hunting and butchery strategies: Faunal evidence from the ‘Ober Berme’ (13II) at Schoningen, Germany. Poster presented at the Hugo Obermaier 56th conference, Braunschweig and Schoninngen, April 22–26th. Abstracts book, pp. 46.Google Scholar
Stiner, M., Gopher, A. & Barkai, R. 2009. Cooperative hunting and meat sharing 400–200 kya at Qesem Cave, Israel. Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA 106: 13207–12.Google Scholar
Stiner, M., Gopher, A. & Barkai, R. 2011. Hearth-side socioeconomics, hunting and paleoecology during the late Lower Paleolithic at Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 60: 213–33.Google Scholar
Turville-Petre, F. 1927. Researches in prehistoric Galilee (1925–1926). Bulletin of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem XIV.Google Scholar
Verri, G., Barkai, R., Bordeanu, C. et al. 2004. Flint mining in prehistory record by in situ produced cosmogenic 10Be. Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA 101: 7880–4.Google Scholar
Verri, G., Barkai, R., Gopher, A. et al. 2005. Flint procurement strategies in the Late Lower Palaeolithic record by in situ produced cosmogenic 10Be in Tabun and Qesem Caves (Israel). Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 207–13.Google Scholar
Weber, G.W., Fornai, C., Gopher, A. et al. 2014. The Qesem Cave mandibular premolars and molar from a morphometric perspective. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 153: 268–9.Google Scholar
Weber, G., Fornai, C., Gopher, A. et al. 2016. The Qesem Cave hominin material (part 1): A morphometric analysis of the mandibular premolars and molar. Quaternary International 398: 159–74.Google Scholar
Weisner, W.P. 2014. Embers of society: Firelight talk among the Ju/‘hoansi Bushmen. Proceedings of the American Academy of Sciences 111: 14027–35.Google Scholar
Wilkins, J. & Chazan, M. 2012. Blade production ∼500 thousand years ago at Kathu Pan 1, South Africa: Support for a multiple origins hypoth-esis for early Middle Pleistocene blade technology. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 1883–990.Google Scholar
Wilson, L., Agam, A., Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. 2016. Raw material choices in the Amudian versus the Yabrudian at Qesem Cave: A preliminary evaluation. Quaternary International 398: 61–9.Google Scholar
Zeitoun, V. 2001. The taxonomical position of the skull of Zuttiyeh. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, série IIa: Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes 332: 521–5.Google Scholar
Zupancich, A., Lemorini, C., Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. 2016. On scraper handling: Preliminary results from use-wear and experimental approaches on the Lower Palaeolithic site of Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary International 398: 94102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Bar-Yosef, O. 2011. A geographic overview of Neanderthal–Modern Human encounters. In: Casting the Net Wide. Papers in Honor of Glynn Isaac and his Approach to Human Origins Research, ed. Sept, J. & Pilbeam, D.. American School of Prehistoric Research Monograph. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 193212.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Callander, J. 1999. The woman from Tabun: Garrod's doubts in historical perspective. Journal of Human Evolution 37: 879–85.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2005. The exploitation of shells as beads in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic of the Levant. Paléorient 31: 176–85.Google Scholar
Barkai, R., Gopher, A., Lauritzen, S.E. & Frumkin, A. 2003. Uranium series dates from Qesem Cave, Israel, and the end of the Lower Palaeo-lithic. Nature 423: 977–79.Google Scholar
Barkai, R., Lemorini, C., Shimelmitz, R. et al. 2009. A blade for all seasons? Making and using Amudian blades at Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 24: 5775.Google Scholar
Beyin, A. 2006. The Bab el Mandab vs the Nile-Levant: An appraisal of the two dispersal routes for Early Modern Humans out of Africa. African Archaeology Review 23: 530.Google Scholar
Coppa, A., Grün, R., Stringer, C., Eggins, S. & Vargiu, R. 2005. Newly recognized Pleistocene human teeth from Tabun Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 49: 301–15.Google Scholar
Enzel, Y., Amit, R., Dayan, U. et al. 2008. The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts. Global and Planetary Change 60: 165–92.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1956. ‘Acheulo-Yabrudian’ et ‘Pre-Aurignacien’ de la grotte Du Tabun (Mont Carmel); etude stratigraphique et chronologique. Quaternaria 3: 3959.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1970. Pre-Aurignacian and Amudian: A comparative study of the earliest blade industries of the Near East. Fundamenta A2: 224–9.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. & Bate, D.M.A. 1937. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel Vol. I, Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Gilead, D. 1977. Some metrical studies of Acheulian assemblages in Israel. Eretz-Israel 13: 3848.Google Scholar
Gilead, D. & Ronen, A. 1977. Acheulian industries from Evron on the Western Galilee coastal plain. Eretz-Israel 13: 5686.Google Scholar
Gisis, I. 2006. The Lower Palaeolithic in Tabun Cave, Israel. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Haifa.Google Scholar
Gisis, I. & Ronen, A. 2006. Bifaces from the Acheulian and Yabrudian layers of Tabun Cave, Israel. In Axe Age, Acheulian Tool-Making from Quarry to Discard, ed. Goren-Inbar, N. & Sharon, G.. London: Equinox, pp. 137–54.Google Scholar
Goldberg, P. 1973. Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Paleoclimatology of Et-Tabun Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Gopher, A., Barkai, R., Shimelmitz, R. et al. 2005. Qesem Cave, an Amudian site in central Israel. Journal of Israel Prehistoric Society – Mitekufat Haeven 35: 6992.Google Scholar
Gopher, A., Ayalon, A., Bar-Matthews, M. et al. 2010. The chronology of the Late Lower Paleolithic in the Levant. Quaternary Geochronology 5: 644–56.Google Scholar
Grün, R. & Stringer, C. 2000. Tabun revisited: Revised ESR chronology and new ESR and U-series analyses of dental material from Tabun C1. Journal of Human Evolution 9: 601–12.Google Scholar
Grün, R., Stringer, C., McDermott, F. et al. 2005. U-series and ESR analyses of bones and teeth relating to the human burials from Skhul. Journal of Human Evolution 49: 316–34.Google Scholar
Hauck, T.C. 2011. The Mousterian sequence of Hummal and its tentative placement in the Levant Middle Paleolithic. In The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Middle East and Neighbouring Regions. Basel Symposium (May, 8–10, 2008), ed. Le Tensorer, J.-M., Jagher, R. & Otte, M., ERAUL 126. Liège: University of Liége Press, pp. 309–23.Google Scholar
Hovers, E. 2009. The Lithic Assemblages of Qafzeh Cave. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hovers, E., Rak, Y. & Kimbel, W.H. 1991. Amud Cave – the 1991 season. Journal of Israel Prehistoric Society – Mitekufat Haeven 24: 152–7.Google Scholar
Hovers, E., Ilani, S., Bar-Yosef, O. & Vandermeersch, B. 2003. An early case of color symbolism. Ochre use by modern humans in Qafzeh Cave. Current Anthropology 44: 491522.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A.J. 1982a. The Tabun Cave and Paleolithic Man in the Levant. Science 216: 1369–75.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A.J. 1982b. The Middle Paleolithic in the southern Levant with comments on the appearance of modern Homo Sapiens. In The Transition from Lower to Middle Paleolithic and the Origin of Modern Man, ed. Ronen, A.. BAR International Series 151. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp. 57101.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A.J., Farrand, W.R., Hass, G., Horowitz, A. & Goldberg, P. 1973. New excavation at the Tabun Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel, 1967–1972: A preliminary report. Paleorient 1: 151–83.Google Scholar
Jones, S. 1997. The Archaeology of Ethnicity. Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lamdan, M. & Ronen, A. 1989. Middle and Upper Palaeolithic blades in the Levant. In People and Culture in Change, ed. Hershkovitz, I., BAR S508. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp. 2936.Google Scholar
Laukhin, S.A., Ronen, A., Ranov, V.A. et al. 2000. New data on the Paleolithic geochronology in southern Levant. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 8: 498510.Google Scholar
Le Tensorer, J.M., Muhesen, S. & Schmidt, P. 2008. Le Paleolithique de Hummal a el Kowm: Premier bilan des fouilles Syro-Swisses 1999–2008. Chronique Archeologique en Syrie, Excavation Reports of 2007. Damascus: Direction Générale des Antiqiotés et Musées de Syrie, pp. 923.Google Scholar
McCown, T.D. 1937. Mugharet es Skhul. Description and Excavations. In The Stone Age of Mount Carmel I: Excavations at the Wadi el-Mughara, ed. Garrod, D.A.E. and Bate, D.M.A.. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 91107.Google Scholar
McCown, T.D. & Keith, A. 1939. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel II: The Fossil Human Remains from the Levalloiso-Mousterian. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
McPherron, S.P. 2003. Technological and typological variability in the bifaces from Tabun Cave, Israel. In Multiple Approaches to the Study of Bifacial Technologies, ed. Soressi, M. & Dibble, H.L.. Philadelphia: Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 5576.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. 1995. Levallois lithic production systems in the Middle Palaeo-lithic of the Near East: The case of the unidirectional method. In The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology, ed. Dibble, H.L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. Madison: Prehistory Press, pp. 361–79.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. 2011. The contribution of Hayonim Cave assemblages to the understanding of the so-called Early Levantine Mousterian. In The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Middle East and Neighbouring Regions. Basel Symposium (May, 8–10, 2008), ed. Le Tensorer, J.-M., Jagher, R. & Otte, M., ERAUL 126. Liège: University of Liége Press, pp. 85100.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1992. Middle Palaeolithic variability in Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel, Israel). In The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, ed. Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. & Kimura, T.. Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha, pp. 129–48.Google Scholar
Mercier, N. & Valladas, H. 2003. Reassessment of TL age estimates of burnt flints from the Palaeolithic site of Tabun Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 45: 401–9.Google Scholar
Mercier, N., Valladas, H., Froget, L., Joron, J.L. & Ronen, A. 2000. Datation par thermoluminescence de la base du gisement paléolithique de Tabun (Mont Carmel, Israël). Comptes Rendus Académie des Sciences 330: 731–8.Google Scholar
Mercier, N., Valladas, H., Froget, L. et al. 2007. Hayonim Cave: A TL-based chronology of a Levantine Mousterian sequence. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 1064–7.Google Scholar
Mercier, N., Valladas, H., Falguères, C. et al. 2013. New datings of Amudian layers at Qesem Cave (Israel): results of TL applied to burnt flints and ESR/U-series of teeth. Journal of Archaeological Science 4:, 3011–20.Google Scholar
Muhesen, S. 1985. L' Acheuléen récent évolué de Syrie, BAR International Series 248. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Ohel, M. 1986. The Acheulean of the Yiron Plateau, Israel. BAR S307, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Olami, Y. 1984. Prehistoric Carmel. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Rak, Y. 1998. Does any Mousterian cave present evidence of two hominid species? In Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, ed. Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. & Bar-Yosef, O.. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 353–66.Google Scholar
Rak, Y., Kimbel, W.H. & Hovers, E. 1994. A Neandertal infant from Amud Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 26: 313–24.Google Scholar
Rink, W.J., Richter, D., Schwarcz, H.P. et al. 2003. Age of the Middle Palaeolithic site of Rosh Ein Mor, central Negev, Israel: Implications for the age range of the Early Levantine Mousterian of the Levantine corridor. Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 195204.Google Scholar
Rink, W.J., Schwarcz, H.P., Ronen, A. & Tsatskin, A. 2004. Confirmation of a near 400 ka age for the Yabrudian industry at Tabun Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 1520.Google Scholar
Roe, D. (ed.) 1983. Adlun in the Stone Age: The excavations of D.A.E. Garrod in Lebanon, 1958–1963, BAR International Series 159. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Ronen, A. 1992. The emergence of blade technology: Cultural affinities. In The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, ed. Akazawa, T., Aoki, A. & Kimura, T.. Tokyo: HokusenSha, pp. 217–28.Google Scholar
Ronen, A. 1995. The Levallois method as cultural constraint. In The Defin-ition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology, ed. Dibble, H.L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. Madison: Prehistory Press, pp. 293304.Google Scholar
Ronen, A. 2012. The oldest burials and their significance. In African Genesis: Perspectives on hominid evolution, ed. Reynolds, S.C. & Gallagher, A.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 554–70.Google Scholar
Ronen, A. & Tsatskin, A. 1995. New interpretations of the oldest part of the Tabun Cave sequence. Mount Carmel, Israel. In Man and Environment in the Palaeolithic, ed. Ullrich, H., ERAUL 62. Liège: University of Liége Press, pp. 265–81.Google Scholar
Ronen, A., Shifroni, A., Laukhin, S. & Tsatskin, A. 2000. Observations on the Acheulean of Tabun Cave, Israel. In A la Recherche de lʼHomme Préhistorique, ed. Mester, Z. & Ringer, A., ERAUL 95. Liége: University of Liége Press, pp. 20924.Google Scholar
Ronen, A., Gisis, I. & Safadi, A. 2003. Tabun-Mapolet, An Acheulo-Yabrudian Lithic Assemblage from Garrod's Layer Ed/Ec. Veröffentlichungen des Landesamtes für Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt-Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte 57: 477–94.Google Scholar
Ronen, A., Zviely, D. & Galili, E. 2007. Did the Last Interglacial sea penetrate Mount Carmel Caves? Comments on ‘The setting of the Mt. Carmel caves reassessed’ by C. Vita-Finzi and C. Stringer. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 2684–91.Google Scholar
Rust, A. 1950. Die Höhlenfunde von Jabrud (Syrien). Neumünster: Karl Wachholz.Google Scholar
Shimelmitz, R., Kuhn, S.L., Ronen, A. & Weinstein-Evron, M. 2014a. Predetermined flake production at the Lower/Middle Paleolithic boundary: Yabrudian scraper-blank technology. PLoS ONE 9: e106293.Google Scholar
Shimelmitz, R., Kuhn, S.L. Jelinek, A.J. et al. 2014b. ‘Fire at will’: The emergence of habitual fire use 350,000 years ago. Journal of Human Evolution 77: 196203.Google Scholar
Shimelmitz, R., Weinstein-Evron, M., Ronen, A., Jelinek, A.J. & Kuhn, S.L. 2014c. The Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition and the diversification of Levallois technology in the southern Levant: Evidence from Tabun Cave, Israel. Oral presentation at XVII World UISPP Congress 2014 Burgos, 1–7 September.Google Scholar
Valladas, H., Mercier, N., Hershkovitz, I. et al. 2013. Dating the Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition in the Levant: A view from Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 65: 585–93.Google Scholar
Vandermeersch, B. 1970. Une sepulture mousterienne avec offtrandes decouverte dans la grotte de Qafzeh. Comptes Rendus Académie des Sciences 268: 298301.Google Scholar
Vandermeersch, B. 1981. Les hommes fossils de Qafzeh (Israel). Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Vandermeersch, B. 2006. Ce que nous apprennent les premières sépultures. Comptes Rendus Palevol 5: 161–7.Google Scholar
Vanhaeren, M., D'Errico, F., Stringer, C. et al. 2006. Middle Paleolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312: 1785–8.Google Scholar
Yizraeli, T. 1967. A Lower Palaeolithic site at Holon – preliminary report. Israel Exploration Journal 17: 144–52.Google Scholar
Zaidner, Y., Druck, D. & Weinstein-Evron, M. 2006. Acheulo-Yabrudian handaxes from Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. In Axe Age, Acheulian Tool-Making from Quarry to Discard, ed. Maos, O., Inbar, M. & Shmueli, D.F.. Haifa: University of Haifa, pp. 247–54.Google Scholar
Zviely, D. & Ronen, A. 2004. Garrod's spring in Tabun Cave, Mt. Carmel (Israel): 70 years later. In Contemporary Israeli Geography, ed. Maos, J.O., Inbar, M & Shmueli, D, Special Issue of Horizons in Geography 6061: 167–76.Google Scholar

