Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T19:14:13.677Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 11 - Sports Injuries of the Foot and Ankle

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 March 2018

Andrew Robinson
Affiliation:
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge
James W. Brodsky
Affiliation:
Baylor College of Medicine, Texas
John P. Negrine
Affiliation:
Orthosports, Sydney
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Colville, M. Surgical treatment of the unstable ankle. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1998; 6:368–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiGiovanni, BF, Partal, G, Baumhauer, J. Acute ankle injury and chronic lateral instability in the athlete. Clin. Sports Med. 2004; 23:119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ajis, A, Mafulli, N. Conservative management of chronic ankle instability. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2006; 11:531–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Kelikian, H, Kelikian, AS. Disorders of the Ankle. (Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, 1985).Google Scholar
Hubbard, T, Wikstrom, E. Ankle sprain: pathophysiology, predisposing factors, and management strategies. Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010; 1:115–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Ferran, NA, Maffulli, N. Epidemiology of sprains of the lateral ankle ligament complex. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006; 11:659–62.Google Scholar
Hertel, J. Functional anatomy, pathomechanics, and pathophysiology of lateral ankle instability. J Athl Train. 2002; 37:364–75.Google Scholar
Brostrom, L. Sprained ankles: anatomic lesions on recent sprains. Acta Chir Scand. 1964; 128:483–95.Google Scholar
Krips, R, de Vries, J, van Dijk, CN. Ankle instability. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2006; 11:311–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, HM, Hanson, CA. Technique for testing the drawer sign in the ankle. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977; 123:4951.Google Scholar
Griffith, J, Brockwell, J. Diagnosis and imaging of ankle instability. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2006; 11: 475–96.Google Scholar
Mafulli, N, Ferran, N. Management of acute and chronic ankle instability. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008; 16: 608–15.Google Scholar
Malliaropoulos, N, Papacostas, E, Papalada, A, Maffulli, N. Acute lateral ankle sprains in track and field athletes: an expanded classification. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006; 11:497507.Google Scholar
Ardèvol, J, Bolíbar, I, Belda, V, Argilaga, S. Treatment of complete rupture of the lateral ligaments of the ankle: a randomized clinical trial comparing cast immobilization with functional treatment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2002; 10(6):371–7.Google Scholar
Kerkhoffs, GM, Rowe, BH, Assendelft, WJ, Kelly, K, Struijs, PA, van Dijk, CN. Immobilisation and functional treatment for acute lateral ankle ligament injuries in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002.Google Scholar
Kerkhoffs, GM, