Adams, J. L. 2014a. Ground Stone Analysis: An Anthropological Approach. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar

Adams, S. 2014b. How to Fail at Almost Everything and Still Win Big: Kind of the Story of My Life. New York: Portfolio (Penguin/Random House).Google Scholar

Aiello, L. C., and Wheeler, P.. 1995. The expensive-tissue hypothesis: The brain and digestive system in human and primate evolution. Current Anthropology 36:199–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alton, J., and Alton, A.. 2013. The Survival Medicine Handbook: A Guide for When Help Is Not on the Way, 2nd ed. Lexington, KY: Doom and Bloom.Google Scholar

Ambrose, S. H. 1998. Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and the differentiation of modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution 34:623–651.Google Scholar

Ambrose, S. H. 2002. “Small Things Remembered: Origins of Early Microlithic Industries in Sub-Saharan Africa,” in Thinking Small: Global Perspectives on Microlithization. Edited by Elston, R. G. and Kuhn, S. L., pp. 9–30. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association (Archaeological Paper No. 12).Google Scholar

Anderson-Gerfaud, P. C. 1990. “Aspects of Behaviour in the Middle Palaeolithic: Functional Analysis of Stone Tools from Southwest France,” in The Emergence of Modern Humans. Edited by Mellars, P. A., pp. 389–418. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Andrefsky, W. J. 2005. Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Aranguren, B., Revedin, A., et al. 2018. Wooden tools and fire technology in the early Neanderthal site of Poggetti Vecchi (Italy). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115:2054.Google Scholar

Arens, W. 1979. The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ashley, C. Z., and Grillo, K. M.. 2015. Archaeological ceramics from eastern Africa: Past approaches and future directions. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 50:460–480.Google Scholar

Aubert, M., Lebe, R., et al. 2019. Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. Nature 576:442–445.Google Scholar

Aubert, M., Setiawan, P., et al. 2018. Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo. Nature 564:254–257.Google Scholar

Backwell, L., Bradfield, J., et al. 2018. The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: Evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave. Antiquity 92:289–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bae, C. J., Douka, K., et al. 2017. On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives. Science 358:eaai9067.Google Scholar

Bahn, P. G. 2016. Images of the Ice Age. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bailey, R., and Peacock, N.. 1988. “Efe Pygmies of Northeast Zaire: Subsistence Strategies in the Ituri Forest,” in Coping with Uncertainty in the Food Supply. Edited by de Garine, I. and Harrison, G., pp. 88–117. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bar-Yosef, O. 2002. The Upper Paleolithic Revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 31:363–393.Google Scholar

Bar-Yosef, O., and Belfer-Cohen, A.. 2001. From Africa to Eurasia – Early dispersals. Quaternary International 75:19–28.Google Scholar

Bar-Yosef, O., and Callander, J.. 1999. The woman from Tabun: Garrod’s doubts in historical perspective. Journal of Human Evolution 37:879–885.Google Scholar

Bar-Yosef, O., Eren, M., et al. 2012. Were bamboo tools made in prehistoric Southeast Asia? An experimental view from South China. Quaternary International 269:9–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Yosef Mayer, D. 2005. The exploitation of shells as beads in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic of the Levant. Paléorient 31:176–185.Google Scholar

Bar-Yosef Mayer, D. E., Groman-Yaroslavski, I., Bar-Yosef, O., Hershkovitz, I., Kampen-Hasday, A., Vandermeersch, B., Zaidner, Y., and Weinstein-Evron, M.. 2020. On holes and strings: Earliest displays of human adornment in the Middle Palaeolithic. PLoS ONE 15(7):e0234924.Google Scholar

Barham, L. 2002. Backed tools in Middle Pleistocene Central Africa and their evolutionary significance. Journal of Human Evolution 43:585–603.Google Scholar

Barham, L. 2013. From Hand to Handle: The First Industrial Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Barham, L., and Mitchell, P.. 2008. The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Barham, L., Simms, M. J., et al. 2000. “Twin Rivers, excavation and behavioural record,” in The Middle Stone Age of Zambia, South Central Africa. Edited by Barham, L., pp. 165–216. Bristol: Western Academic & Specialist Press.Google Scholar

Barker, G. 2014. “Niah Caves: Role in Human Evolution,” in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Edited by Smith, C., pp. 5282–5289. New York: Springer New York.Google Scholar

Barton, C. M., and Clark, G. A.. 2021. From artifacts to cultures: Technology, society, and knowledge in the Upper Paleolithic. Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology 4 (2):1–21.Google Scholar

Becerra-Valdivia, L., and Higham, T.. 2020. The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America. Nature 584:93–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bednarik, R. G. 2001. Replicating the first known sea travel by humans: The Lower Pleistocene crossing of Lombok Strait. Human Evolution 16:229–242.Google Scholar

Bednarik, R. G. 2003. Seafaring in the Pleistocene. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 13:41–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Begley, C. 2021. The Next Apocalypse: The Art and Science of Survival. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Bellwood, P. 1987. The Prehistory of Island Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Review of Recent Research. Journal of World Prehistory 1:171–224.Google Scholar

Bellwood, P. 2013. First Migrants: Ancient Migration in Global Perspective. New York: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar

Ben Arous, E., Philippe, A., et al. 2022. An improved chronology for the Middle Stone Age at El Mnasra cave, Morocco. PLoS ONE 17:e0261282.Google Scholar

Ben-Dor, M., and Barkai, R.. 2020. The importance of large prey animals during the Pleistocene and the implications of their extinction on the use of dietary ethnographic analogies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 59:101192.Google Scholar

Bendictow, O. J. 2021. The Complete History of the Black Death. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.Google Scholar

Bennett, M. R., Bustos, D., et al. 2021. Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 373:1528–1531.Google Scholar

Berger, T. D., and Trinkaus, E.. 1995. Patterns of trauma among the Neandertals. Journal of Archaeological Science 22:841–852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bergman, C., and Newcomer, M. H.. 1983. Flint arrowhead breakage: Examples from Ksar Akil, Lebanon. Journal of Field Archaeology 10:238–243.Google Scholar

Bergström, A., Stringer, C., et al. 2021. Origins of modern human ancestry. Nature 590:229–237.Google Scholar

Beyin, A. 2006. The Bab al Mandab vs the Nile-Levant: An appraisal of the two dispersal routes for early modern humans out of Africa. African Archaeological Review 23:5–30.Google Scholar

Béyries, S. 1987. Variabilité de l’industrie lithique au Moustérien: Approche fonctionelle sur quelques gisements français. British Archaeological Reports International Series, no. 328. Oxford: Oxbow Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Binford, L. R. 1962. Archaeology as anthropology. American Antiquity 28:217–225.Google Scholar

Binford, L. R. 1979. Organization and formation processes: Looking at curated technologies. Journal of Anthropological Research 35:255–273.Google Scholar

Binford, L. R. 1981. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Bingham, P. M., and Souza, J.. 2013. Theory testing in Prehistoric North America: Fruits of one of the world’s great archeological natural laboratories. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22:145–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bingham, P. M., Souza, J., et al. 2013. Introduction: Social complexity and the bow in the prehistoric North American record. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22:81–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blinkhorn, J., Lucy, T., et al. 2022. Evaluating refugia in recent human evolution in Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 377:20200485.Google Scholar

Blinkhorn, J., Zanolli, C., et al. 2021. Nubian Levallois technology associated with southernmost Neanderthals. Scientific Reports 11:2869.Google Scholar

Boaretto, E., Wu, X., et al. 2009. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:9595.Google Scholar

Boas, F. 1940. Race, Language, and Culture. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Boëda, E., Connan, J., et al. 1996. Bitumen as a hafting material on Middle Palaeolithic artefacts. Nature 380:336–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boldurian, A. T. 2007. Clovis beveled rod manufacture: An elephant bone experiment. North American Archaeologist 28:29–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bordes, F. 1968. The Old Stone Age. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Bostrum, N. 2014. Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strangers. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bostrum, N., and Cirkovic, M.. Editors. 2011. Global Catastrophic Risks. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bowles, S. 2009. Did warfare among ancestral hunter-gatherers affect the evolution of human social behaviors? Science 324:1293–1298.Google Scholar

Bradford, W., and Morrison, S. E. e. 1651 (1952). Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647. New York: Afred A. Knopf.Google Scholar