References

Bar-Yosef, O. 1998. The chronology of the Middle Palaeolithic of the Levant. In Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, ed. Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. & Bar-Yosef, O.. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 3956.Google Scholar
Brotzen, F. & Baumgartel, E. 1927. Neue Steinzeitliche funde vom Karmelgebirge in Palästina. 19251926. Berliner Museum 48: 119–22.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. & Bate, D.M.A. 1937. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel Vol. I. Excavations at the Wadi Mughara. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A.J., Farrand, W.R., Hass, G., Horowitz, A. & Goldberg, P. 1973. New excavations at the Tabun Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel: A preliminary report. Paléorient 1: 151–83.Google Scholar
Kapul, R. 2015. GIS-Based Analysis of Vertical and Spatial Lithic Distribution Patterns in the Early Middle Paleolithic Site of Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Haifa. [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Mercier, N. & Valladas, H. 2003. Reassessment of TL age estimates of burnt flints from the Palaeolithic site of Tabun Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 45: 401–9.Google Scholar
Mercier, N., Valladas, H., Frojet, L. et al. 2007. Hayonim Cave: A TL-based chronology for this Levantine Mousterian sequence. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 1064–77.Google Scholar
Olami, Y. 1984. Prehistoric Carmel. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society/Haifa: M. Stekelis Museum of Prehistory.Google Scholar
Valladas, H., Mercier, N., Hershkovitz, I. et al. 2013. Dating the Lower–Middle Paleolithic transition in the Levant: A view from Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 65: 585–93.Google Scholar
Weinstein-Evron, M. & Tsatskin, A. 1994. The Jamal Cave is not empty: Recent excavations in the Mount Carmel Caves, Israel. Paléorient 20: 119–28.Google Scholar
Weinstein-Evron, M., Beck, A. & Ezersky, M. 2003a. Geophysical investigations in the service of Mount Carmel (Israel) prehistoric research. Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 1331–41.Google Scholar
Weinstein-Evron, M., Bar-Oz, G., Zaidner, Y. et al. 2003b. Introducing Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel: A new continuous Lower/Middle Paleolithic sequence in the Levant. Eurasian Prehistory 1: 3155.Google Scholar
Weinstein-Evron, M., Tsatskin, A., Bar-Oz, G. et al. 2012. A window onto Early Middle Paleolithic human occupational layers: the case of Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. PaleoAnthropology 2012: 202–28.Google Scholar
Weinstein-Evron, M. & Zaidner, Y. in press. The Acheulo-Yabrudian–Early Middle Paleolithic sequence of Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. In Human Paleontology and Prehistory: Contributions in Honor of Yoel Rak, ed. E. Hovers & A. Marom, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series. Springer.Google Scholar
Yaroshevich, A., Zaidner, Y. & Weinstein-Evron, M. 2016. Projectile damage and point morphometry at the Early Middle Paleolithic Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel (Israel): Preliminary results and interpretations. In Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry, ed. Iovita, R. & Sano, K.. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Book Series. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 11934.Google Scholar
Yeshurun, R., Bar-Oz, G. & Weinstein-Evron, M. 2007. Modern hunting behavior in the Early Middle Paleolithic: Faunal remains from Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 53: 656–77.Google Scholar
Zaidner, Y. & Weinstein-Evron, M. 2014. Making a point: The early Mousterian toolkit at Misliya Cave, Israel. Before Farming 2012/4: article 1. doi:10.3828/bfarm.2012.4.1.Google Scholar
Zaidner, Y., Druck, D. Nadler, M. & Weinstein-Evron, M. 2005. The Acheulo-Yabrudian of Jamal Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 35: 93116.Google Scholar
Zaidner, Y., Druck, D. & Weinstein-Evron, M. 2006. Acheulo-Yabrudian handaxes from Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. In Axe Age: Acheulian Toolmaking – From Quarry to Discard, ed. Goren-Inbar, N. & Sharon, G.. Oxford: Equinox, pp. 243–66.Google Scholar

References

Akazawa, T. 1979. Middle Paleolithic assemblages from Douara caves. In Paleolithic Site of Douara Cave and Paleogeography of Palmyra Basin in Syria, ed. Hanihara, K. & Akazawa, T., Bulletin of the University Museum 16. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 130.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1970. The Epi-Palaeolithic Cultures of Palestine. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1991. The archaeology of the Natufian Layer at Hayonim Cave. In The Natufian Culture in the Levant, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 8192.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1998. The chronology of the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. In Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, ed. Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. & Bar-Yosef, O.. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 3956.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 2002. Natufian: A complex society of foragers. In Beyond Foraging and Collecting, ed. Fitzhugh, B. & Habu, J.. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 91149.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 1998. Natufian imagery in perspective. Rivista di Scienze Prehistoriche 49: 247–63.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 1999. Encoding information: Unique Natufian objects from Hayonim Cave, Western Galilee, Israel. An-tiquity 73: 402–10.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2012. The Natufian in Hayonim Cave and the Natufian of the Terrace. In Les Fouilles de la Terrasse d'Hayonim (Israel) 1980–1981 et 1985–1989, ed. Valla, F.R., Memoires et Travaux du Centre de Recherche Francais a Jerusalem 10. Paris: De Boccard, pp. 471519.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. 1988. The Natufian graveyard in Hayonim Cave. Paléorient 14: 297308.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. 1991. The Natufian in the Levant. Annual Review of Anthropology 20: 167–86.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. 1995. Rethinking social stratification in the Natufian Culture: The evidence from burials. In The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East, ed. Campbell, S. & Green, A., Oxbow Monograph 51. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 916.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1981. The Aurignacian in Hayonim Cave. Paleorient 7: 1942.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. & Bar-Yosef, O., 2000. Early sedentism in the Near East: A bumpy ride to village life. In Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity and Differentiation, ed. Kujt, I.. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 1937.Google Scholar
Campana, D.V. 1989. Natufian and Protoneolithic Bone Tools. BAR International Series 49. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N. (ed.) 1990. Quneitra – An Open-Air Mousterian Site on the Golan Heights, Qedem 31. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, A.N. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2008. A roof over one's head. Developments in Near Eastern residential architecture across the Epi-Palaeolithic–Neolithic transition. In The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences, ed. Bocquet-Appel, J.P. & Bar-Yosef, O.. Springer, pp. 239–86.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, N. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2011. Neolithization processes in the Levant: The outer envelope. Current Anthropology 52: S195S208.Google Scholar
Hopf, M. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1987. Plant remains from Hayonim Cave, Western Galilee. Paléorient 13(1): 117–20.Google Scholar
Hershkovitz, I., Marder, O., Ayalon, A. et al. 2015. Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans. Nature 520: 216–19.Google Scholar
Hovers, E. 2009. The Lithic Assemblages of Qafzeh Cave. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A.J. 1981. The Middle Paleolithic in the southern Levant from the perspective of the Tabun Cave. In Préhistoire du Levant, chronologie et organisation de l'espace depuis les origines jusqu'au VIème millénaire, ed. Cauvin, J. & Sanlaville, P.. Paris, Editions du CNRS: pp. 265–80.Google Scholar
Karkanas, P., Bar-Yosef, O., Goldberg, P. & Weiner, S. 2000. Diagenesis in prehistoric caves: The use of minerals that form in situ to assess the completeness of the archaeological record. Journal of Archaeologic-al Science 27: 915–29.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S.L. & Stiner, M.C. 2001. The antiquity of hunter-gatherers. In Hunter-gatherers: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Panter-Brick, C., Layton, R.H. & Rowley-Conwy, P.A.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 99142.Google Scholar
Kurzawska, A. Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. & Mienis, H. 2013. Scaphopod shells in the Natufian culture. In Natufian Foragers in the Levant, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 611–21.Google Scholar
Lowenstam, H.A. & Weiner, S. 1989 On Biomineralization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marshack, A. 1997. Paleolithic image making and symboling in Europe and the Middle East: A comparative review. In Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol, ed. Conkey, M., Soffer, O., Stratmann, D. & Jablonski, N.G., San Francisco: Memoirs of California Academy of Sciences, pp. 5391.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. & Volkman, P. 1986. The Mousterian of Ksar Akil: Levels XXVIA through XXVIIIB. Paléorient 12: 520.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. 1998. Hayonim cave lithic assemblages in the context of the Near-Eastern Middle Palaeolithic: A preliminary report. In Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, ed. Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. & Bar-Yosef, O.. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 165–80.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. 2000. Early Middle Palaeolithic blade technology in Southwestern Asia. Acta Anthropologica Sinica Supplement 19: 158–68.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. 2007. Le phénomène laminaire au Proche-Orient, du Paléolithique inférieur aux débuts du Paléolithique supérieur. Congrès du Centenaire: Un siècle de construction du discours scientifique en Préhistoire XXVI Congrès Préhistorique de France, Avignon 2004. Paris: SPF 1, pp. 7994.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. 2011. The contribution of Hayonim Cave assemblages to the understanding of the so-called Early Levantine Mousterian. In The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Middle East and Neighbouring régions, ed. Le Tensorer, J.M., Jagher, R. & Otte, M., ERAUL 126. Liége: University of Liége, pp. 85100.Google Scholar
Meignen, L., Bar-Yosef, O., Speth, J.D. & Stiner, M.C. 2006. Middle Paleo-lithic settlement patterns in the Levant. In Transitions before the Transition: Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age, ed. Hovers, E. & Kuhn, S.L.. New York: Springer, pp. 149–69.Google Scholar
Mendelssohn, H., Yom-Tov, Y. & Groves, C. 1995. The mountain gazelle, Gazella gazella. Mammalian Species 490: 17.Google Scholar
Mercier, N., Valladas, H., Valladas, G. et al. 1995a. TL dates of burnt flints from Jelinek's excavations at Tabun and their implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 22: 495509.Google Scholar
Mercier, N., Valladas, H., Joron, J.L. et al. 1995b. Thermoluminescence dating and the problem of geochemical evolution of sediment – a case study. The Mousterian levels at Hayonim. Israel Journal of Chemistry 35: 137–41.Google Scholar
Mercier, N., Valladas, H., Froget, L. et al. 2007. Hayonim Cave: A TL-based chronology for this Levantine Mousterian sequence. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 1064–77.Google Scholar
Munro, N.D. 1999. Small game as indicators of sedentization during the Natufian Period at Hayonim Cave in Israel. In Zooarchaeology of the Pliestocene/Holocene Boundary, ed. Driver, J.C., BAR International Series 800. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp. 3745.Google Scholar
Munro, N.D. 2004. Zooarchaeological measures of hunting pressure and occupation intensity in the Natufian. Current Anthropology 45: S5S34.Google Scholar
Munro, N.D. 2009. Epipaleolithic subsistence intensification in the southern Levant: The faunal evidence. In The Evolution of Hominin Diets, ed. Hublin, J.-J. & Richards, M.. Netherlands: Springer, pp. 141–55.Google Scholar
Neuville, R. 1951. La grotte d'Abou Sif. In Le Paléolithique et le Mésolithique du desert de Judeé. Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Mémoire 24. Paris: Masson et cie., pp. 4760.Google Scholar
Pagli, M. 2014. La séquence de l'abri de Ksar Akil (Liban) et l'occupation du littoral méditerranéen du Proche-orient pendant le Moustérien récent. In Implantations humaines en milieu littoral méditerranéen: facteurs d'installation et processus d'appropriation de l'espace (Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen Âge), ed. Mercuri, L., Gonzalez Villaescusa, R. & Bertoncello, F.. Antibes: Editions APDCA, pp. 177–89.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, R. 2003. The Levantine Upper Palaeolithic Faunal Record. In More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, ed. Belfer-Cohen, A. & Goring-Morris, A.N., Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 3348.Google Scholar
Rebollo, N.R., Weiner, S., Brock, F. et al. 2011. New radiocarbon dating of the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in Kebara Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 2424–33.Google Scholar
Shaham, D. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2013. Incised slabs from Hayonim cave: A methodological case study for reading Natufian art. In Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East, ed. Borrell, F., Ibáñez, J.J. & Molist, M.M.. Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Servei de Publicacions, pp. 407–20.Google Scholar
Stiner, M.C. 2005. The Faunas of Hayonim Cave (Israel): A 200,000-Year Record of Paleolithic Diet, Demography & Society. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 48. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Stiner, M.C., Munro, N.D., Surovell, T.A., Tchernov, E. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1999. Paleolithic population growth pulses evidenced by small animal exploitation. Science 283: 190–4.Google Scholar
Stiner, M.C., Munro, N.D. & Surovell, T.A. 2000. The tortoise and the hare: Small game use, the broad spectrum revolution, and Paleolithic demography. Current Anthropology 41: 3973.Google Scholar
Valla, F. (ed.) 2012. Les Fouilles de la Terrace d'Hayonim (Israël): 1980–1981 et 1985–1989. Paris: De Boccard.Google Scholar
Wreschner, E. 1976. The red hunters: Further thoughts on the evolution of speech. Current Anthropology 17: 717–19.Google Scholar
Wojtczak, D. 2011. Hummal (Central Syria) and its eponymous industry. In The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Middle East and the Neighbouring Regions. ed. Le Tensorer, J.-M., Jagher, R. & Otte, M., ERAUL 126. Liège: University of Liège Press, pp. 289307.Google Scholar
Zaidner, Y. & Weinstein-Evron, M. 2012. Making a point: The Early Middle Palaeolithic tool assemblage of Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. Before Farming 4: 123.Google Scholar

References

Albert, R.M., Weiner, S., Bar-Yosef, O. & Meignen, L. 2000. Phytoliths in the Middle Palaeolithic deposits of Kebara cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: Study of the plant materials used for fuel and other purposes. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 931–47.Google Scholar
Albert, R.M., Bar-Yosef, O. & Weiner, S. 2007. The use of plant material in Kebara cave: Phytoliths and mineralogical analysis. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part I, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Meignen, L., American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 49. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University, pp. 141–58.Google Scholar
Arensburg, B. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 1998. Sapiens and Neandertals: Rethinking the Levantine Middle Paleolithic hominins. In Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, ed. Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. & Bar-Yosef, O.. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 311–22.Google Scholar
Arensburg, B. & Tillier, A.M. in press. What can we learn from the Mousterian Kebara hominids? In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part II, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Arensburg, B., Bar-Yosef, O., Chech, M. et al. 1985. Une sépulture néandertalienne dans la grotte de Kébara (Israël). Compte rendu de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris 300, série II: 22730.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A. in press. The Upper Paleolithic assemblages from Kebara Cave. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part II, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin. Cambridge MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Meignen, L. 1992. Insights into Levantine Middle Paleo-lithic cultural variability. In The Middle Palaeolithic: Adaptation, Behavior and Variability, ed. Dibble, H. & Mellars, P., University Museum Monograph 78. Philadelphia: UPenn Museum of Archaeology, pp. 163–82.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Vandermeersch, B. 1991. Le squelette moustérien de Kebara 2. Paris: Éditions du CNRS.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Vandermeersch, B. 2007. History of the excavations at Kebara cave. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel – The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part I, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 49. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University, pp. 2338.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., Vandermeersch, B., Arensburg, B. et al. 1986. New data on the origin of Modern man in the Levant. Current Anthropology 27: 63–4.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., Laville, H., Meignen, L. et al. 1988. La sépulture néandertalienne de Kebara (unité XII). In L'Homme de Néandertal, vol. 5: La Pensée, ed. Otte, M.. ERAUL 32. Liège: Université de Liège Press, pp. 1724.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., Vandermeersch, B., Arensburg, B. et al. 1992. The excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel. Current Anthropology 33: 497550.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., Arnold, M., Mercier, N. et al. 1996. The dating of the Upper Palaeolithic layers in Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel. Journal of Archaeological Science 23: 297306.Google Scholar
Baruch, U., Werker, E. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1992. Charred wood remains from Kebara Cave, Israel: Preliminary results. Bulletin Société botanique de France 139: 531–8.Google Scholar
Beyries, S. in press. Analysis of a sample of triangular blanks from the Mousterian of Kebara Cave. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part II, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin. Cambridge MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Ekshtain, R. 2014. Reconstructing Middle Paleolithic Mobility in the Le-vant: A Raw Material Perspective. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Ekshtain, R., Malinsky-Buller, A., Ilani, S., Segal, I. & Hovers, E. 2013. Raw material exploitation around the Middle Paleolithic site of ’Ein Qashish. Quaternary International 331: 248–66.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1954. Excavations at the Mugharet Kebara, Mount Carmel, 1931: The Aurignacian industries. The Prehistoric Society 6: 155–92.Google Scholar
Goldberg, P., Laville, H., Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2007. Stratig-raphy and geoarchaeological history of Kebara cave. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part I, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 49. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University, pp. 4984.Google Scholar
Kislev, M. & Lev, E. in press. Vegetal remains from the Middle Paleolithic layers at Kebara Cave. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part II, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S.L. 1995. Mousterian Lithic Technology: An Ecological Perspective. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Laville, H. & Goldberg, P. 1989. The collapse of the Mousterian sediment-ary regime and the beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic at Kebara. In Investigations in South Levantine Prehistory, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Vandermeersch, B.. BAR International Series 497. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp. 7595.Google Scholar
Lev, E., Kislev, M. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2005. Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel. Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 475–84.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. 1995. Levallois lithic production systems in the Middle Palaeo-lithic of the Near East: The case of the unidirectional method. In The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology, ed. Dibble, H. & Bar-Yosef, O.. Monographs in World Archaeology 23. Madison: Prehistory Press, pp. 361–80.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. in press. The Mousterian lithic assemblages from Kebara cave. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part II, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1991. Les outillages lithiques moustériens de Kébara (fouilles 1982–1985): premiers résultats. In Le squelette moustérien de Kébara 2, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Vandermeersch, B.. Paris: Editions du CNRS, pp. 4975.Google Scholar
Meignen, L., Bar-Yosef, O. & Goldberg, P. 1989. Les structures de combustion moustériennes de la grotte de Kébara (Mont Carmel, Israël). In Nature et Fonction des Foyers Préhistoriques Vol. 2, ed. Olive, M. & Taborin, Y.. Nemours: APRAIF, pp. 141–6.Google Scholar
Meignen, L., Bar-Yosef, O., Goldberg, P. & Weiner, S. 2001. Le feu au Paléolithique moyen: Recherches sur les structures de combustion et le statut des foyers. L'exemple du Proche-Orient. Paléorient 26: 922.Google Scholar
Meignen, L., Goldberg, P. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2007. The hearths at Kebara Cave and their role in site formation processes. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel – The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part I, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 49. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University, pp. 85116.Google Scholar
Meignen, L., Goldberg, P., Albert, R.M. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2009. Structures de combustion, choix des combustibles et degré de mobilité des groupes dans le Paléolithique moyen du Proche-Orient: ex-emples des grottes de Kébara et d'Hayonim (Israël). In Gestion des combustibles au Paléolithique et Mésolithique: nouveaux outils, nouvelles interprétations/Fuel management during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic Period: New Tools, New Interpretations, ed Théry-Parisot, I., Costamagno, S. & Henry, A.. BAR International Series 1914. Oxford: Archeopress, pp. 111–18.Google Scholar
Meignen, L., Speth, J.D., Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A. in press. Changes in the use of Kebara Cave during the Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic times. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part II, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Plisson, H. & Beyries, S. 1998. Pointes ou outils triangulaires? Données fonctionnelles dans le Moustérien Levantin. Paléorient 24: 524.Google Scholar
Rebollo, N.R., Weiner, S., Brock, F. et al. 2011. New radiocarbon dating of the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in Kebara Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 2424–33.Google Scholar
Rendu, W. & Speth, J.D. in press. Seasonality of Kebara's Middle Paleolithic Occupations: A cementum increment analysis. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part II, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Schick, T. & Stekelis, M. 1977. Mousterian assemblages in Kebara Cave, Mount Carmel. In Archeological, Historical and Geographical Studies. Moshe Stekelis Memorial Volume. Eretz-Israel 13, ed. Arensburg, B. & Bar-Yosef, O.. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, pp. 97149.Google Scholar
Schwarcz, H.P., Buhay, W.H., Grün, R. et al. 1989. ESR dating of the Neanderthal site, Kebara cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 16: 653–9.Google Scholar
Shea, J. 1991. The Behavioral Significance of Levantine Mousterian Industrial Variability. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Smith, P. & Arensburg, B. 1977. A Mousterian Skeleton from Kebara Cave. In Archeological, Historical and Geographical Studies. Moshe Stekelis Memorial volume. Eretz-Israel 13, ed. Arensburg, B. & Bar-Yosef, O.. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, pp. 164–76.Google Scholar
Speth, J.D. 2006. Housekeeping, Neanderthal-style: hearth placement and midden formation in Kebara Cave (Israel). In Transitions Before the Transition: Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age, ed. Hovers, E. & Kuhn, S.. New York: Springer, pp. 171–88.Google Scholar
Speth, J.D. in press. Kebara as a Late Pleistocene settlement: insights from the ungulate remains. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part II, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Speth, J.D. & Clark, J.L. 2006. Hunting and overhunting in the Levantine Late Middle Palaeolithic. Before Farming 3: 142.Google Scholar
Speth, J. & Tchernov, E. 1998. The role of hunting and scavenging in Neanderthal procurement strategies: New evidence from Kebara Cave (Israel). In Neanderthals and Modern Humans in West Asia, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Akazawa, T.. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 223–40.Google Scholar
Speth, J.D. & Tchernov, E. 2007. The Middle Paleolithic occupations at Kebara cave: a faunal perspective. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology, Part I, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 49. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University, pp. 159254.Google Scholar
Speth, J., Meignen, L., Bar-Yosef, O. & Goldberg, P. 2012. Spatial organ-ization of Middle Paleolithic occupation X in Kebara Cave (Israel): Concentrations of animal bones. Quaternary International 247: 85102.Google Scholar
Tillier, A.-M. 2008. Early deliberate child burials: Bioarchaeological insights from the Near Eastern Mediterranean. In Babies Reborn: Infant/Child Burials in Pre- and Protohistory, ed. Bacvarov, K.. BAR 1832. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 314.Google Scholar
Tillier, A.M., Arensburg, B., Vandermeersch, B. & Chech, M. 2003. New human remains from Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel). The place of the Kebara hominids in the Levantine Mousterian fossil record. Paléorient 29: 3562.Google Scholar
Tillier, A.M., Arensburg, B. & Bruzeck, J. 2008. Identité biologique des artisans moustériens de Kébara (Mont Carmel, Israël). Réflexion sur le concept de Néanderthalien au Levant méditerranéen. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 20: 3358.Google Scholar
Valladas, H., Joron, J.L., Valladas, G. et al. 1987. Thermoluminescence dates for the Neanderthal burial site at Kebara in Israel. Nature 330: 159160.Google Scholar
Weiner, S., Goldberg, P. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1993. Bone preservation in Kebara Cave, Israel, using on-site Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 61327.Google Scholar
Weiner, S., Berna, F., Cohen, I. et al. 2007. Mineral distributions in Kebara Cave. Diagenesis and its effects on the archaeological record. In Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archaeology Part I, ed. Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O.. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 49. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University, pp. 125–40.Google Scholar