Brain, C. K. 1981. The Hunters or the Hunted? An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Bramble, D. M., and Lieberman, D. E.. 2004. Endurance running and the evolution of Homo. Nature 432:354–352.Google Scholar

Brandt, S. A., Fisher, E. C., et al. 2012. Early MIS 3 occupation of Mochena Borago Rockshelter, Southwest Ethiopian Highlands: Implications for Late Pleistocene archaeology, paleoenvironments and modern human dispersals. Quaternary International 274:38–54.Google Scholar

Brannen, P. 2017. The Ends of the World: Volcanic Apocalypses, Lethal Oceans, and Our Quest to Understand Earth’s Past Mass Extinctions. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar

Brooks, A. S., Yellen, J. E., et al. 2018. Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age. Science 360:90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, D. J. 2015. The Indifferent Stars Above: The Harrowing Saga of a Donner Party Bride. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar

Brown, K. S., Marean, C. W., et al. 2009. Fire as an engineering tool of early modern humans. Science 325:859–862.Google Scholar

Brumm, A. 2010. The Movius Line and the Bamboo Hypothesis: Early hominin stone technology in Southeast Asia. Lithic Technology 35:7–24.Google Scholar

Burdukiewicz, J. M., and Ronen, A.. Editors. 2003. Lower Paleolithic Small Tools in Europe and the Levant. British Archaeological Reports International Series, no. 1115. Oxford: Oxbow Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burroughs, W. J. 2005. Climate Change in Prehistory: The End of the Reign of Chaos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Callahan, E. 1979. The Basics of Biface Knapping in the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition. Archaeology of Eastern North America 7:1–180.Google Scholar

Carrier, D. R. 1984. The energetic paradox of human running and hominid evolution. Current Anthropology 25(4):483–495.Google Scholar

Cattelain, P. 1997. “Hunting during the Upper Paleolithic: Bow, spearthrower, or both?,” in Projectile Technology. Edited by Knecht, H., pp. 213–240. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chase, P. G. 1989. “How Different was Middle Paleolithic Subsistence? A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Transition,” in The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans. Edited by Mellars, P. A. and Stringer, C. B., pp. 321–337. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Cheng, H., Zhang, H., et al. 2020. Timing and structure of the Younger Dryas event and its underlying climate dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117:23408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cheynier, A. 1958. Impromptu sur la séquence des pointes du Paléolithique supérieur. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique de France 55:190–205.Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. 2012. The Science of Language. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Christel, M. 1994. Catarrhine primates grasping small objects: Techniques and hand preferences. Current Primatology 3:37–49.Google Scholar

Churchill, S. E. 1993. “Weapon Technology, Prey Size Selection, and Hunting Methods in Modern Hunter-Gatherers: Implications for Hunting in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic,” in Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia. Edited by Peterkin, G. L., Bricker, H., and Mellars, P. A., pp. 11–24. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association (Archaeological Paper No. 4).Google Scholar

Churchill, S. E. 2014. Thin on the Ground: Neandertal Biology, Archaeology and Ecology. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Churchill, S. E., and Smith, F. H.. 2000. Makers of the Early Aurignacian of Europe. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 43:61–115.Google Scholar

Clark, G. 1970. Aspects of Prehistory. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Clark, G. A. 1994. Migration as an explanatory concept in Paleolithic archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1:305–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, G. A., and Riel-Salvatore, J.. 2006. “Observations on Systematics in Paleolithic Archaeology,” in Transitions before the Transition. Edited by Hovers, E. and Kuhn, S. L., pp. 29–57. New York: Plenum/Kluwer.Google Scholar

Clark, J. D. 1967. Atlas of African Prehistory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Clark, J. D. 1988. The Middle Stone Age of East Africa and the beginnings of regional identity. Journal of World Prehistory 2:235–305.Google Scholar

Clark, J. D. Editor. 2001. Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, vol. III: The Earlier Cultures: Middle and Earlier Stone Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Clarkson, C., Harris, C., et al. 2020. Human occupation of northern India spans the Toba super-eruption ~74,000 years ago. Nature Communications 11:961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clarkson, C., Jacobs, Z., et al. 2017. Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago. Nature 547:306.Google Scholar

Conard, N. J. 2006. “The Last Neanderthals and First Modern Humans in the Swabian Jura,” in When Neanderthals and Modern Humans Met. Edited by Conard, N. J., pp. 305–341. Tübingen: Kerns Verlag.Google Scholar

Coqueugniot, H., Dutour, O., et al. 2014. Earliest cranio-encephalic trauma from the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic: 3D reappraisal of the Qafzeh 11 skull, consequences of pediatric brain damage on individual life condition and social care. PLoS ONE 9:e102822.Google Scholar

Crabtree, D. E. 1966. A stoneworker’s approach to analyzing and replicating the Lindenmeier Folsom. Tebiwa 9:3–39.Google Scholar

Crosby, A. W. 1986. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cummings, V., Jordan, P., et al. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Daniel, G. E., and Renfrew, C.. 1988. The Idea of Prehistory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Darwin, C. R. 1859. The Origin of Species. London: John Murray.Google Scholar

Dawkins, R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

de Filippo, C., Bostoen, K., et al. 2012. Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279:3256–3263.Google Scholar

de Mortillet, G. 1877. L’art dans les temps géologiques. Revue scientifique (second series):888–892.Google Scholar

Defleur, A., White, T., et al. 1999. Neanderthal cannibalism at Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France. Science 286:128–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dent, R. J. 2007. “Seed Collecting and Fishing at the Shawnee Minisink Paleoindian Site Everyday Life in the Late Pleistocene,” in Foragers of the Terminal Pleistocene in North America. Edited by Walker, R. B and Driskell, B. N, pp. 116–131. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., et al. 2003. Archaeological evidence for the emergence of language, symbolism, and music – An alternative multidisciplinary approach. Journal of World Prehistory 17:1–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., et al. 2005. Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: Evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution 48:3–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dewar, R. E., Radimilahy, C., et al. 2013. Stone tools and foraging in northern Madagascar challenge Holocene extinction models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110:12583–12588.Google Scholar

Dibble, H. L. 1995. Middle Paleolithic scraper reduction: Background, clarification, and review of the evidence to date. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2:299–368.Google Scholar

Dibble, H. L., Abodolahzadeh, A., et al. 2017. How did hominins adapt to Ice Age Europe without fire? Current Anthropology 58:S278–S287.Google Scholar

Dibble, H. L., Aldeias, V., et al. 2013. On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb. Journal of Human Evolution 64:194–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dillehay, T. H. 1997. Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile: The Archaeological Context, vol. 2. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar

Dirks, P. H. G. M., Berger, L. R., et al. 2015. Geological and taphonomic context for the new hominin species Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. eLife 4:e09561.Google Scholar

Dixon, E. J. 1999. Bones, Boats and Bison: Archeology and the First Colonization of Western North America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar

Djakovic, I., Key, A., and Soressi, M.. 2022. Optimal linear estimation models predict 1400–2900 years of overlap between Homo sapiens and Neandertals prior to their disappearance from France and northern Spain. Scientific Reports 12 (1):15000.Google Scholar

Druett, J. 2007. Island of the Lost: An Extraordinary Story of Survival at the Edge of the World. New York.: Algonquin Books.Google Scholar

Duke, H., and Pargeter, J.. 2015. Weaving simple solutions to complex problems: An experimental study of skill in bipolar cobble-splitting. Lithic Technology 40:349–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Efferson, C., Lalive, R., et al. 2008. The coevolution of cultural groups and ingroup favoritism. Science 321:1844–1849.Google Scholar

Ehrlich, P. R. 1968. The Population Bomb. New York: Sierra Club/Ballantine.Google Scholar

El Zaatari, S., Grine, F. E., et al. 2011. Ecogeographic variation in Neandertal dietary habits: Evidence from occlusal molar microwear texture analysis. Journal of Human Evolution 61:411–424.Google Scholar

Emory, K. P. 1943. South Sea Lore. Honolulu: Bishop Museum (Special Publication 33).Google Scholar

Enzel, Y., and Bar-Yosef, O.. Editors. 2017. Quaternary of the Levant: Environments, Climate Change, and Humans. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eren, M. I., Lycett, S. J., et al. 2016. Test, model, and method validation: The role of experimental stone artifact replication in hypothesis-driven archaeology. Ethnoarchaeology 8:103–136.Google Scholar