References

Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2004. The Qafzeh Upper Paleolithic assemblages: 70 years later. Eurasian Prehistory 2: 145–80.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E., Vandermeersch, B. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2009. Shells and ochre in Middle Paleolithic Qafzeh Cave, Israel: Indications for modern behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 56: 307–14.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1942. Excavations at the cave of Shukbah, Palestine, 1928. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 8: 120.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. & Bate, D.M.A. 1937. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel, Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gisis, I. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1974. New excavations in Zuttiyeh cave, Wadi Amud, Israel. Paléorient 2: 175–80.Google Scholar
Hovers, E. 2009. The Lithic Assemblages of Qafzeh Cave. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hovers, E., Ilani, S., Bar-Yosef, O. & Vandermeersch, B. 2003. An early case of color symbolism: Ochre use by modern humans in Qafzeh Cave. Current Anthropology 44: 491522.Google Scholar
Howell, F.C. 1959. Upper Pleistocene stratigraphy and early man in the Le-vant. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 103:165.Google Scholar
McCown, T. & Keith, A. 1939. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel Vol. 2: The Fossil Human Remains from the Levalloiso-Mousterian. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Neuville, R. 1951. Le Paléolithique et le Mésolithique du desert de Judeé. Paris: Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Mémoire 24.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, R. & Tchernov, E. 1995. Chronological, paleoecological and taphonomical aspects of the Middle Paleolithic site of Qafzeh, Israel. In Archaeozoology of the Near East II, ed. Buitenhuis, H. & Uerpmann, H.P.. Leiden: Backhuys, pp. 544.Google Scholar
Schwarcz, H.P., Grün, R., Vandermeersch, B. et al. 1988. ESR Dates for the hominid burial site of Qafzeh in Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 17: 733–7.Google Scholar
Smith, T.M., Tafforeau, P., Reid, D.J. et al. 2007. Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 104: 6128–33.Google Scholar
Tillier, A.-M. 1999. Les enfants moustériens de Qafzeh. Paris: CNRS Editions.Google Scholar
Trinkaus, E. 1984. Western Asia. In The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence, ed. Smith, F.H. & Spencer, F.. New York: Liss, pp. 251–93.Google Scholar
Trinkaus, E., Constantin, S. & Zilhão, J. 2013. Life and Death at the Pestera cu Oase. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Valladas, H., Reyss, J.L., Joron, J.L. et al. 1988. Thermoluminescence dating of the Mousterian Proto-Cro-Magnon remains of Qafzeh Cave (Israel). Nature 331: 614–6.Google Scholar
Vandermeersch, B. 1966. Nouvelles découvertes de restes humains dans les couches Levalloiso-moustériennes du gisement de Qafzeh (Israël). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie D 262: 1434–6.Google Scholar
Vandermeersch, B. 1969a. Les nouveaux squelettes moustériens découverts à Qafzeh (Israël) et leur signification. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie D 268: 2562–5.Google Scholar
Vandermeersch, B. 1969b. Découverte d'un objet en ocre avec traces d'utilisation dans le Moustérien de Qafzeh (Israël). Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 66: 157–8.Google Scholar
Vandermeersch, B. 1970. Une sépulture moustérienne avec offrandes découvertes dans la grotte de Qafzeh. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie D 270: 298301.Google Scholar
Vandermeersch, B. 1981. Les hommes fossils de Qafzeh (Israël). Paris: CNRS Editions.Google Scholar
Vandermeersch, B. 1989. The evolution of modern humans: Recent evidence from southwest Asia. In The Human Revolution, ed. Mellars, P. & Stringer, C.B.. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Vandermeersch, B., Arensburg, B., Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2013. Upper Paleolithic human remains from Qafzeh Cave, Israel. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society – Mitekufat Haeven 43: 721.Google Scholar
White, T.D., Asfaw, B., DeGusta, D. et al. 2003. Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 423: 742–7.Google Scholar

References

Alperson-Afil, N. & Hovers, E. 2005. Differential use of space at the Neandertal site of Amud Cave, Israel. Eurasian Prehistory 3: 322.Google Scholar
Bar-Matthews, M. & Ayalon, A. 2003. Climatic conditions in the eastern Mediterranean during the Last Glacial (60–10 ky) and their relations to the Upper Palaeolithic in the Levant as inferred from oxygen and carbon isotope systematics of cave deposits. In More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity, ed. Goring-Morris, A.N. & Belfer-Cohen, A.. Oxford: Oxbow Press, pp. 13–8.Google Scholar
Barkai, R., Gopher, A. & Shimelmitz, R. 2005. Middle Pleistocene blade production in the Levant: An Amudian assemblage from Qesem Cave, Israel. Eurasian Prehistory 3: 3974.Google Scholar
Bartov, Y., Stein, M., Enzel, Y., Agnon, A. & Reches, Z.E. 2002. Lake levels and sequence stratigraphy of Lake Lisan, the Late Pleistocene precursor of the Dead Sea. Quaternary Research 57: 921.Google Scholar
Baynes, C. 1927. Note on the geology of the Mugharet-el-Zuttiyeh. In Researches in Prehistoric Galilee, ed. Turville-Petre, F.. London: The Council of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. & Goring-Morris, A.N. 2007. From the beginning: Levantine Upper Palaeolithic cultural change and continuity. In Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, ed. Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef, O. & Stringer, C.. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 199205.Google Scholar
Belmaker, M. & Hovers, E. 2011. Ecological change and the extinction of the Levantine Neanderthals: Implications from a diachronic study of micromammals from Amud Cave, Israel. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 3196–209.Google Scholar
Binford, S.R. 1966. Me'arat Shovakh (Mugharat esh-Shubabiq). Israel Exploration Journal 16: 1832, 96103.Google Scholar
Binford, L.R. & Binford, S.R. 1966. A preliminary analysis of functional variability in the Mousterian of Levallois facies. American Anthropologist 68: 238–95.Google Scholar
Chinzei, K. 1970. The Amud Cave site and its deposits. In The Amud Man and his Cave Site, ed. Suzuki, H., & Takai, F.. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Ekshtain, R., Ilani, S., Segal, I. & Hovers, E. 2016. Local and non-local procurement of raw material in Amud Cave, Israel: The complex mobility of MP hominins. Geoarchaeology. DOI:10.1002/gea.21585.Google Scholar
Freidline, S.E., Gunz, P., Janković, I., Harvati, K. & Hublin, J.J. 2012. A comprehensive morphometric analysis of the frontal and zygomatic bone of the Zuttiyeh fossil from Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 62: 225–41.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1951. A transitional industry from the base of the Upper Palaeolithic in Palestine and Syria. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 81: 121–34.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1955. The Mugharat el-Emireh in Lower Galilee: Type station of the Emiran industry. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 85: 141–62.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1970. Pre-Aurignacian and Amudian: A comparative study of the earliest blade industries of the Near East. In Frühe Menschheit und Umwelt, ed. Gripp, K., Schütrumpf, R. & Schaberdissen, H.. Köln: Böhlau Verlag.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E., Bate, D.M.A., McCown, T.D. & Keith, A. 1937. The Stone Age of Mt. Carmel. New York: AMS Press.Google Scholar
Gisis, I. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1974. New excavation at Zuttieyh Cave, Nahal Amud. Paléorient 2: 175–80.Google Scholar
Hallin, K.A., Schoeninger, M.J. & Schwarcz, H.P. 2012. Paleoclimate during Neandertal and anatomically modern human occupation at Amud and Qafzeh, Israel: The stable isotope data. Journal of Human Evolution 62: 5973.Google Scholar
Hartman, G., Hovers, E., Hublin, J.J. & Richards, M. 2015. Isotopic evidence for Last Glacial climatic impacts on Neanderthal gazelle hunting territories at Amud Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 84: 7182.Google Scholar
Hazan, N. 2003. Reconstruction of Kinneret Lake Levels in the Last 40,000 Years. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Hazan, N., Stein, M., Agnon, A. et al. 2005. The late Quaternary limnological history of Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee), Israel. Quaternary Research 63: 6077.Google Scholar
Henry, D.O. (ed.) 2003. Neanderthals in the Levant: Behavioral Organization and the Beginnings of Human Modernity. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Hershkovitz, I., Marder, O., Ayalon, A. et al. 2015. Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans. Nature 520: 216–19.Google Scholar
Hovers, E. 1998. The lithic assemblages of Amud Cave: Implications for the end of the Mousterian in the Levant. In Neandertals and Modern Humans in Southwest Asia, ed. Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. & Bar-Yosef, O.. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Hovers, E. 2004. Cultural ecology at the Neandertal site of Amud Cave, Israel. In Arkheologiya i paleoekologiya Evrasii [Archaeology and Paleoecology of Eurasia], ed. Derevianko, A.P. & Nokhrina, T.I.. Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS Press.Google Scholar
Hovers, E. 2006. Neandertals and modern humans in the Middle Paleo-lithic of the Levant: What kind of interaction? In When Neandertals and Moderns Met, ed. Conard, N.. Tübingen: Kerns Verlag.Google Scholar
Hovers, E. 2007. The many faces of cores-on-flakes: A perspective from the Levantine Mousterian. In Cores or Tools? Alternative Approaches to Stone Tool Analysis, ed. McPherron, S.P.. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Hovers, E., Rak, Y. & Kimbel, W.H. 1991. Amud Cave – the 1991 season. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society – Mitekufat Haeven 24: 152–7.Google Scholar
Hovers, E., Rak, Y., Lavi, R. & Kimbel, W.H. 1995. Hominid remains from Amud Cave in the context of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic. Paléorient 21: 4761.Google Scholar
Hovers, E., Kimbel, W.H. & Rak, Y. 2000. Amud 7 – still, a burial: Response to Gargett. Journal of Human Evolution 39: 253–60.Google Scholar
Hublin, J.-J. 1976. L'Homme de Galilée. DEA Memoire, Université Paris VI.Google Scholar
Hublin, J.-J. 1983. Les origines de l'homme de type moderne en Europe. Pour la Science 6271.Google Scholar
Inbar, M. & Hovers, E. 1999. The morphological development of the Lower Amud River in the Upper Pleistocene. Horizons in Geography 50: 2738 [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Kafri, U. & Heimann, A. 1994. Reversal of the palaeodrainage systems in the Sea of Galilee area as an indicator of the formation timing of the Dead Sea Rift valley base level in northern Isreal. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 109: 101–9.Google Scholar
Lev, E., Kislev, M.E. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2005. Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel. Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 475–84.Google Scholar
Madella, M., Jones, M.K., Goldberg, P., Goren, Y. & Hovers, E. 2002. The exploitation of plant resources by Neanderthals in Amud Cave (Israel): The evidence from phytolith studies. Journal of Archaeo-logical Science 29: 703–19.Google Scholar
Matmon, A., Enzel, Y., Zilberman, E. & Heimann, A. 1999. Late Pliocene and Pleistocene reversal of drainage systems in northern Israel: Tectonic implications. Geomorphology 28: 43.Google Scholar
Mor, D. 1994. The Golan – Land of Volcanoes, Jerusalem: Institute of Environmental Studies, David Yellin College, Academon Press [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Ohnuma, K. 1992. The significance of layer B (square 8–19) of the Amud Cave (Israel) in the Levantine Levalloiso-Mousterian: A techno-logical study. In The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, ed. Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. & Kimura, T.. Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha Publishing.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, R. & Hovers, E. 2004. Faunal assemblages from Amud Cave: Preliminary results and interpretations. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 14: 287306.Google Scholar
Rak, Y., Kimbel, W.H. & Hovers, E. 1994. A Neandertal infant from Amud Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 26: 313–24.Google Scholar
Rink, W.J., Schwarcz, H.P., Lee, H.K. et al. 2001. Electron spin reson-ance (ESR) and thermal ionization mass spectrometric (TIMS) 230Th/234U dating of teeth in Middle Palaeolithic layers at Amud Cave, Israel. Geoarchaeology 16: 701–17.Google Scholar
Rose, J.I. & Marks, A.E. 2014. ‘Out of Arabia’ and the Middle–Upper Palaeolithic transition in the south Levant. Quartar 61: 4985.Google Scholar
Schick, T. & Stekelis, M. 1977. Mousterian assemblages in Kebara Cave, Israel. In Moshe Stekelis Memorial Volume, ed. Arensburg, B., & Bar-Yosef, O.. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Schwarcz, H.P., Goldberg, P. & Blackwell, B. 1980. Uranium series dating of archaeological sites in Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 29: 157–65.Google Scholar
Shahack-Gross, R., Ayalon, A., Goldberg, P. et al. 2008. Formation processes of cemented features in karstic cave sites revealed using stable oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses: A case study at Middle Paleolithic Amud Cave, Israel. Geoarchaeology 23: 4362.Google Scholar
Shimelmitz, R., Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. 2011. Systematic blade production at late Lower Paleolithic (400–200 kyr) Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 61: 458–79.Google Scholar
Simmoms, T., Falsetti, A.B. & Smith, F.H. 1991. Frontal bone morpho-metrics of southwest Asian Pleistocene hominids. Journal of Human Evolution 20: 249–69.Google Scholar
Sohn, S. & Wolpoff, M.H. 1993. Zuttiyeh face: A view from the East. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 91: 325–47.Google Scholar
Stringer, C. 2012. The status of Homo heidelbergensis (Schoetensack 1908). Evolutionary Anthropology 21: 101–7.Google Scholar
Suzuki, H. 1970. General conclusions. In The Amud Man and his Cave Site, ed. Suzuki, H. & Takai, F.. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press, pp. 425–6.Google Scholar
Suzuki, H. & Takai, F. 1970. The Amud Man and his Cave Site, Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Torfstein, A., Goldstein, S.L., Stein, M. & Enzel, Y. 2013. Impacts of abrupt climate changes in the Levant from Last Glacial Dead Sea levels. Quaternary Science Reviews 69:17.Google Scholar
Trinkaus, E. 1987. The Upper Pleistocene human molar from Me'arat Shovakh (Mugharet esh-Shubbabiq), Israel. Paléorient 13: 95100.Google Scholar
Turville-Petre, F. 1927. Researches in Prehistoric Galilee 1925–1926. London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Ullman, M. 2014. Levantine Cave Dwellers: Site Selection Patterns of Early Hominins. A Case Study from Nahal Amud, Northern Israel. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Valladas, H., Mercier, N., Froget, L. et al. 1999. TL dates for Neandertal site of Amud Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeologial Science 26: 25968.Google Scholar
Valladas, H., Mercier, N., Joron, J.-L. & Reyss, H.-L. 1998. GIF laboratory dates for Middle Paleolithic Levant. In Neandertals and Modern Humans in the Levant, ed. Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. & Bar-Yosef, O.. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Vandermeersch, B. 1982. The first Homo sapiens sapiens in the Near East. In The Transition from Lower to Middle Palaeolithic and the Origins of Modern Man, ed. Ronen, A., BAR 151. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp. 297–9.Google Scholar
Watanabe, H. 1970. A Palaeolithic industry from the Amud Cave. In The Amud Man and his Cave Site, ed. Suzuki, H. & Takai, F.. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press, pp. 320–6.Google Scholar
Yeger, D. & Biton, R. 2011. Amphibian bones in the Middle Paleolithic layers of Amud Cave. Unpublished report, Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Zeitoun, V. 2001. The taxonomic position of the skull of Zuttiyeh. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Series IIA: Earth and Planetary Science 332: 521–5.Google Scholar
Zohary, M. 1982. Vegetation of Israel and Adjacent Areas. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.Google Scholar

References

Azoury, I. 1986. Ksar Akil Lebanon: A Technological and Typological Ana-lysis of the Transitional and Early Upper Paleolithic Levels of Ksar Akil and Abu Halka, Vol. I: Levels XXV – XII. Oxford: BAR Inter-national Series 289 (Parts I and II).Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1970. The Epi-Paleolithic Cultures of Palestine. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Bergman, C.A. 1981. Point types in the Upper Palaeolithic Sequence at Ksar ‘Akil, Lebanon. In Préhistoire du Levant, ed. Cauvin, J., and Sanla-ville, P.. Paris: CNRS, pp. 319–30.Google Scholar
Bergman, C.A. 1987. Ksar Akil, Lebanon: A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Later Paleolithic Levels of Ksar Akil, Vol. II: Levels XIII–VI. Oxford: BAR International Series 329.Google Scholar
Bergman, C.A. 1988. Synthese. In Préhistoire du Levant II: Processus des changements culturels, ed. Aurenche, O, Cauvin, M.-C & Sanla-ville, P. Paléorient 14: 223–7.Google Scholar
Bergman, C.A. 2003. Twisted débitage and the Levantine Aurignacian problem. In More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, ed. Goring-Morris, A.N. & Belfer-Cohen, A.. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 185–95.Google Scholar
Bergman, C.A. & Goring-Morris, A.N. 1987. Conference: The Levantine Aurignacian with special reference to Ksar Akil, Lebanon. March 27–28, 1987, Institute of Archaeology, London. Paléorient 13: 142–7.Google Scholar
Bergman, C.A. & Stringer, C.B. 1989. Fifty years after: Egbert, an Early Upper Paleolithic juvenile from Ksar Akil, Lebanon. Paléorient 15: 99111.Google Scholar
Besançon, J., Copeland, L. & Hours, F. 1977. Tableaux de Préhistoire Libanais. Paléorient 3: 545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copeland, L. 1986. Introduction to Volume I. In Ksar Akil, Lebanon. A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Transitional and Early Upper Paleolithic Levels of Ksar Akil and Abu Halka, Vol. I: Levels XXV–XII, ed. Bergman, C. & Copeland, L.. Oxford: BAR International Series 289(ii).Google Scholar
Copeland, L. & Yazbeck, C. 2002. Inventory of Stone Age sites in Lebanon. New and revised, Part III. Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph 55: 121325.Google Scholar
Day, A.E. 1926a. The rock shelter of Ksar near the Cave of Antilyas. Palestine Exploration Fund 58: 158–60.Google Scholar
Day, A.E. 1926b. The rock shelter of Ksar Akil. Al-Kulliyyah 12: 91–7.Google Scholar
Douka, K. 2013. Exploring ‘the great wilderness of prehistory,’ the chronology of the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic transition in the northern Levant. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 22: 1140.Google Scholar
Douka, K., Bergman, C.A., Hedges, R.E.M., Wesselingh, F.P. & Higham, T.F.G. 2013. Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and implications for the colonization of Europe by anatomically modern humans. PLoS ONE 8: e72931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ewing, J.F. 1947. Preliminary note on the excavations at the Paleolithic site of Ksar Akil, Republic of Lebanon. Antiquity 21: 186–96.Google Scholar
Ewing, J.F. 1949. The treasures of Ksar Akil. Thought 24: 255–88.Google Scholar
Ghazi, H. 2013. Contribution à la connaissance de l'Aurignacien du Levant: analyse typo-technologique des industries lithiques de la séquence de Yabroud II (Syrie). Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Bordeaux.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, N. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2006. A hard look at the ‘Levantine Aurignacian’: How real is the taxon? In Towards a Definition of the Aurignacian, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Zilhão, J.. Proceedings of the Symposium held in Lisbon, Portugal, June 25–30, 2002. Trabalhos de Arqueologia 45. Lisbon: Instituto Português de Arqueologia, pp. 297314.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, N., Hovers, E. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2009. The dynamics of Pleistocene and Early Holocene settlement patterns and human adaptations in the Levant: An overview. In Transitions in Prehistory: Essays in Honor of Ofer Bar-Yosef, ed. Shea, J.J. & Lieberman, D.E.. Harvard University, The American School of Prehistoric Research Monograph Series. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 185252.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S., Stiner, M.C., Kerry, K. & Gulec, E. 2003. The Early Upper Palaeolithic at Üçağızlı Cave (Hatay, Turkey): some preliminary results. In More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, ed. Goring-Morris, A.N. & Belfer-Cohen, A.. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 106–17.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S., Stiner, M., Güleç, E. et al. 2009. The early Upper Paleolithic occupations at Üçağızlı Cave (Hatay, Turkey). Journal of Human Evolution 56: 87113.Google Scholar
Leder, D. 2014. Technological and Typological Change at the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary in Lebanon. Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie. Bonn: Verlag Dr Rudolf Habelt.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. & Volkman, P. 1986. The Mousterian of Ksar Akil: Levels XXVIA through XXVIIIB. Paléorient 12: 520.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1992. Middle Palaeolithic variability in Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel, Israël). In The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, ed. Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. & Kimura, T.. Tokyo: Hokushen-Sha, pp. 129–48.Google Scholar
Mellars, P. & Tixier, J. 1989. Radiocarbon-accelerator dating of Ksar Aqil (Lebanon) and the chronology of the Upper Paleolithic sequence in the Middle East. Antiquity 63: 761–8.Google Scholar
Murphy, J.W. 1938. The method of pre-historic excavations at Ksar ‘Akil. Anthropology Series, Boston College Graduate School 3: 211–75.Google Scholar
Murphy, J.W. 1939. Ksar ‘Akil, Boston College expedition. Anthropology Series, Boston College Graduate School 3: 211–17.Google Scholar
Newcomer, M.H. 1974. Study and replication of bone tools from Ksar Akil (Lebanon). World Archaeology 6: 138–53.Google Scholar
Ohnuma, K. 1988. Ksar Akil, Lebanon: A Technological Study of the Earlier Upper Palaeolithic Levels of Ksar Akil. Volume II: Levels XXV–XIV, with contributions by Bergman, C.A. and Newcomer, M.H.. Oxford: BAR International Series 426.Google Scholar
Ohnuma, K. & Bergman, C.A. 1990. A technological analysis of the Upper Palaeolithic Levels (XXV–VI) of Ksar Akil, Lebanon. In The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective, ed. Mellars, P.. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 91138.Google Scholar
Pagli, M. 2013. Variabilité du Moustérien au Proche-Orient. Approche géographique des dynamiques de changement en milieu méditerranéen et en milieu steppique. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre.Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A. et al. 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55: 1869–87.Google Scholar
Tixier, J. 1970. L'abri sous roche de Ksar Aqil. La campagne de fouilles 1969. Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 23: 173–91.Google Scholar
Tixier, J. 1974. Fouille à Ksar Akil, Liban (1969–1974). Paléorient 2: 187–92.Google Scholar
Tixier, J. & Inizan, M.-L. 1981. Ksar Aqil, stratigraphie et ensembles lithiques dans le Paléolithique Supérieur. Fouilles 1969–1975. In Préhistoire du Levant, ed. Cauvin, J. & Sanlaville, P.. Paris: CNRS, pp. 353–67.Google Scholar
Van der Plicht, J., van der Wijk, A. & Bartstra, G.J. 1989. Uranium and thor-ium in fossil bones: activity ratios and dating. Applied Geochemistry 4: 339–42.Google Scholar
Williams, J.K. 2003. Examining the Boundaries of the Levantine Aurignacian. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.Google Scholar
Williams, J.K. 2006. The Levantine Aurignacian: A closer look. In Towards a Definition of the Aurignacian, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Zilhão, J.. Proceedings of the Symposium held in Lisbon, Portugal, June 25–30, 2002. Trabalhos de Arqueologia 45. Lisbon: Instituto Português de Arqueologia, pp. 317–52.Google Scholar
Williams, J.K. & Bergman, C.A. 2011. Upper Paleolithic Levels XIII–VI (A and B) from the 1937–1938 and 1947–1948 Boston College excavations and the Levantine Aurignacian at Ksar Akil, Lebanon. Paléorient 36: 117–61.Google Scholar

References

Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A. & Kaufman, A. 1997. Late Quaternary paleoclimate in the eastern Mediterranean region from stable isotope ana-lysis of speleothem at Soreq Cave, Israel. Quaternary Research 47: 155–68.Google Scholar
Bar-Matthews, M. Ayalon, A., Gilmour, M., Matthews, A. & Hawkesworth, C.J. 2003. Sea–land oxygen isotopic relationships from planktonic foraminifera and speleothems in the eastern Mediterranean region and their implication for paleo-rainfall during interglacial intervals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67: 3181–99.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 1996. Another look at the Levantine Aurignacian. In The Late Aurignacian, ed. Montet-White, A. & Palma di Cesnola, A., 13th Congress, UISPP. Forli: ABACO Edizioni, pp. 13950.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2004. The Qafzeh Upper Paleo-lithic assemblages: 70 years later. Eurasian Prehistory 2: 145–80.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2010. The Levantine Upper Palaeo-lithic and Epi-Paleolithic. In Southeastern Mediterranean Peoples between 130,000 and 10,000 years ago, ed. Garcea, E.A.A.. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 144–67.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Phillips, J.L. 1977. Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Barzilai, O., Ayalon, A., Bar-Matthews, M. et al. 2012. Manot Cave: A prehistoric cave site in the western Galilee. Hadashot Arkeo-logiot 124. www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=2183&mag_id=119Google Scholar
Barzilai, O., Marder, O. & Hershkovitz, I. 2014. Manot Cave, seasons 2011–2012. Hadashot Arkeologiot 126. www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=6470&mag_id=121Google Scholar
Barzilai, O., Hershkovitz, I. & Marder, O. 2016. The early Upper Paleolithic period at Manot Cave, western Galilee, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 31: 85100.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. 1980. The Aurignacian at Hayonim Cave. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1981. The Aurignacian in Hayonim Cave. Paléorient 7: 1942.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. & Goring-Morris, A.N. 2007. From the beginning: Levantine Upper Palaeolithic cultural continuity. In Rethinking the Human Revolution, ed. Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef, O. & Stringer, C.B.. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 199206.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. & Goring-Morris, A.N. 2014. The Upper Palaeolithic and Earlier Epi-palaeolithic of Western Asia (ca. 50–14.5 k cal BP). In The Cambridge World Prehistory, vol. 3, ed. Renfrew, A.C. & Bahn, B.G.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1381–407.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A., Davidzon, A., Goring-Morris, A.N., Lieberman, D. & Spears, M. 2004. Nahal Ein Gev I: A Late Upper Palaeolithic site by the Sea of Galilee, Israel. Paléorient 30: 2546.Google Scholar
Davis, S.J.M. 1974. Incised bones from the Mousterian of Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel) and the Aurignacian of Hayonim Cave (western Galilee), Israel. Paléorient 2: 81182.Google Scholar
Hershkovitz, I., Marder, O., Ayalon, A. et al. 2015. Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans. Nature 520: 216–9.Google Scholar
Kadowaki, S. 2013. Issues of chronological and geographical distributions of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic cultural variability in the Le-vant and implications for the learning behavior of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. In Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans Volume 1: Cultural Perspectives, eds. Akazawa, T., Nishiaki, Y. & Aoki, K., Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Tokyo: Springer, pp. 5991.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S.L., Belfer-Cohen, A., Barzilai, O. et al. 2004. The Last Glacial Maximum at Meged rockshelter, Upper Galilee, Israel. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society – Mitekufat Haeven 34: 547Google Scholar
Kuhn, S.L., Stiner, M.C., Güleç, A. et al. 2009. The Early Upper Palaeolithic occupations at Üçağızlı Cave (Hatay, Turkey). Journal of Human Evolution 56: 87113.Google Scholar
Marder, O., Yeshurun, R., Lupu, R. et al. 2011. Mammal remains at Rantis Cave, Israel, and middle–late Pleistocene human subsistence and ecology in the southern Levant. Journal of Quaternary Science 26: 769–80.Google Scholar
Marder, O., Alex, B., Ayalon, A. et al. 2013a. The Upper Palaeolithic of Manot Cave, Western Galilee, Israel: The 2011–12 excavations. Antiquity 337. http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/marder337/Google Scholar
Marder, O., Hershkovitz, I., Barzilai, O. & Frumkin, O. 2013b. Karst and prehistory at the Western Galilee emphasis on Manot Cave. In The Israel Geological Society Annual Conference, ed. Shtober-Zisu, N. Israel Geological Society, 2836 [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Ohnuma, K. 1988. Ksar ‘Akil, Lebanon. A Technological Study of the Earl-ier Upper Palaeolithic Levels of Ksar ‘Akil, vol. III. Levels XXV-XIV. BAR International Series 426. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Tejero, J.-M. 2013. La explotación de las óseas el la Aurinaciense. Caracterización tecnoeconómica de las productiones del Paleolítico superior inicial en la Península Ibérica. BAR International Series 2469. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Tejero, J.-M., Yeshurun, R., Barzilai, O. et al. 2016. The osseous industry from Manot Cave (Western Galilee, Israel): Technological and conceptual behaviours of bone and antler exploitation in the Levantine Early Upper Palaeolithic. Quaternary International.Google Scholar
Ullman, M. 2014. Levantine Cave Dwellers: Site Selection Patterns of Middle Paleolithic Hominins: A Case Study from Nahal Amud, Northern Israel. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Vaks, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A. et al. 2006. Paleoclimate and location of the border between Mediterranean climate region and the Saharo-Arabian Desert as revealed by speleothems from the northern Negev Desert, Israel. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 249: 384–99.Google Scholar
Williams, J.K. & Bergman, C. 2010. Upper Paleolithic Levels XIII–VI (A and B) from the 1937–1938 and 1947–1948 Boston College Excavations and the ‘Levantine Aurignacian’ at Ksar Akil, Lebanon. Paléorient 36: 117–61.Google Scholar
Yas'ur, G. 2013. The Chronology of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic in the Western Galilee Based on U–Th ages of speleothems from Manot Cave, Israel. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Yeshurun, R. 2013. Middle Paleolithic prey-choice inferred from a natur-al pitfall trap: Rantis Cave, Israel. In Zooarchaeology and Modern Human Origins: Human Hunting Behavior during the Later Pleistocene, ed. Clark, J.L. & Speth, J.D., Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series. New York: Springer, pp. 4558.Google Scholar
Yeshurun, R., Schneller-Pels, N., Weissbrod, L. et al. 2013. Humans and carnivores in the Upper Paleolithic of Manot Cave, Western Galilee, Israel: Preliminary zooarchaeological results. Poster presented at the 11th ASWA meeting, Haifa.Google Scholar