Erlandson, J. M. 2001. The archaeology of aquatic adaptations: Paradigms for a new millennium. Journal of Archaeological Research 9:287–350.Google Scholar

Erlandson, J. M., Graham, M. H., et al. 2007. The Kelp Highway hypothesis: Marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2:161–174.Google Scholar

Fagan, B. 2011. Cro-Magnon: How the Ice Age Gave Birth to the First Modern Humans. New York: Bloomsbury Press.Google Scholar

Faure, H., Walter, R. C., et al. 2002. The coastal oasis: Ice Age springs on emerged continental shelves. Global and Planetary Change 33:47–56.Google Scholar

Feblot-Augustins, J. 1997. La circulation des matières premiers au Paléolithique: Synthése de données, perspectives comportementales. Liège: Etudes et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Liège, No. 75.Google Scholar

Fedele, F., Giaccio, B, et al. 2004. The Campignian Ignimbrite eruption, Heinrich Event 4, and Palaeolithic Cange in Europe: A high-resolution investigation. Volcanism and the Earth’s Atmosphere (American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph) 139:301–325.Google Scholar

Feidel, S. J. 2005. Man’s best friend – Mammoth’s worst enemy? A speculative essay on the role of dogs in Paleoindian colonization and megafaunal extinction. World Archaeology 37.Google Scholar

Fellows Yates, J. A., Velsko, I. M., et al. 2021. The evolution and changing ecology of the African hominid oral microbiome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118:e2021655118.Google Scholar

Finlayson, C. 2003. Neanderthals and Modern Humans: The Dynamics and Biogeography of Their Interactions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Finlayson, C. 2019. The Smart Neanderthal: Cave Art, Bird Catching, and the Cognitive Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Finney, B. 1979. Hokulea: The Way to Tahiti. New York: Dodd, Mead.Google Scholar

Firestone, R. B., West, A., et al. 2007. Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:16016.Google Scholar

Flint, R. F. 1971. Glacial and Quaternary Geology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Flores, D. 2016. Coyote America: A Natural and Supernatural History. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Florin, S. A., Fairbairn, A. S., et al. 2020. The first Australian plant foods at Madjedbebe, 65,000–53,000 years ago. Nature Communications 11:924.Google Scholar

Foley, R., and Lahr, M. M.. 1997. Mode 3 technologies and the evolution of modern humans. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7:3–36.Google Scholar

Frison, G. C., and Bradley, B. A.. 1999. The Fenn Cache: Clovis Weapons & Tools. Santa Fe, NM: One Horse Land and Cattle Company.Google Scholar

Froehle, A. W., and Churchill, S. E.. 2009. Energetic competition between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. PaleoAnthropology 2009:96–116.Google Scholar

Fuller, D., and Hildebrand, E.. 2013. “Domesticating plants in Africa,” in The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Edited by Mitchell, P. and Lane, P., pp. 131–144. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Gabriele, M., and Perry, D. M.. 2021. The Bright Ages: A New History of Medieval Europe. New York: Harper.Google Scholar

Gamble, C. 1987. “Man the Shoveler: Alternative Models for Middle Pleistocene Colonization and Occupation in Northern Latitudes,” in The Pleistocene Old World: Regional Perspectives. Edited by Soffer, O., pp. 81–98. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar

Gamble, C. 2013. Settling the Earth: The Archaeology of Deep Human History. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gamble, C., Gowlett, J., et al. 2014. Thinking Big: How the Evolution of Social Life Shaped the Human Mind. New York: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar

Garrod, D. A. E., and Bate, D. M. A.. Editors. 1937. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel, vol. 1: Excavations in the Wady el-Mughara. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Geist, V. 1981. Neanderthal the hunter. Natural History 90:26–36.Google Scholar

Gilligan, I. 2010. The prehistoric development of clothing: Archaeological implications of a thermal model. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 17:15–80.Google Scholar

Gladikh, M. I., Kornietz, N., et al. 1984. Mammoth-bone dwellings on the Russian plain. Scientific American 251:164–175.Google Scholar

Golding, W. 1954. The Lord of the Flies. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar

Gonzales, L. 2003. Deep Survival: Who Lives, Who Dies, and Why. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Goodall, J. 1986. The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Goodwin, A. J. H. 1929. The Stone Ages in South Africa. Africa 2:174–182.Google Scholar

Goren-Inbar, N. Editor. 1990. Quneitra: A Mousterian Site on the Golan Heights. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Institute of Archaeology (Qedem No. 31).Google Scholar

Gott, B. 2002. Fire-making in Tasmania: Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Current Anthropology 43:650–655.Google Scholar

Gould, R. A. 1980. Living Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Graeber, D., and Wengrow, D.. 2021. The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.Google Scholar

Greaves, R. D. 1997. “Hunting and Multifunctional Use of Bows and Arrows: Ethnoarchaeology of Technological Organization among the Pumé Hunters of Venezuela,” in Projectile Technology. Edited by Knecht, H., pp. 287–320. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar

Green, R. E., Krause, J., et al. 2010. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 328:710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grinker, R. R. 1990. Images of denigration: Structuring inequality between foragers and farmers in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. American Ethnologist 17:111–130.Google Scholar

Groube, L., Chappell, J., et al. 1986. A 40,000-year-old human occupation site at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Nature 324:453–455.Google Scholar

Groucutt, H. S., Scerri, E. M. L., et al. 2015. Stone tool assemblages and models for the dispersal of Homo sapiens out of Africa. Quaternary International 382:8–30.Google Scholar

Groucutt, H. S., White, T. S., et al. 2021. Multiple hominin dispersals into Southwest Asia over the past 400,000 years. Nature 597:376–380.Google Scholar

Guthrie, R. D. 1990. The Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Guthrie, R. D. 2001. Origin and causes of the mammoth steppe: A story of cloud cover, woolly mammal tooth pits, buckles, and inside-out Beringia. Quaternary Science Review 20:549–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guthrie, R. D. 2005. The Nature of Paleolithic Art. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Habgood, P. J., and Franklin, N. R.. 2008. The revolution that didn’t arrive: A review of Pleistocene Sahul. Journal of Human Evolution 55:187–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallinan, E., Barzilai, O., et al. 2022. No direct evidence for the presence of Nubian Levallois technology and its association with Neanderthals at Shukbah Cave. Science Reports:1204.Google Scholar

Hammond, G., and Hammond, N.. 1981. Child’s play: A distorting factor in archaeological distribution. American Antiquity 46:634–636.Google Scholar

Hardy, B. L., Moncel, M. H., et al. 2020. Direct evidence of Neanderthal fibre technology and its cognitive and behavioral implications. Scientific Reports 10:4889.Google Scholar

Harmand, S., Lewis, J. E., et al. 2015. 3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya. Nature 521:310–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harris, M. 2013. The Rise of Anthropological Theory, 4th ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar

Harvati, K., Stringer, C., et al. 2011. The Later Stone Age Calvaria from Iwo Eleru, Nigeria: Morphology and chronology. PLoS ONE 6:e24024.Google Scholar

Hayden, B. 1979. Palaeolithic Reflections: Lithic Technology and Ethnographic Excavations among Australian Aborigines. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.Google Scholar

Haynes, C. V., and Hemmings, E. T.. 1968. Mammoth-bone shaft wrench from Murray Springs, Arizona. Science 159:186–187.Google Scholar

Heinrich, H. 1988. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research 29:142–152.Google Scholar

Henrich, J. 2004. Demography and cultural evolution: How adaptive cultural processes can produce maladaptive losses – The Tasmanian case. American Antiquity 69:197–214.Google Scholar

Henry, A. G., Brooks, A. S., et al. 2014. Plant foods and the dietary ecology of Neanderthals and early modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution 69:44–54.Google Scholar

Henshilwood, C., d’Errico, F., et al. 2004. Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa. Science 304:404.Google Scholar

Henshilwood, C. S., and Marean, C. W.. 2003. The origin of modern human behavior. Current Anthropology 44:627–651.Google Scholar

Hershkovitz, I., May, H., et al. 2021. A Middle Pleistocene Homo from Nesher Ramla, Israel. Science 372:1424–1428.Google Scholar

Heyes, P. J., Anastasakis, K., et al. 2016. Selection and use of manganese dioxide by Neanderthals. Scientific Reports 6:22159.Google Scholar

Higham, C. 2014. Early Mainland Southeast Asia: From First Humans to Angkor. London: River Books Press.Google Scholar

Higham, T. 2021. The World before Us: The New Science behind Our Human Origins. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Higham, T., Douka, K., et al. 2014. The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance. Nature 512:306.Google Scholar

Hiscock, P., O’Connor, S., et al. 2016. World’s earliest ground-edge axe production coincides with human colonisation of Australia. Australian Archaeology 82:2–11.Google Scholar

Hodder, I. 1982. Symbols in Action: Ethnoarchaeological Studies of Material Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hoffecker, J. F. 2004. A Prehistory of the North: Human Settlement of the Higher Latitudes. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar

Hoffecker, J. F. 2017. Modern Humans: Their African Origin and Global Dispersal. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Holdaway, S., and Stern, N.. 2004. A Record in Stone: The Study of Australia’s Flaked Stone Artifacts. Melbourne: Museum Victoria/Aboriginal Studies Press.Google Scholar

Holldobler, B., and Wilson, E. O.. 1990. The Ants. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar

Hollenbach, K. D. 2007. “Gathering in the Late Paleoindian Period Archaeobotanical Remains from Dust Cave, Alabama,” in Foragers of the Terminal Pleistocene in North America. Edited by Walker, R. B and Driskell, B. N., pp. 132–147. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Holliday, T. W. 2003. Species concepts, reticulation, and human evolution. Current Anthropology 44:653–673.Google Scholar

Holliday, T. W. 2023. Cro-Magnon: The Story of the Last Ice Age People of Europe. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Holliday, V. T., and Killick, D.. 2013. An early Paleoindian bead from the Mockingbird Gap Site, New Mexico. Current Anthropology 54:85–95.Google Scholar

Holt, B. M., and Formicola, V.. 2008. Hunters of the Ice Age: The biology of Upper Paleolithic people. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 15:70–99.Google Scholar

Hovers, E., and Braun, D.. Editors. 2007. Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Hovers, E., Iliani, S., et al. 2003. An early case of color symbolism: Ochre use by modern humans in Qafzeh Cave. Current Anthropology 44:491–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Howell, F. C. 1952. Pleistocene glacial ecology and the evolution of “classic Neanderthal” man. Southwest Journal of Anthropology 8:377–410.Google Scholar

Howell, F. C. 1959. Upper Pleistocene stratigraphy and early man in the Levant. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 103:1–65.Google Scholar

Howell, F. C., Butzer, K. W., et al. 1995. Observations on the Acheulean occupation site of Ambrona (Soria Province, Spain). Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 38:33–82.Google Scholar

Hublin, J.-J. 2021. How old are the oldest Homo sapiens in Far East Asia? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118:e2101173118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hume, D. 2018. Fire Making: The Forgotten Art of Conjuring Flame with Spark, Tinder, and Skil. New York: The Experiment.Google Scholar

Husain, A. 2018. The Sentient Machine: The Coming of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Scribner/Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Inskeep, R. 2001. “Some Notes on Fish and Fishing in Africa,” in A Very Remote Period Indeed: Papers on the Palaeolithic Presented to Derek Roe. Edited by Milliken, S. and Cook, J., pp. 63–73. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar

Ipek, H. 2009. Comparing and contrasting first and second language acquisition: Implications for language teachers. English Language Teaching 2:155–162.Google Scholar

Isaac, G. L. 1981. Archaeological tests of alternative models of early hominid behaviour: Excavation and experiments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 292:177–188.Google Scholar

Jasanoff, M. 2022. Ancestor worship: Where does the craze for geneaology come from? The New Yorker (May 2):69–73.Google Scholar

Jelinek, A. J. Editor. 2013. Neandertal Lithic Industries at La Quina. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar

Johnson, C. R., and McBrearty, S.. 2010. 500,000 year old blades from the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 58:193–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaboth-Bahr, S., Gosling, W. D., et al. 2021. Paleo-ENSO influence on African environments and early modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118:e2018277118.Google Scholar

Keeley, L. H. 1996. War before Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kelly, R. L. 1998. “Foraging and Sedentism,” in Seasonality and Sedentism: Archaeological Perspectives from Old and New World Sites. Edited by Rocek, T. and Bar-Yosef, O., pp. 9–23. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.Google Scholar

Kelly, R. L. 2013. The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum, 2nd revised ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kelton, P. 2007. Epidemics and Enslavement: Biological Catastrophe in the Native Southeast, 1492–1715. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Key, A., Fisch, M. R., et al. 2018. Early stage blunting causes rapid reductions in stone tool performance. Journal of Archaeological Science 91:1–11.Google Scholar

King, C. 2019. Gods of the Upper Air: How a Circle of Renegade Anthropologists Reinvented Race, Sex, and Gender in the Twentieth Century. New York: Anchor.Google Scholar

Kirch, P. V. 2018. On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands before European Contact, 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Klein, R. G. 1992. The archaeology of modern human origins. Evolutionary Anthropology 1:5–14.Google Scholar

Kochanski, M. 1987. Bushcraft: Outdoor Skills and Wilderness Survival. Vancouver: Lone Pine Publishing.Google Scholar

Koester, R. J. 2008. Lost Person Behavior: A Search and Rescue Guide on Where to Look – For Land, Air and Water. Charlottesville, VA: dbS ProductionsGoogle Scholar

Kossina, G. 1911. Herkunft der Germanen. Leipzig: Kabitzich.Google Scholar

Kramer, K. 2005. Maya Children: Helpers at the Farm. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Kramer, K. L. 2019. How there got to be so many of us: The evolutionary story of population growth and a life history of cooperation. Journal of Anthropological Research 75:472–497.Google Scholar

Krauss, L. M. 2006. The Physics of Star Trek. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Kroeber, A. L., and Kluckholn, C.. 1952. Culture; a Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Vol. 47, No. 1. Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.Google Scholar

Kuhn, S. L., and Clark, A. E.. 2015. Artifact densities and assemblage formation: Evidence from Tabun Cave. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 38:8–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuhn, S. L., and Stiner, M. C.. 2006. What’s a mother to do: A hypothesis about the division of labor among Neandertals and modern humans. Current Anthropology 47:953–980.Google Scholar

Kuhn, S. L., and Stiner, M. C.. 2007. Paleolithic ornaments: Implications for cognition, demography and identity. Diogenes 54:40–48.Google Scholar

Kuper, A. 1988. The Invention of Primitive Society: Transformations of an Illusion. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Lahr, M. M., and Foley, R.. 1994. Multiple dispersals and modern human origins. Evolutionary Anthropology 3:48–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laland, K. N. 2018. An evolved uniqueness: How we became a different kind of animal. Scientific American 319 (August):32–39.Google Scholar

Landau, M. L. 1991. Narratives of Human Evolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Langley, M. C., Amano, N., et al. 2020. Bows and arrows and complex symbolic displays 48,000 years ago in the South Asian tropics. Science Advances 6:eaba3831.Google Scholar

Langley, M. C., Clarkson, C., et al. 2019. Symbolic expression in Pleistocene Sahul, Sunda, and Wallacea. Quaternary Science Reviews 221:105883.Google Scholar

Larsen-Peterkin, G. 1993. “Lithic and Organic Hunting Technology in the French Upper Paleolithic,” in Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia. Edited by Peterkin, G. L., Bricker, H., and Mellars, P. A., pp. 49–68. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association (Archaeological Paper No. 4).Google Scholar

Laville, H., Rigaud, J.-P., et al. 1980. Rock Shelters of the Perigord: Geological Stratigraphy and Archaeological Succession. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Leakey, L. S. B. 1954. Adam’s Ancestors. London: Methuen.Google Scholar

Leakey, M. D. 1971. Olduvai Gorge: Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960–1963. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lee, R. B. 1979. The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lepre, C. J., Roche, H., et al. 2011. An earlier origin for the Acheulian. Nature 477:82–85.Google Scholar

Leslie, S., Winney, B., et al. 2015. The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population. Nature 519:309–314.Google Scholar

Lesnik, Julie J. 2018. Edible Insects and Human Evolution. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.Google Scholar

Levy, T. E. Editor. 1995. Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. New York: Facts on File.Google Scholar