References

Bar-Yosef, O. 1994. The contributions of southwest Asia to the study of the origin of modern humans. In Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, ed. Nitecki, D.V. & Nitecki, M.H.. Springer, pp. 2366.Google Scholar
Bartov, Y., Goldstein, S.L., Stein, M. & Enzel, Y. 2003. Catastrophic arid events in the east Mediterranean linked with the North Atlantic Heinrich events. Geology 31: 439–42.Google Scholar
Belmaker, M., Albert, R.M., Arpin, T. et al. 2013. Paleoecological evidence for humid and arboreal environment in the Levantine Early UP and its implication for Modern Human dispersal from Africa: Micromammal evidence from the Mughr el-Hamamah, Ajlun District, Jordan. Paleoanthropology Society Meeting Abstracts, Honolulu, 2–3 April 2013.Google Scholar
Belovsky, G.E. 1987. Hunter-gatherer foraging: A linear programming approach. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6: 2976. doi:10.1016/0278–4165(87)90016-XGoogle Scholar
Binford, L.R. 1968. Post-Pleistocene adaptations. In New Perspectives in Archaeology, ed. Binford, S.R. & Binford, L.R.. Chicago: Aldine, pp. 313–41.Google Scholar
Clark, J.L. & Stutz, A.J. 2014. The Early Upper Paleolithic fauna from Mughr el-Hamamah (Jordan): An initial report on species representation and gazelle exploitation based on the dental remains. Paper presented at 23rd Annual Meeting of the Paleoanthropology Society, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.Google Scholar
Condemi, S., Mounier, A., Giunti, P. et al. 2013. Possible interbreeding in late Italian Neanderthals? New data from the Mezzena jaw (Monti Lessini, Verona, Italy). PLoS ONE 8: e59781. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059781Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1951. A transitional industry from the base of the Upper Palæolithic in Palestine and Syria. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 81: 121–30.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1955. The Mugharet el-Emireh in Lower Galilee: Type station of the Emiran industry. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 85: 141–62.Google Scholar
Gilligan, I. 2010. The prehistoric development of clothing: Archaeological implications of a thermal model. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 17: 1580. doi:10.1007/s10816–009–9076-xGoogle Scholar
Hershkovitz, I., Marder, O., Ayalon, A. et al. 2015. Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans. Nature 520: 216–19. doi:10.1038/nature14134Google Scholar
Higham, T., Douka, K., Wood, R. et al. 2014. The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance. Nature 512: 306–9. doi:10.1038/nature13621Google Scholar
Kuhn, S.L. & Stiner, M.C. 2006. What's a mother to do? The division of labor among Neandertals and modern humans in Eurasia. Current Anthropology 47: 953–81. doi:10.1086/507197Google Scholar
Kuhn, S.L., Stiner, M.C., Güleç, E. et al. 2009. The early Upper Paleolithic occupations at Üçağızlı Cave (Hatay, Turkey). Journal of Human Evolution 56: 87113. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.014Google Scholar
Kuhn, S.L. & Zwyns, N. 2014. Rethinking the initial Upper Paleolithic. Quaternary International, Recent Advances in Studies of the Late Pleistocene and Palaeolithic of Northeast Asia 347: 2938. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.040Google Scholar
Machlus, M., Enzel, Y., Goldstein, S. L., Marco, S. & Stein, M. 2000. Reconstruction of low-stands of lake Lisan between 55 and 35 kyr. Quaternary International 73/74: 137–44.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. 1977. The Upper Paleolithic sites of Boker Tachtit and Boker: A preliminary report. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Volume II: The Avdat/Aqev Area, Part 2, and the Har Harif. Dallas: Southern Methodist University, pp. 6179.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, R. & Hovers, E. 2004. Faunal analysis from Amud Cave: Preliminary results and interpretations. International Journal Osteoarchaeology 14: 287306. doi:10.1002/oa.762Google Scholar
Rebollo, N.R., Cohen-Ofri, I., Popovitz-Biro, R. et al. 2008. Structural characterization of charcoal exposed to high and low pH: Implications for 14C sample preparation and charcoal preservation. Radiocarbon 50: 289307.Google Scholar
Rebollo, N.R., Weiner, S., Brock, F. et al. 2011. New radiocarbon dating of the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in Kebara Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 2424–33. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.010Google Scholar
Rink, W.J., Schwarcz, H.P., Lee, H.K. et al. 2001. Electron spin Resonance (ESR) and thermal ionization mass spectrometric (TIMS) 230Th/234U dating of teeth in Middle Paleolithic layers at Amud Cave, Israel. Geoarchaeology 16: 701–17. doi:10.1002/gea.1017Google Scholar
Schwarcz, H.P., Buhay, W.M., Grün, R. et al. 1989. ESR dating of the Neanderthal site, Kebara Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 16: 653659. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(89)90029-0Google Scholar
Shea, J.J. 2013. Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic of the Near East: A Guide. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Speth, J.D. 2013. Middle Paleolithic Large-Mammal Hunting in the Southern Levant. In Zooarchaeology and Modern Human Origins: Human Hunting Behavior during the Later Pleistocene, ed. Speth, J.D., Clark, J.L.. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Speth, J.D. & Clark, J.L. 2006. Hunting and overhunting in the Levantine Late Middle Palaeolithic. Before Farming 3: 142.Google Scholar
Stiner, M.C. 2009. Prey choice, site occupation intensity & economic diversity in the Middle–early Upper Palaeolithic at the Üçağizli Caves, Turkey. Before Farming 2009: 120. doi:10.3828/bfarm.2009.3.3Google Scholar
Stutz, A.J., Shea, J.J., Rech, J.A. et al. 2015. Early Upper Paleolithic chronology in the Levant: New ABOx-SC accelerator mass spectrometry results from the Mughr el-Hamamah Site, Jordan. Journal of Human Evolution 85: 157–73. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.04.008Google Scholar
Torfstein, A., Goldstein, S.L., Stein, M. & Enzel, Y. 2013. Impacts of abrupt climate changes in the Levant from Last Glacial Dead Sea levels. Quaternary Science Reviews 69: 17. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.02.015Google Scholar
Valladas, H., Joron, J.L., Valladas, G. et al. 1987. Thermoluminescence dates for the Neanderthal burial site at Kebara in Israel. Nature 330: 159–60. doi:10.1038/330159a0Google Scholar
Weiner, S., Goldberg, P. & Bar-Yosef, O. 1993. Bone preservation in Kebara Cave, Israel using on-site Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 613–27. doi:10.1006/jasc.1993.1037Google Scholar

References

Belfer-Cohen, A. & Bar-Yosef, O. (1999). The Levantine Aurignacian: 60 years of research. In Dorothy Garrod and the Progress of the Palaeo-lithic, ed. Davies, W. & Charles, R.. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 118–34.Google Scholar
Flannery, K.V. 1969. Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East. In The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, ed. Ucko, P.J. & Dimbleby, G.W.. London: Duckworth, pp. 73100.Google Scholar
Nadel, D. (ed.) 2002. Ohalo II – a 23,000-Year-Old Fisher-Hunter-Gatherers’ Camp on the Shore of the Sea of Galilee. Haifa: Hecht Museum.Google Scholar
Nadel, D. 2003. The Ohalo II flint assemblage and the beginning of the Epipalaeolithic in the Jordan Valley. In More than Meets the Eyes: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, ed. Goring-Morris, A.N. & Belfer-Cohen, A., Oxford: Oxbow Monographs, pp. 216–29.Google Scholar
Nadel, D. & Werker, E. 1999. The oldest ever brush hut plant remains from Ohalo II, Jordan Valley, Israel (19 ka BP). Antiquity 73: 755–64.Google Scholar
Nadel, D. & Zaidner, Y. 2002. Upper Pleistocene and mid-Holocene net sinkers from the Sea of Galilee, Israel. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society – Mitekufat Haeven 32: 4972.Google Scholar
Nadel, D., Tsatskin, A., Belmaker, M. et al. 2004a. On the shore of a fluctuating lake: Environmental evidence from Ohalo II (19,500 B.P.). Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 53: 207–23.Google Scholar
Nadel, D., Weiss, E., Simchoni, O. et al. 2004b. Stone Age hut in Israel yields world's oldest evidence of bedding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 101: 6821–6.Google Scholar
Nadel, D., Grinburg, U., Boaretto, E. & Werker, E. 2006. Wooden objects from Ohalo II (23,000 cal BP), Jordan Valley, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 50: 644–62.Google Scholar
Piperno, D.R., Weiss, E., Holst, I. & Nadel, D. 2004. Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain ana-lysis. Nature 430: 670–3.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, R. & Nadel, D. 2005. Broken mammal bones: Taphonomy and food sharing at the Ohalo II submerged prehistoric camp. In Archaeozoology of the Near East VI, Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas, ed. Buitenhuis, H., Choyke, A.M., Martin, L., Bartosiewicz, L. & Mashkour, M.. Groningen: ARC-Publicaties 123, pp. 3450.Google Scholar
Simmons, T. & Nadel, D. 1998. The avifauna of the Early Epipalaeo-lithic site of Ohalo II (19,400 B.P.), Israel: Species diversity, habitat and seasonality. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8: 7996.Google Scholar
Snir, A., Nadel, D. & Weiss, U. 2015. Economic diversity and space use between occupations of Upper-Palaeolithic Ohalo II: A multi-layer spatial analysis of plant remains. Journal of Archaeological Science 53: 6171.Google Scholar
Weiss, E., Kislev, M.E., Simchoni, O. & Nadel, D. 2004. Small-grained wild grasses as staple food at the 23,000-year-old site of Ohalo II, Israel. Economic Botany 58 (supplement): S125–34.Google Scholar
Weiss, E., Kislev, M.E., Simchoni, O., Nadel, D. & Tschauner, H. 2008. Plant-food preparation area on an Upper Paleolithic brush hut floor at Ohalo II, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 2400–14.Google Scholar
Zohar, I., Belmaker, M., Nadel, D. et al. 2008. The living and the dead: How do taphonomic processes modify relative abundance and skeletal completeness of freshwater fish? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 258: 292316.Google Scholar