Lewis-Kraus, G. 2019. Game of bones: Is ancient DNA research revealing new truths – Or falling into old traps? New York Times Sunday Magazine (January 17):44.Google Scholar

Li, S., Schlebusch, C., et al. 2014. Genetic variation reveals large-scale population expansion and migration during the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281:20141448.Google Scholar

Liebenberg, L. 1990. The Art of Tracking: The Origin of Science. Cape Town: David Phillip Publishers.Google Scholar

Lieberman, D. E. 2011. The Evolution of the Human Head. Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Lieberman, D. E. 2013. The Story of the Human Body: Evolution, Health and Disease. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

Lieberman, D. E., and Shea, J. J.. 1994. Behavioral differences between archaic and modern humans in the Levantine Mousterian. American Anthropologist 96:300–332.Google Scholar

Lieberman, P. 1973. On the Origins of Language. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Lieberman, P. 2013. The Unpredictable Species: What Makes Humans Unique. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Lieberman, P., and McCarthy, R. C.. 2014. “The Evolution of Speech and Language,” in Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Edited by Henke, W. and Tattersall, I., pp. 1–33. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar

Lindly, J. M. 2005. The Mousterian of the Zagros: A Regional Perspective. Tempe: Arizona State University (Anthropological Research Papers, No. 56).Google Scholar

Lombard, M. 2020. The tip cross-sectional areas of poisoned bone arrowheads from southern Africa. Evolutionary Anthropology 33(5):307–315.Google Scholar

Lombard, M. 2021. Variation in hunting weaponry for more than 300,000 years: A tip cross-sectional area study of Middle Stone Age points from southern Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews 264:107021.Google Scholar

Lombard, M., and Shea, J. J.. 2021. Did Pleistocene Africans use the spearthrower-and-dart? Evolutionary Anthropology 30:307–315.Google Scholar

Lundin, C. 2003. 98.6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive. Salt Lake City, UT: Gibbs Smith.Google Scholar

Lundin, C. 2007. When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need to Survive When Disaster Strikes. Salt Lake City, UT: Gibbs Smith.Google Scholar

Lycett, S. J., and Bae, C. J.. 2010. The Movius Line controversy: The state of the debate. World Archaeology 42:521–544.Google Scholar

Lyell, C. 1830–1833. Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth’s Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation. London: John Murray.Google Scholar

Lyman, R. L. 1994. Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lynas, M. 2009. Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet. Washington, DC: National Geographic.Google Scholar

Maclaren, P. I. R. 1958. The Fishing Devices of Central and Southern Africa. Occasional Papers of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum, No. 12. Livingstone: Rhodes-Livingstone Museum.Google Scholar

MacPhee, R. D. E. 2018. End of the Megafauna: The Fate of the World’s Hugest, Fiercest, and Strangest Animals. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Maier, M. A., Barchfeld, P., et al. 2009. Context specificity of implicit preferences: The case of human preference for red. Emotion 9:734–738.Google Scholar

Mann, C. C. 2011. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar

Mann, C. C. 2018. The Wizard and the Prophet: Two Remarkable Scientists and Their Dueling Visions to Shape Tomorrow’s World. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar

Marean, C. W. 1991. Measuring the post-depositional destruction of bone in archaeological assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 18:677–694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marean, C. W. 2010. When the sea saved humanity. Scientific American 303:55–61.Google Scholar

Marean, C. W. 2014. The origins and significance of coastal resource use in Africa and Western Eurasia. Journal of Human Evolution 77:17–40.Google Scholar

Marean, C. W. 2015. An evolutionary anthropological perspective on modern human origins. Annual Review of Anthropology 44:533–556.Google Scholar

Marean, C. W. 2016. The transition to foraging for dense and predictable resources and its impact on the evolution of modern humans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371.Google Scholar

Marlowe, F. W. 2010. The Hadza: Hunter-Gatherers of Tanzania. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Martin, P. S. 1973. The discovery of America: The first Americans may have swept the Western Hemisphere and decimated its fauna within 1000 years. Science 179:969–974.Google Scholar

Marzke, M. W. 2013. Tool making, hand morphology and fossil hominins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368.Google Scholar

Marzke, M. W., and Wullstein, K. L.. 1996. Chimpanzee and human grips: A new classification with a focus on evolutionary morphology. International Journal of Primatology 17:117–139.Google Scholar

Mayr, E. 2001. What Evolution Is. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

McBrearty, S., and Brooks, A. S.. 2000. The revolution that wasn’t: A new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 39:453–563.Google Scholar

McCown, T. D., and Keith, A.. 1939. The Stone Age of Mt. Carmel, vol. 2: The Fossil Human Remains from the Levalloiso-Mousterian. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

McGrew, W. C. 1992. Chimpanzee Material Culture: Implications for Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McPherson, J., and McPherson, G.. 1993. Primitive Wilderness Living and Survival Skills. Randolph, KS: Prairie Wolf Publications.Google Scholar

McPherson, J., and McPherson, G.. 1996. Primitive Wilderness Living and Survival Skills: Applied and Advanced. Randolph, KS: Prairie Wolf Publications.Google Scholar

McPherron, S., Alemseged, Z., et al. 2010. Evidence for stone tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 466:857–860.Google Scholar

Mears, R. 2003. Essential Bushcraft: A Handbook of Survival Skills from around the World. London: Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar

Mellars, P. 1989a. Major issues in the emergence of modern humans. Current Anthropology 30:349–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mellars, P. 1996a. The Neanderthal Legacy: An Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Mellars, P. 1996b. “Symbolism, Language, and the Early Human Mind,” in Modelling the Early Human Mind. Edited by Mellars, P. and Gibson, K., pp. 15–32. Cambridge: MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar

Mellars, P. 2006. Going east: New genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science 313:796–800.Google Scholar

Mellars, P. 2007. “Rethinking the Human Revolution: Eurasian and African Perspectives,” in Rethinking the Human Revolution. Edited by Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef, O., and Stringer, C., pp. 1–14. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Monographs.Google Scholar

Mellars, P., and Stringer, C.. Editors. 1989. The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Mellars, P. A. 1989b. “Technological Changes at the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic Transition: Economic, Social, and Cognitive Perspectives,” in The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans. Edited by Mellars, P. and Stringer, C., pp. 338–365. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Mellars, P. A. Editor. 1990. The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Meltzer, D. J. 2021. First Peoples in a New World: Settling Ice Age America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Meltzer, D. J., Holliday, V. T., et al. 2014. Chronological evidence fails to support claim of an isochronous widespread layer of cosmic impact indicators dated to 12,800 years ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111:E2162.Google Scholar

Mercader, J., Barton, H., et al. 2007. 4,300-year-old chimpanzee sites and the origins of percussive stone technology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:3043–3048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Moffett, M. W. 2019. The Human Swarm: How Our Societies Arise, Thrive, and Fall. New York: Basic Books;.Google Scholar

Molnar, S., and Molnar, I. M.. 1985. The incidence of enamel hypoplasia among the Krapina Neandertals. American Anthropologist 87:536–549.Google Scholar

Morcote-Ríos, G., Aceituno, F. J., et al. 2021. Colonisation and early peopling of the Colombian Amazon during the Late Pleistocene and the Early Holocene: New evidence from La Serranía La Lindosa. Quaternary International 578:5–19.Google Scholar

Movius, H. L., Jr. 1944. Early Man and Pleistocene Stratigraphy in Southeastern and Eastern Asia. Papers of the Peabody Museum Vol. 13, no. 3. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar

Movius, H. L., Jr. 1950. A wooden spear of the Third Interglacial Age from Lower Saxony. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 6:139–142.Google Scholar

Muller, M. N., Wrangham, R. A., et al. 2017. Chimpanzees and Human Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press (Harvard University Press).Google Scholar

Mulvaney, D. J. 1976. “The Chain of Connection: The Material Evidence,” in Tribes and Boundaries in Australia. Edited by Peterson, N., pp. 72–94. Canberra: Australian Institute for Aboriginal Studies.Google Scholar

Nelson, N. 1916. “Flint-Working by Ishi,” in William Henry Holmes Anniversary Volume. Edited by Hodge, F. W., pp. 397–402. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar

Neves, W. A., Araujo, A. G. M., et al. 2012. Rock art at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in Eastern South America. PLoS ONE 7:e32228.Google Scholar

Newcomer, M. H. 1987. “Study and Replication of Bone Tools from Ksar Akil (Lebanon),” in Ksar Akil, Lebanon: A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Later Palaeolithic Levels of Ksar Akil, Vol. 2. Levels XIII–VI. Edited by Bergman, C. A., pp. 284–307. British Archaeological Reports International Series, No. 329. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar

Ní Leathlobhair, M., Perri, A. R., et al. 2018. The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas. Science 361:81–85.Google Scholar

Nicholson, S. L., Hosfield, R., et al. 2021. Beyond arrows on a map: The dynamics of Homo sapiens dispersal and occupation of Arabia during Marine Isotope Stage 5. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 62:101269.Google Scholar

Niekus, M. J. L. T., Kozowyk, P. R. B., et al. 2019. Middle Paleolithic complex technology and a Neandertal tar-backed tool from the Dutch North Sea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116:22081–22087.Google Scholar

Novella, S. 2018. The Skeptic’s Guide to the Universe: How to Know What’s Really Real in a World Increasingly Fake. New York: Grand Central Publishing.Google Scholar

Novella, S., Novella, B., et al. 2022. The Skeptics’ Guide to the Future: What Yesterday’s Science and Science Fiction Tell Us about the World of Tomorrow. New York: Grand Central Publishing.Google Scholar

Nowell, A. 2010. Defining behavioral modernity in the context of Neandertal and anatomically modern human populations. Annual Review of Anthropology 39:437–452.Google Scholar

Nowell, A. 2015. Learning to see and seeing to learn: Children, communities of practice and Pleistocene visual cultures. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 25:889–899.Google Scholar

Nowell, A. 2021. Growing Up in the Ice Age: Fossil and Archaeological Evidence of the Lived Lives of Plio-Pleistocene Children. Oxford: Oxbow Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O’Connell, J. F., Allen, J., et al. 2018. When did Homo sapiens first reach Southeast Asia and Sahul? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115:8482.Google Scholar

O’Connor, S., and Hiscock, P.. 2014. “The Peopling of Sahul and Near Oceania,” in The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania. Edited by Cochrane, E. and Hunt, T., pp. 1–17. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

O’Connor, S., Ono, R., and Clarkson, C.. 2011. Pelagic fishing at 42,000 years before the present and the maritime skills of modern humans. Science 334 (6059):1117–1121.Google Scholar

Odell, G. H. 2004. Lithic Analysis. New York: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oliver, P. 1987. Dwellings: The House across the World. Dallas: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Oppenheimer, S. 2004. The Real Eve: Modern Man’s Journey Out of Africa. New York: Carroll & Graf.Google Scholar

Oswalt, W. H. 1973. Habitat and Technology: The Evolution of Hunting. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar

Pargeter, J., and Eren, M.. 2017. Quantifying and comparing bipolar versus freehand flake morphologies, production currencies, and reduction energetics during lithic miniaturization. Lithic Technology 42(2–3):90–108.Google Scholar

Pargeter, J., and Faith, J. T.. 2020. Lithic miniaturization as adaptive strategy: A case study from Boomplaas Cave, South Africa. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12:225.Google Scholar

Pargeter, J. A., and Shea, J. J.. 2019. Going big vs. going small: Lithic miniaturization in hominin lithic technology. Evolutionary Anthropology 28:1–14.Google Scholar

Paulsen, G. 1986. The Hatchet. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Péter, H., Zuberbühler, K., et al. 2022. Well-digging in a community of forest-living wild East African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Primates 63:355–364.Google Scholar

Petraglia, M., Korisettar, R., et al. 2007. Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption. Science 317:114–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Phillipson, D. W. 1977. The Later Prehistory of Eastern and Southern Africa. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar

Phillipson, D. W. 2005. African Archaeology, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Pitts, M., and Roberts, M.. 1997. Fairweather Eden: Life in Britain Half a Million Years Ago as Revealed by the Excavations at Boxgrove. London: Century.Google Scholar

Pogue, D. 2021. How to Prepare for Climate Change: A Practical Guide to Surviving the Chaos. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Pope, G. G. 1989. Bamboo and human evolution. Natural History 1989:48–57.Google Scholar

Pycraft, W. P., Elliot Smith, G., et al. 1928. Rhodesian Man and Associated Remains. London: British Museum (Natural History).Google Scholar

Radini, A., Buckley, S., et al. 2016. Neanderthals, trees and dental calculus: New evidence from El Sidrón. Antiquity 90:290–301.Google Scholar

Rampino, M. R. 2017. Reexamining Lyell’s laws. American Scientist 1056:223–231.Google Scholar

Rampino, M. R., Caldeira, K., et al. 2021. A pulse of the Earth: A 27.5-Myr underlying cycle in coordinated geological events over the last 260 Myr. Geoscience Frontiers 12:101245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rampino, M. R., and Self, S.. 1992. Volcanic winter and accelerated glaciation following the Toba super-eruption. Nature 359:50–52.Google Scholar

Reich, D. 2018. Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar

Reynolds, N., and Riede, F.. 2019. House of cards: Cultural taxonomy and the study of the European Upper Palaeolithic. Antiquity 93:1350–1358.Google Scholar

Richerson, P., Boyd, R., et al. 2001. Was agriculture impossible during the Pleistocene but mandatory during the Holocene? A climate change hypothesis. American Antiquity 66:387–411.Google Scholar

Rigaud, A. 2001. Les bâtons percés: Décors énigmatiques et fonction possible. Gallia préhistoire 43:101–151.Google Scholar

Rizal, Y., Westaway, K. E., et al. 2020. Last appearance of Homo erectus at Ngandong, Java, 117,000–108,000 years ago. Nature 577:381–385.Google Scholar

Robinson, B. S., Ort, J. C., et al. 2009. Paleoindian aggregation and social context at Bull Brook. American Antiquity 74:423–447.Google Scholar

Robinson, M. T. 2016. The Lost White Tribe: Explorers, Scientists, and the Theory That Changed a Continent. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Roebroeks, W., and Villa, P.. 2011. On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:5209–5214.Google Scholar

Rolland, N., and Dibble, H. L.. 1990. A new synthesis of Middle Paleolithic variability. American Antiquity 55:480–499.Google Scholar

Rose, J. I. 2004. The question of Upper Pleistocene connections between East Africa and South Arabia. Current Anthropology 45:551–555.Google Scholar

Rose, J. I., and Marks, A. E.. 2014. Out of Arabia and the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in the southern Levant. Quartär 61:49–85.Google Scholar

Rose, J. I., Usik, V. I., et al. 2011. The Nubian complex of Dhofar, Oman: An African Middle Stone Age industry in southern Arabia. PLoS ONE 6:e28239.Google Scholar

Rots, V., and Plisson, H.. 2014. Projectiles and the abuse of the use-wear method in a search for impact. Journal of Archaeological Science 48:154–165.Google Scholar

Ruditis, P. 2021. The Star Trek Book: Strange New Worlds Boldly Explained. New York: DK.Google Scholar

Sackett, J. R. 1991. “Straight Archaeology French Style: The Phylogenetic Paradigm in Historical Perspective,” in Perspectives on the Past: Theoretical Biases in Mediterranean Hunter-Gatherer Research. Edited by Clark, G., pp. 109–139. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saini, A. 2019. Superior: The Return of Race Science. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Sandgathe, D. M., and Hayden, B.. 2003. Did Neanderthals eat inner bark? Antiquity 77:709–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scerri, E. 2018. The origin of our species. New Scientist 238:34–37.Google Scholar

Scerri, E. M. L. 2013. The Aterian and its place in the North African Middle Stone Age. Quaternary International 300:111–130.Google Scholar

Schick, K. D., and Toth, N. P.. 1993. Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Schimelpfenig, T. 2016. National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) Wilderness Medicine, 6th ed. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books for the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS).Google Scholar

Schmidt, P., Bellot-Gurlet, L., et al. 2018. The unique Solutrean laurel-leaf points of Volgu: Heat-treated or not? Antiquity 92:587–602.Google Scholar

Schmidt, P., and Morala, A.. 2018. First insights into the technique used for heat treatment of chert at the Solutrean site of Laugerie-Haute, France. Archaeometry 60:885–897.Google Scholar