References

Ashkenazi, S. 2013. Reconstruction of the ecosystem of the Final Natufian site of Ain Mallaha (Eynan). In Natufian Foragers in the Levant, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 312–18.Google Scholar
Bocquentin, F. 2003. Pratiques funéraires, paramètres biologiques et identités culturelles au Natoufien: une analyse archéo-anthropologique. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Université Bordeaux 1.Google Scholar
Bocquentin, F., Cabellos, T. & Samuelian, N. 2013. Graves in context: field anthropology and the investigation of interstratified floors and burials. In Natufian Foragers in the Levant, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 185–92.Google Scholar
Bridault, A., Rabinovich, R. & Simmons, T. 2008. Human activities, site location and taphonomic process: A relevant combination for understanding the fauna of Eynan (Ain Mallaha), level IB (Final Natufian), Israel. Archaeozoology of the Near East VIII, ed. Vila, E., Gourichon, L., Choyke, A. & Buitenhuis, H.. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient méditerranéen, pp. 99117.Google Scholar
Davis, S.J.M. & Valla, F.R. 1978. Evidence for domestication of the dog 12,000 years ago in the Natufian of Israel. Nature 276: 608–10.Google Scholar
Dubreuil, L. 2004. Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence: A use-wear analysis of ground stone tools. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 1613–29.Google Scholar
Flannery, K.V. 1969. Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East. In The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, eds. Ucko, P.J. & Dimbleby, G.W.. London: Duckworth, pp. 73100.Google Scholar
Horowitz, H., 1979. The Quaternary of Israel. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Le Dosseur, G. & Maréchal, C. 2013. Bone ornamental elements and decor-ated objects of the Natufian from Mallaha. In Natufian Foragers in the Levant, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 293311.Google Scholar
Perrot, J. 1966. Le gisement natoufien de Mallaha (Eynan), Israël. L'Anthropologie 70: 437–83.Google Scholar
Rosen, A.M. 2013. Natufian foragers and the monocot revolution: A phytolith perspective. In Natufian Foragers in the Levant, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 638–48.Google Scholar
Samuelian, N. 2013. Les chasseurs et cueilleurs du Natoufien final d'Ain Mallaha (Eynan), Israël: la structuration spatiale et fonctionnelle de leur habitat. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Université Paris 1.Google Scholar
Valentin, B., Valla, F.R. & Plisson, H. 2013. Flint knapping and its objectives in the Early Natufian: The example of Eynan-Ain Mallaha (Israel). In Natufian Foragers in the Levant, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 203–26.Google Scholar
Valla, F.R. 1988. Aspects du sol de l'abri 131 de Mallaha (Eynan), Paléorient 14/2: 283–96.Google Scholar
Valla, F.R., Khalaily, H., Valladas, H. et al. 2007. Les fouilles de Ain Mallaha (Eynan) de 2003 à 2005: Quatrième rapport préliminaire. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society – Mitekufat Haeven 37: 135379.Google Scholar

References

Belfer-Cohen, A. & Goring-Morris, N.A. 2013. Breaking the mold: Phases and facies in the Natufian of the Mediterranean Zone. In Natufian Foragers in the Levant, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 544–61.Google Scholar
Dubreuil, L. & Grosman, L. 2009. Ochre and hide-working at a Natufian burial place. Antiquity 83: 935–54.Google Scholar
Dubreuil, L. & Grosman, L. 2013. The life history of macrolithic tools at Hilazon Tachtit cave. In Natufian Foragers in the Levant, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 527–43.Google Scholar
Grosman, L. & Munro, N.D. 2007. The sacred and the mundane: Domestic activities at a Late Natufian burial site in the Levant. Before Farming 4: 114.Google Scholar
Grosman, L. & Munro, N.D. 2016. A Natufian ritual funerary event. Current Anthropology 57: 31131.Google Scholar
Grosman, L., Munro, N.D. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2008. A 12,000 year old burial from the southern Levant (Israel): A case for early shamanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 105: 17665–9Google Scholar
Kuijt, I. & Goring-Morris, N. 2002. Foraging, farming, and social complexity in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the southern Levant: A review and synthesis. Journal of World Prehistory 16: 361440.Google Scholar
Munro, N.D. & Grosman, L. 2010. Early evidence (12,000 BP) for feasting at a burial cave in Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 107:15362–6.Google Scholar
Zohary, M. 1962. Plant Life of Palestine: Israel and Jordan. London: Reinhold Press.Google Scholar

References

Abdul-Salam, A., Akazawa, T. & Muhesen, S. 1988. Prospections préhistoriques dans la région d'Afrin (Syrie). Paléorient 14: 145–53.Google Scholar
Akazawa, T. & Muhesen, S. (eds.) 2002. The Neanderthal Burials: Excavations of the Dederiyeh Cave, Afrin, Syria. Kyoto: International Research Center for Japanese Studies.Google Scholar
Akazawa, T., Muhesen, S., Dodo, Y. et al. 2002. A summary of the stratigraphic sequence. In The Neanderthal Burials: Excavations of the Dederiyeh Cave, Afrin, Syria, ed. Akazawa, T. & Muhesen, S.. Kyoto: International Research Center for Japanese Studies, pp. 1532.Google Scholar
Akazawa, T., Kanjo, Y., Nishiaki, Y. et al. 2009. The 2007–2008 seasons’ excavations at Dederiyeh Cave, Afrin, Northwest Syria. Chronique Archéologique en Syrie 4: 31–8.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Meignen, L. 2000. The chronology of the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic period in retrospect. Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 12: 118.Google Scholar
Copeland, L. 1975. The Middle and Upper Palaeolithic of Lebanon and Syria in the light of recent research. In Problems in Prehistory, North Africa and the Levant, ed. Wendorf, F. & Marks, A.. Dallas: South Methodist University Press, pp. 317–50.Google Scholar
Griggo, C. 2002. Faunal remains from the Dederiyeh cave, 1993 through 1996 excavations. In The Neanderthal Burials: Excavations of the Dederiyeh Cave, Afrin, Syria, ed. Akazawa, T. & Muhesen, S.. Kyoto: International Research Center for Japanese Studies, pp. 6374.Google Scholar
Griggo, C. 2004. Mousterian fauna from Dederiyeh Cave and comparisons with fauna from Umm el-Tlel and Douara Cave. Paléorient 30: 149–62.Google Scholar
Hillman, G. 2000. Plant food economy of Abu Hureyra. In Village on the Euphrates, from Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, ed. Moore, A., Hillman, G. & Legge, T.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 372–92.Google Scholar
Kondo, O., Ishida, H., Yoneda, M. et al. 2006. Excavation of Dederiyeh cave in Syria: Its contribution to paleoanthropology in West Asia. In Collected Works for the 40th Anniversary of Yuanmou Man Discovery and the International Conference on Paleoanthropological Studies. Yuanmou County: Yunnan Province of China, pp. 261–8.Google Scholar
Kondo, O., Kanjou, Y., Ishida, H. et al. 2011a. New infant human bones discovered from Dederiyeh Cave, Syria. Abstracts of the 65th Annual Meeting of the Anthropological Society of Nippon, p. 45.Google Scholar
Kondo, O., Kanjou, Y., Fukase, H. et al. 2011b. A child hemi-mandible associated with an Epi-Paleolithic Natufian pit dwelling from Dederiyeh cave, Syria. Abstracts of AAPA Poster and Podium Presentations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144: 190.Google Scholar
Mercier, N., Valladas, H., Meignen, L. et al. 2010. Dating the Early Middle Palaeolithic laminar industry from Djruchula Cave, Republic of Georgia. Paléorient 36: 163–73.Google Scholar
Muhesen, S. 2004. An introduction to the Palaeolithic of Syria. In Handaxe to Khan, ed. von Folsach, K., Thrane, H. & Tuesen, I.. Arrhus: Arrhus University Press, pp. 2848.Google Scholar
Nishiaki, Y., Kanjo, Y., Muhesen, S. & Akazawa, T. 2011a. Recent progress in Lower and Middle Palaeolithic research at Dederiyeh Cave, Northwest Syria. In The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Middle East and Neighbouring Regions, ed. Le Tensorer, J.-M., Jagher, R. & Otte, M.. Etudes et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège, ERAUL 126. Liège: Université de Liège, pp. 6776.Google Scholar
Nishiaki, Y., Muhesen, S. & Akazawa, T. 2011b. Newly discovered Late Epipalaeolithic lithic assemblages from Dederiyeh Cave, the northern Levant. In The State of the Stone Terminologies, Continuities and Contexts in Near Eastern Lithics, ed. Healey, E., Campbell, S. & Maeda, O.. Berlin: ex oriente, pp. 7987.Google Scholar
Nishiaki, Y., Kanjo, Y., Muhesen, S. & Akazawa, T. 2012. Temporal variability of Late Levantine Mousterian assemblages from Dederiyeh Cave, Syria. Eurasian Prehistory 9: 327.Google Scholar
Oguchi, T. & Fujimoto, K. 2002. The sediment and paleoenvironment of the Dederiyeh Cave. In The Neanderthal Burials: Excavations of the Dederiyeh Cave, Afrin, Syria, ed. Akazawa, T. & Muhesen, S.. Kyoto: International Research Center for Japanese Studies, pp. 3361.Google Scholar
Rust, A. 1950. Die Höhlenfunde von Jabrud (Syrien), Offa Bücher 8. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Tanno, K., Willcox, G., Muhesen, S. et al. 2013. Preliminary results from analyses of charred plant remains from a burnt Natufian building at Dederiyeh Cave in Northwest Syria. In Natufian Foragers in the Levan, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 83–7.Google Scholar