Schutt, B. 2017. Cannibalism: A Perfectly Natural History. New York: Algonquin Books.Google Scholar

Serangeli, J., and Conard, N. J.. 2015. The behavioral and cultural stratigraphic contexts of the lithic assemblages from Schöningen. Journal of Human Evolution 89:287–297.Google Scholar

Shackleton, N. J. 1987. Oxygen isotopes, ice volume, and sea level. Quaternary Science Reviews 6:183–190.Google Scholar

Shackley, M. L. 1986. Still Living?: Yeti, Sasquatch and the Neanderthal Enigma. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Shah, S. 2011. Fever: How Malaria Has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years. New York: Picador USA.Google Scholar

Shah, S. 2020. The Next Great Migration: The Beauty and Terror of Life on the Move. New York: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 1997. “Middle Paleolithic Spear Point Technology,” in Projectile Technology. Edited by Knecht, H., pp. 79–106. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2003. The Middle Paleolithic of the East Mediterranean Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 17:313–394.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2008a. The Middle Stone Age archaeology of the Lower Omo Valley Kibish Formation: Excavations, lithic assemblages, and inferred patterns of early Homo sapiens behavior. Journal of Human Evolution (Special Issue: Paleoanthropology of the Kibish Formation, Southern Ethiopia) 55:448–485.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2008b. Transitions or turnovers? Climatically-forced extinctions of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals in the East Mediterranean Levant. Quaternary Science Reviews 27:2253–2270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2010. “Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: A Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal,” in Out of Africa 1: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia. Edited by Fleagle, J. G., Shea, J. J., Grine, F. E., Baden, A. L., and Leakey, R., pp. 47–64. New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2011a. Homo sapiens is as Homo sapiens was: Behavioral variability vs. “behavioral modernity” in Paleolithic archaeology. Current Anthropology 52:1–35.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2011b. Refuting a myth of human origins. American Scientist 99:128–135.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2011c. “Sorting Out the Muddle in the Middle East: Glynn Isaac’s Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses Applied to Theories of Human Evolution in the Late Pleistocene Levant,” in Casting the Net Wide: Papers in Honor of Glynn Isaac and His Approach to Human Origins Research. Edited by Sept, J. M. and Pilbeam, D. R., pp. 213–231. Cambridge, MA: American School of Prehistoric Research/Peabody Museum Press.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2011d. Stone tool analysis and human evolution: Some advice from Uncle Screwtape. Evolutionary Anthropology 20:48–53.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2013a. Lithic Modes A–I: A new framework for describing global-scale variation in stone tool technology illustrated with evidence from the East Mediterranean Levant. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20:151–186.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2013b. Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic of the Near East: A Guide. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2014. Sink the Mousterian? Named stone tool industries (NASTIES) as obstacles to investigating hominin evolutionary relationships in the Later Middle Paleolithic Levant. Quaternary International 350:169–179.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2015. Making and using stone tools: Advice for learners and teachers and insights for archaeologists. Lithic Technology 40:231–248.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2017a. Occasional, obligatory, and habitual stone tool use in hominin evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 26:200–217.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2017b. Stone Tools in Human Evolution: Behavioral Differences among Technological Primates. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2020a. Prehistoric Stone Tools of Eastern Africa: A Guide. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J. 2020b. Survival Archaeology: A New Agenda for Prehistory’s Future. The Society for American Archaeology Record 20:17–21, 66.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J., and Bar-Yosef, O.. 2005. Who were the Skhul/Qafzeh people? An archaeological perspective on Eurasia’s earliest modern humans. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 35:449–466.Google Scholar

Shea, J. J., and Sisk, M. L.. 2010. Complex projectile technology and Homo sapiens dispersal into Western Eurasia. PaleoAnthropology 2010:100–122.Google Scholar

Shipman, P. 1981. The Life History of a Fossil: An Introduction to Taphonomy and Paleoecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Shipman, P. 2015. The Invaders: How Humans and Their Dogs Drove Neanderthals to Extinction. Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Shipman, P. 2021. Our Oldest Companions: The Story of the First Dogs. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Shostak, M. 1990. Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman, 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Silverman, D. J. 2016. Thundersticks: Firearms and the Violent Transformation of Native America. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar

Simmons, A. 2012. Mediterranean island voyages. Science 338:895.Google Scholar

Singer, R., and Wymer, J.. 1982. The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Slimak, L., Zanolli, C., et al. 2022. Modern human incursion into Neanderthal territories 54,000 years ago at Mandrin, France. Science Advances 8:eabj9496.Google Scholar

Smith, G. M., Ruebens, K., et al. 2019. Subsistence strategies throughout the African Middle Pleistocene: Faunal evidence for behavioral change and continuity across the Earlier to Middle Stone Age transition. Journal of Human Evolution 127:1–20.Google Scholar

Smith, P. E. L. 1964. The Solutrean culture. Scientific American 211:86–94.Google Scholar

Smith, T. M., Austin, C., et al. 2018. Wintertime stress, nursing, and lead exposure in Neanderthal children. Science Advances 4:eaau9483.Google Scholar

Soffer, O. 1985. The Upper Paleolithic of the Central Russian Plain. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sorensen, A., Roebroeks, W., et al. 2014. Fire production in the deep past? The expedient strike-a-light model. Journal of Archaeological Science 42:476–486.Google Scholar

Sorensen, A. C., Claud, E., et al. 2018. Neandertal fire-making technology inferred from microwear analysis. Scientific Reports 8:10065.Google Scholar

Sorensen, B. 2009. Energy use by Eem Neanderthals. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:2201–2205.Google Scholar

Sorenson, M. V., and Leonard, W. R.. 2001. Neandertal energetics and foraging efficiency. Journal of Human Evolution 40:483–495.Google Scholar

Speth, J. D. 2010. The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting: Protein, Fat or Politics? New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Speth, J. D., and Clark, J. L.. 2006. Hunting and overhunting in the Levantine Late Middle Palaeolithic. Before Farming 3:Article 1.Google Scholar

Stanford, D. J., and Bradley, B. A.. 2012. Across Atlantic Ice: The Origins of America’s Clovis Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Stern, N. 2009. “The Archaeological Signature of Behavioral Modernity: A Perspective from the Southern Periphery of the Modern Human Range,” in Transitions in Prehistory: Essays in Honor of Ofer Bar-Yosef. Edited by Shea, J. J. and Lieberman, D. E., pp. 255–287. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar

Stiner, M. C. 1993. Modern human origins: Faunal perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 22:55–82.Google Scholar

Stiner, M. C., Munro, N. D., et al. 1999. Paleolithic population growth pulses evidenced by small animal exploitation. Science 283:190–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Strasser, T., Panagopoulou, E., et al. 2010. Stone Age seafaring in the Mediterranean: Evidence from the Plakias region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic habitation of Crete. Hesperia 79:145–190.Google Scholar

Straus, L. G. 1995. The Upper Paleolithic of Europe: An overview. Evolutionary Anthropology 4:4–16.Google Scholar

Straus, L. G., Meltzer, D. J., et al. 2005. Ice Age Atlantis? Exploring the Solutrean-Clovis “connection.” World Archaeology 37:507–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stringer, C. 2012. Lone Survivors: How We Came to Be the Only Humans on Earth. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt.Google Scholar

Sullivan, A. P. 1989. The technology of ceramic reuse: Formation processes and archaeological evidence. World Archaeology 21:101–114.Google Scholar

Sykes, B. 2001. The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Ancestry. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Sykes, R. W. 2020. Kindred: Neanderthal Life, Love, Death and Art. New York: Bloomsbury Sigma.Google Scholar

Taborin, Y. 2003. “La mer et les premiers hommes modernes,” in Echanges et diffusion dans la préhistoire méditerranéenne. Edited by Vandermeersch, B., pp. 113–122. Paris: Editions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques.Google Scholar

Taylor, D. M., and Doria, J. R.. 1981. Self-serving and group-serving bias in attribution. Journal of Social Psychology 113:201–211.Google Scholar

Taylor, W. W. 1948. A Study of Archaeology. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association (Memoir 69).Google Scholar

Tchernov, E. 1988. “The Biogeographical History of the Southern Levant,” in The Zoogeography of Israel. Edited by Yom-Tov, Y. and Tchernov, E., pp. 401–409. Dordrecht: Junk.Google Scholar

Templeton, A. 1999. Races: A genetic and evolutionary perspective. American Anthropologist 100:632–650.Google Scholar

Tennie, C., Call, J., et al. 2009. Ratcheting up the ratchet: On the evolution of cumulative culture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364:2405–2415.Google Scholar

Texier, P.-J., Porraz, G., et al. 2010. A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:6180–6185.Google Scholar

Theime, H. 1997. Lower Paleolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385:807–810.Google Scholar

Thomas, N. 2021. Voyagers: The Settlement of the Pacific. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Thomson, D. F. 1939. The seasonal factor in human culture. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 10:209–221.Google Scholar

Thurston, T. L., and Fisher, C. T.. 2007. “Seeking a Richer Harvest: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Subsistence Intensification, Innovation, and Change,” in Seeking a Richer Harvest: The Archaeology of Subsistence Intensification, Innovation, and Change. Edited by Thurston, T. L. and Fisher, C. T., pp. 1–23. New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Tillet, T. 1996. “Behaviour Patterns, Strategies, and Seasonality in the Mousterian site of Prélétang, (Vercours): The Mousterian of the Alps,” in Middle Palaeolithic and Middle Stone Age Settlement Systems. Edited by Conard, N. J. and Wendorf, F., pp. 319–326. Forli: ABACO Edizione.Google Scholar

Tillier, A.-M. 2002. “Investigating the Biological Evidence for Stress and Disease in Levantine Early Anatomically Modern Humans.” Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor, Institute for Advanced Studies, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, 2002, pp. 135–148.Google Scholar

Toups, M. A., Kitchen, A., et al. 2011. Origin of clothing lice indicates early clothing use by anatomically modern humans in Africa. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28:29–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Towell, C. 2020. The Survival Handbook, new ed. New York: DK Publishing.Google Scholar

Trauth, M. H., Maslin, M. A., et al. 2010. Human evolution in a variable environment: The amplifier lakes of Eastern Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews 29:2981–2988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trigger, B. G. 2006. A History of Archaeological Thought, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Trinkaus, E. 1983. The Shanidar Neanderthals. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Trinkaus, E. 1984. “Western Asia,” in The Origins of Modern Humans. Edited by Smith, F. H. and Spencer, F., pp. 251–293. New York: Alan R. Liss.Google Scholar

Trinkaus, E. 2006. Modern human versus Neandertal evolutionary distinctiveness. Current Anthropology 47:597–620.Google Scholar

Trinkaus, E., and Shipman, P.. 1993. The Neandertals: Changing the Image of Mankind. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar

Trinkaus, E., and Svoboda, J.. 2005. Early Modern Human Evolution in Central Europe: The People of Dolní Vestonice and Pavlov. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Tryon, C. A., and Faith, J. T.. 2013. Variability in the Middle Stone Age of Eastern Africa. Current Anthropology 54 (S8):S234–S254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tryon, C. A., Lewis, J. E., et al. 2018. Middle and Later Stone Age chronology of Kisese II rockshelter (UNESCO World Heritage Kondoa Rock-Art Sites), Tanzania. PLoS ONE 13:e0192029.Google Scholar

Twiss, K. C. 2019. The Archaeology of Food: Identity, Politics, and Ideology in the Prehistoric and Historic Past. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Vandiver, P. B., Soffer, O., et al. 1989. The origins of ceramic technology at Dolni Vƒõstonice, Czechoslovakia. Science 246:1002–1008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vanhaeren, M., and d’Errico, F.. 2006. Aurignacian ethno-linguistic geography of Europe revealed by personal ornaments. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:1105–1128.Google Scholar

Vanhaeren, M., d’Errico, F., et al. 2006. Middle Paleolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312:1785–1788.Google Scholar

Wadley, L., Williamson, B., et al. 2004. Ochre in hafting in Middle Stone Age southern Africa: A practical role. Antiquity 78:661–675.Google Scholar

Walker, R. B. 2007. “Hunting in the Late Paleoindian Period Faunal Remains from Dust Cave, Alabama,” in Foragers of the Terminal Pleistocene in North America. Edited by Walker, R. B. and Driskell, B. N., pp. 99–115. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Waters, M. R., Stafford, T. W, et al. 2020. The age of Clovis – 13,050 to 12,750 cal yr B.P. Science Advances 6:eaaz0455.Google Scholar

Wells, S. 2009. Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.Google Scholar

Werner, D., Thurman, C., et al. 2010. Where There Is No Doctor: A Village Health Care Handbook. Berkeley, CA: Hesperian.Google Scholar

White, J. P., and O’Connell, J. F.. 1982. A Prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Sahul. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

White, R. 1986. Dark Caves, Bright Visions. New York: American Museum of Natural History.Google Scholar

Whiten, A., Goodall, J., et al. 1999. Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399:682–685.Google Scholar

Whittaker, J. C. 1994. Flintknapping: Making and Understanding Stone Tools. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Whittaker, J. C. 2004. American Flintknappers: Stone Age Art in the Age of Computers. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Wilkins, J., and Chazan, M.. 2012. Blade production ∼500 thousand years ago at Kathu Pan 1, South Africa: Support for a multiple origins hypothesis for early Middle Pleistocene blade technologies. Journal of Archaeological Science 39:1883–1900.Google Scholar

Wilkins, J., Schoville, B. J., et al. 2012. Evidence for early hafted hunting technology. Science 338:942–946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Will, M., Mackay, A., et al. 2015. Implications of Nubian-like core reduction systems in southern Africa for the identification of early modern human dispersals. PLoS ONE 10:e0131824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Willoughby, P. R. 2007. The Evolution of Modern Humans in Africa: A Comprehensive Guide. New York: Altamira.Google Scholar

Wilmsen, E. N. 1989. Land Filled with Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Wobst, H. M. 1974. Boundary conditions or paleolithic social systems: A simulation approach. American Antiquity 39:303–309.Google Scholar

Wobst, M. H. 1977. “Stylistic Behavior and Information Exchange,” in For the Director, Research Essays in Honor of James B. Griffin. Edited by Cleland, C., pp. 317–342. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan (Anthropology Paper No. 61).Google Scholar

Wolf, E. R. 1982. Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Wolpoff, M., and Thorne, A.. 2003. The multiregional evolution of humans. Scientific American 13:46–53.Google Scholar

Wolpoff, M. H., and Caspari, R.. 1997. Race and Human Evolution: A Fatal Attraction. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Wrangham, R. W. 1999. Evolution of coalitionary killing. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 42:1–30.Google Scholar

Wrangham, R. W. 2009. Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Wrangham, R. W. 2018. Two types of aggression in human evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115:245.Google Scholar

Wrangham, R. W. 2019. The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar

Wynn, T., and Coolidge, F. L.. 2011. How to Think like a Neanderthal. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Xia, L., Robock, A., et al. 2022. Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection. Nature Food 3:586–596.Google Scholar

Yaroshevich, A., Kaufman, D., et al. 2021. Weapons in transition: Reappraisal of the origin of complex projectiles in the Levant based on the Boker Tachtit stratigraphic sequence. Journal of Archaeological Science 131:105381.Google Scholar

Yellen, J. 1977. Archaeological Approaches to the Present: Models for Reconstructing the Past. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Yellen, J., Brooks, A., et al. 2005. The archaeology of the Aduma Middle Stone Age sites in the Awash Valley, Ethiopia. PaleoAnthropology 10:25–100.Google Scholar

Yellen, J. E., Brooks, A. S., et al. 1995. A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire. Science 268:553–556.Google Scholar

Zahavi, A., and Zahavi, A.. 1997. The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin’s Puzzle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zaidner, Y., Centi, L., et al. 2021. Middle Pleistocene Homo behavior and culture at 140,000 to 120,000 years ago and interactions with Homo sapiens. Science 372:1429–1433.Google Scholar

Zilhao, J. 2011. “Aliens from Outer Time? Why the ‘Human Revolution’ Is Wrong, and Where Do We Go from Here?,” in Continuity and Discontinuity in the Peopling of Europe: One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study. Edited by Condemi, S. and Weniger, G.-C., pp. 331–366. New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Zilhão, J., Angelucci, D. E., et al. 2020. Last Interglacial Iberian Neandertals as fisher-hunter-gatherers. Science 367:eaaz7943.Google Scholar