References

al-Nahar, M. & Clark, G.A. 2009. The Lower Paleolithic in Jordan. Jordan Journal for Archaeology and History 3: 173215.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 2000. The Middle and Early Upper Paleolithic in Southwest Asia and neighboring regions. In The Geography of Neanderthals and Modern Humans in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Pilbeam, D.. Cambridge: Peabody Museum Monographs in Archaeology and Ethnology, pp. 107–56.Google Scholar
Binford, L.R. 1979. Organization and formation processes: Looking at curated technologies. Journal of Anthropological Research 35: 172–97.Google Scholar
Byrd, B.F. & Colledge, S. 1991. Early Natufian occupation along the edge of the southern Jordanian steppe. In The Natufian Culture in the Levant, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 265–76.Google Scholar
Byrd, B.F. & Garrard, A.N. 2013. Regional patterns in Late Palaeolithic chipped stone production and technology in the Levant. In Beyond the Fertile Crescent: Late Palaeolithic and Neolithic Communities of the Jordanian Steppe, the Azraq Basin Project, Vol. 1, ed. Garrard, A.N. and Byrd, B.F.. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 350–93.Google Scholar
Clark, G.A. 2000. The Middle Paleolithic in the Wadi al-Hasa: An overview. In The Archaeology of the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan, Vol. 2: Excavations at Middle, Upper and Epipaleolithic Sites, ed. Coinman, N.R.. Tempe: Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 52, pp. 6794.Google Scholar
Clark, G.A. 2016. The Old Stone Age in the SAAS Survey Area. In The Shammakh-to-Ayl Archaeological Survey, ed. MacDonald, B.. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.Google Scholar
Clark, G.A. & Schuldenrein, J. 2014. Ain Difla rockshelter. In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, Vol. 1, ed. Smith, C.. New York: Springer, pp. 121–6.Google Scholar
Clark, G.A., Lindly, J.M., Donaldson, M. et al. 1987a. Paleolithic archaeology in the southern Levant. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 31: 1978, 547.Google Scholar
Clark, G.A., Coinman, N.R., Lindly, J.M. & Donaldson, M. 1987b. A diachronic study of Paleolithic and aceramic Neolithic settlement patterns in the Wadi Hasa, west-central Jordan. In Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, Vol. III, ed. Hadidi, A.. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 21523.Google Scholar
Clark, G.A., Lindly, J.M., Donaldson, M. et al. 1988. Excavations at Middle, Upper and Epipaleolithic sites in the Wadi Hasa, west-central Jordan. In The Prehistory of Jordan: The State of Research in 1986, ed. Garrard, A.N. and Gebel, H.-G.. BAR International Series 396(i). Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 209–85.Google Scholar
Clark, G.A., Olszewski, D.I., Schuldenrein, J., Rida, N. & Eighmey, J. 1994. Survey and excavation in the Wadi al-Hasa: A preliminary report of the 1993 field season. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 38: 4155.Google Scholar
Clark, G.A., Schuldenrein, J., Donaldson, M. et al. 1997. Chronostratigraphic contexts of Middle Paleolithic horizons at the Ain Difla rockshelter (WHS 634), west-central Jordan. In The Prehistory of Jordan II: Perspectives from 1997, ed. Gebel, H.-G., Kafafi, Z. & Rollefson, G.O.. Berlin: ex oriente, pp. 77100.Google Scholar
Coinman, N.R. 1990. Refiguring the Levantine Upper Paleolithic: A Comparative Examination of Lithic Assemblages from the Southern Levant. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Arizona State University (Ann Arbor: Microfilms International).Google Scholar
Coinman, N.R. 1993. WHS 618 – Ain el-Buhayra: An Upper Paleolithic site in the Wadi Hasa, west-central Jordan. Paléorient 22: 113–21.Google Scholar
Coinman, N.R. 1998a. The Upper Paleolithic of Jordan. In The Prehistoric Archaeology of Jordan, ed. Henry, D.O.. BAR International Series 705. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 3963.Google Scholar
Coinman, N.R. (ed.) 1998b. The Archaeology of the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan, Volume 1: Surveys, Settlement Patterns and Paleo-environments. Tempe: Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 50.Google Scholar
Coinman, N. R. (ed.) 2000. The Archaeology of the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan, Volume 2: Excavations at Middle, Upper, and Epipaleolithic Sites. Tempe: Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 52.Google Scholar
Coinman, N.R. 2004. The Upper Paleolithic of the Wadi al-Hasa, Jordan. In Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan VIII, ed. al-Khraysheh, F.. Amman: Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, pp. 7996.Google Scholar
Coinman, N.R. 2005. Subsistence and technology in the Late Levantine Upper Paleolithic. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society – Mitekufat Haeven 35: 159–77.Google Scholar
Coinman, N.R. & Fox, J. 2014. Wadi al-Hasa: Paradigmatic changes in Levantine prehistory. Paper presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. Austin, Texas.Google Scholar
Coinman, N.R., Olszewski, D.I., Abdo, K. et al. 1999. The eastern al-Hasa late Pleistocene project: Preliminary report on the 1998 season. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 43: 925.Google Scholar
Contreras, D. & Makarewicz, C. 2014. How green was my valley? Reconciling regional and paleoenvironmental signals at PPNA el-Hemmeh, Jordan. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of American Archaeology, Austin, Texas.Google Scholar
Culley, E.V., Popescu, G.M. & Clark, G.A. 2013. An analysis of the compositional integrity of the Levantine Mousterian facies. Quaternary International 300: 213233, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.11.030.Google Scholar
Fox, J.R. & Coinman, N.R. 2004. Emergence of the Levantine Upper Paleo-lithic: evidence from the Wadi al-Hasa. In The Early Upper Paleo-lithic beyond Western Europe, ed. Brantingham, P. J., Kuhn, S.L. & Kerry, K.W.. Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 97112.Google Scholar
Hill, J.B. 2006. Human Ecology in the Wadi al-Hasa. Tucson: University Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A.J. 1981. The Middle Paleolithic in the southern Levant from the perspective of the Tabūn Cave. In Préhistoire du Levant, ed. Cauvin, J. & Sanlaville, P.. Paris: Editions du CNRS, pp. 265–80.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A.J. 1982. The Tabūn Cave and Paleolithic man in the southern Le-vant. Science 216: 1369–75.Google Scholar
Kafafi, Z. 2005. Fouilles de Khirbet edh-Dharih, un site Néolithique acéramique (PPNA) en Jordanie du Sud. Syria 82: 547.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S. 1995. Mousterian Lithic Technology – An Ecological Perspective. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lindly, J.M. & Clark, G.A. 1987. A preliminary lithic analysis of the Mousterian site of ‘Ain Difla (WHS Site 634) in the Wadi Ali, west-central Jordan. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53: 279–92.Google Scholar
Lindly, J.M. & Clark, G.A. 2000. The Ain Difla rockshelter and Middle Paleolithic systematics in the Levant. In The Archaeology of the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan, Volume 2, ed. Coinman, N.R.. Tempe: Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 52, pp. 111–22.Google Scholar
MacDonald, B. (ed.) 1988. The Wadi Hasa Archaeological Survey [1979–1983], West-Central Jordan. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.Google Scholar
MacDonald, B. 2007. Archaeological site surveying in Jordan: The North American contribution. In Crossing Jordan – North American Contributions to the Archaeology of Jordan, ed. Levy, T., Daviau, M., Younker, R. & Shaer, M.. London: Equinox, pp. 2736.Google Scholar
MacDonald, B., Rollefson, G., Banning, E., Byrd, B. & d'Annibale, C. 1983. The Wadi al-Hasa Archaeological Survey, 1982: A preliminary report. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 27: 311–24.Google Scholar
MacDonald, B., Herr, L.G., Neeley, M.P. et al. 2004. The Tafila-Busayra Archaeological Survey 1999–2001, West-Central Jordan. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research Archaeological Reports No. 9.Google Scholar
Makarewicz, C. 2013. More than meat: Diversity in caprine harvesting strat-egies and the emergence of complex production systems during the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Levant 45: 236–61.Google Scholar
Makarewicz, C. & Austin, A. 2006. Late PPNB occupation at el-Hemmeh: Results from the third excavation season 2006. Neo-Lithics 2: 1923.Google Scholar
Makarewicz, C. & Rose, K. 2011. Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement at el-Hemmeh: a survey of the architecture. Neo-Lithics 1: 23–9.Google Scholar
Makarewicz, C., Goodale, N., Rassmann, P. et al. 2006. El-Hemmeh: A multi-period Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in the Wadi el-Hasa, Jordan. Eurasian Prehistory 4: 183220.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. 1983. The Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in the Levant. Advances in World Archaeology 2: 5680.Google Scholar
Mellars, P.A. 2005. The impossible coincidence: A single species model for the origins of modern human behavior in Europe. Evolutionary Anthropology 14: 1227.Google Scholar
Mellars, P.A. 2006. Archaeology and the dispersal of modern humans in Europe: Deconstructing the Aurignacian. Evolutionary Anthropology 15: 167–82.Google Scholar
Monigal, K. 2002. The Levantine Leptolithic: Blade Production from the Lower Paleolithic to the Dawn of the Upper Paleolithic. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Southern Methodist University (Ann Arbor: Microfilms International).Google Scholar
Moumani, K. 1997. The Geology of Al Husayniyya Al Janubiyya (Jurf ed-Darawish) Area: Map Sheet No. 3151-II. Amman: Geological Mapping Division Bulletin 38.Google Scholar
Moumani, K., Alexander, J. & Bateman, M.D. 2003. Sedimentology of the Late Quaternary Wadi Hasa Marl Formation of Central Jordan: A record of climate variability. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 191: 221–42.Google Scholar
Muheisen, M. 1988. The Epipaleolithic phases of Kharaneh IV. In The Prehistory of Jordan: The State of Research in 1986, ed. Garrard, A.N. & Gebel, H.-G.. BAR International Series 396(ii). Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 353–67.Google Scholar
Mustafa, M. & Clark, G.A. 2007. The ‘Ain Difla rockshelter (Jordan) and the evolution of Mousterian technology: Implications for modern human origins. Eurasian Prehistory 5: 4783.Google Scholar
Neeley, M.P. 2000. The results of a small-scale reconnaissance along the Qa’ el Jinz. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 44: 99108.Google Scholar
Neeley, M.P. 2004. Late Epipaleolithic settlement in the Wadi Juheira, west-central Jordan. In The Last Hunter-Gatherers in the Near East, ed. Delage, C.. BAR International Series 1320. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 3954.Google Scholar
Neeley, M.P. 2006. Prehistoric settlement in west-central Jordan: The Tafila-Busayra Archaeological Survey in its regional context. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 341: 119.Google Scholar
Neeley, M.P. 2010. TBAS 102: A Late Natufian site in west-central Jordan. Neo-Lithics 1/10: 8691.Google Scholar
Neeley, M.P. 2013. Natufian settlement in the Wadi al-Qusayr, west-central Jordan. In Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 397411.Google Scholar
Neeley, M.P., Peterson, J.D., Clark, G.A., Fish, S.K. & Glass, M. 1998. Investigations at Tor al-Tareeq: An epipaleolithic site in the Wadi Hasa, west-central Jordan. Journal of Field Archaeology 25: 295317.Google Scholar
Neeley, M.P., Peterson, J.D., Clark, G.A. & Fish, S.K. 2000. WHS 1065 (Tor al-Tareeq), an Epipaleolithic site in the Wadi al-Hasa, west-central Jordan. In The Archaeology of the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan, Vol. 2: Excavations at Middle, Upper and Epipaleolithic Sites, ed. Coinman, N.R.. Tempe: Arizona State University Anthropologic-al Research Papers No. 52, pp. 245–79.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I. 2006. Issues in the Levantine Epipaleolithic: The Mada-maghan, Nebekian and Qalkhan. Paléorient 32: 1926.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I. 2013. The steppic Early Natufian: investigations in the Wadi al-Hasa, Jordan. In Natufian Foragers in the Levant – Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R.. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 412–28.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I. in press. Late Upper Paleolithic and Initial Epipaleolithic in the marshlands: A view from Tor Sageer, Wadi al-Hasa, Jordan. In Archaeology of the Paleolithic-Neolithic Transition of Eurasia: Papers Presented in Honor of Andrew M.T. Moore, ed. Chazan, M & Lillois, K.T. Leiden: Sidestone Press.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I. & al-Nahar, M. 2011. A fourth season at Yutil al-Hasa (WHS 784): renewed Early Epipaleolithic excavations. Neo-Lithics 1: 30–4.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I. & al-Nahar, M. 2014. The 2012 excavations in the Area A Early Epipaleolithic at Tor at-Tareeq, Wadi al-Hasa. Neo-Lithics 1: 2532.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I. & Coinman, N.R. 1998. Settlement patterning during the Late Pleistocene in the Wadi al-Hasa, west-central Jordan. In The Archaeology of the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan, Volume 1: Surveys, Settlement Patterns and Paleoenvironments, ed. Coinman, N.R.. Tempe: Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers 50, pp. 177204.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I. & Hill, J.B. 1997. Renewed excavations at Tabaqa (WHS 895), an Early Natufian site in the Wadi al-Hasa, Jordan. Neo-Lithics 3: 1112.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I., Stevens, M., Glass, M. et al. 1994. The 1993 excavations at Yutil al-Hasa (WHS 784), west-central Jordan: The Epipaleolithic periods. Paléorient 20: 129–41.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I., Coinman, N.R., Schuldenrein, J. et al. 1998. The Eastern Hasa Late Pleistocene Project: Preliminary report on the 1997 season. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 42: 5374.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I., Coinman, N.R., Clausen, T.G. et al. 2001. The Eastern Hasa Late Pleistocene Project. Preliminary report on the 2000 field season. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 45: 3960.Google Scholar
Peterson, J. 2004. Khirbet Hammam (WHS 149): A late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B settlement in the Wadi el-Hasa, Jordan. Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 334: 117.Google Scholar
Peterson, J., Neeley, M., Hill, J.B. et al. 2010. The origins and development of agriculture in the Wadi al-Hasa region: 2006 – Test excavations at Khirbet Hammam (WHS 149), TBAS 102, and TBAS 212. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 54: 387412.Google Scholar
Quintero, L., Wilke, P. & Rollefson, G.O. 2004. The eastern Levant, the Pleistocene and paleoanthropology. ACOR Newsletter 16: 13.Google Scholar
Quintero, L., Wilke, P. & Rollefson, G.O. 2007. An eastern Jordan perspect-ive on the Lower Paleolithic of the ‘Levantine Corridor’. In Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan IX, ed. al'Khraysheh, F.. Amman: Department of Antiquities, pp. 157166.Google Scholar
Rech, J.A., Quintero, L.A., Wilke, P.J. & Winer, E.R. 2007. The Lower Paleolithic landscape of ‘Ayoun Qedim, al-Jafr Basin, Jordan. Geoarchaeology 22: 261–75.Google Scholar
Rezek, Z. & Jacobs, Z. 2013. New excavations of the Middle Paleolithic deposits in the rockshelter of Ain Difla, Wadi al-Hasa, Jordan. Paper presented at the 12th International Conference on the History and Archaeology of Jordan. Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
Richter, T., Garrard, A.N., Allock, S. & Maher, L.A. 2011. Interaction before agriculture: Exchanging material and sharing knowledge in the Final Pleistocene Levant. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21: 95114.Google Scholar
Richter, T., Maher, L.A., Garrard, A.N. et al. 2013. Epipalaeolithic settlement dynamics in southwest Asia: New radiocarbon evidence from the Azraq Basin. Journal of Quaternary Science 28: 467–79.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G.O. 1981. The late Acheulian site at Fjaje, Wadi el-Bustan, southern Jordan. Paléorient 7: 521.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G.O. 1985. Late Pleistocene environment and seasonal hunting strategies: A case study from Fjaje, near Shobak, southern Jordan. In Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, Vol. II, ed. Hadidi, A.. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 103–7.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G.O. 2008. The Neolithic Period. In Jordan – an Archaeological Reader, ed. Adams, R.. London: Equinox, pp. 71108.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G.O. & MacDonald, B. 1998. Settlement patterns in southern Jordan: evidence from the Wadi al-Hasa Survey, 1981. In The Archaeology of the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan, Vol. 1: Surveys, Settlement Patterns and Paleoenvironments, ed. Coinman, N.R.. Tempe: Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers 50, pp. 6172.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G.O., Quintero, L. & Wilke, P. 2005. The Acheulian industry in the al'Jafr Basin of southeastern Jordan. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society – Mitekufat Haeven 35: 5368.Google Scholar
Rust, A. 1950. Die Höhlenfunde von Jabrud (Syrien). Neumünster: Wacholtz.Google Scholar
Samei, S., Munro, N., Kennerty, M., al-Nahar, M. & Olszewski, D.I. in prep. Taphonomic and zooarchaeological analysis of the Early Epipaleolithic site of Tor at-Tareeq (WHS-1065), Jordan. Quaternary International.Google Scholar
Sampson, A. 2013. Wadi Hamarash I: An Early PPNB Settlement at the Wadi al-Hasa, Vol. 1. Rhodes: University of the Aegean Press.Google Scholar
Schuldenrein, J. 2007. A reassessment of the Holocene stratigraphy of the Wadi Hasa Terrace and Hasa Formation, Jordan. Geoarchaeology 22: 559–83.Google Scholar
Schuldenrein, J. & Clark, G.A. 1994. Landscape and prehistoric chronology of west-central Jordan. Geoarchaeology 9: 3155.Google Scholar
Schuldenrein, J. & Clark, G.A. 2001. Prehistoric landscapes and settlement geography along the Wadi Hasa, west-central Jordan – Part I: Geo-archaeology, human palaeoecology and ethnographic modelling. Environmental Archaeology 6: 2338.Google Scholar
Schuldenrein, J. & Clark, G.A. 2003. Prehistoric landscapes and settlement geography along the Wadi Hasa, west-central Jordan – Part II: Towards a model of palaeoecologial settlement for the Wadi Hasa. Environmental Archaeology 8: 116.Google Scholar
Shott, M., Lindly, J., & Clark, G.A. 2011. Continuous modeling of core reduction: Lessons from refitting cores from WHS 623x, an Upper Paleolithic site in Jordan. PaleoAnthropology 2011: 32033.Google Scholar
Stringer, C. 2007. The origin and dispersal of Homo sapiens: Our current state of knowledge. In Rethinking the Human Revolution, ed. Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef, O. & Stringer, C.. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 1520.Google Scholar
White, C. & Makarewicz, C. 2012. Harvesting practices and early Neolithic barley cultivation at el-Hemmeh, Jordan. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2: 8594.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×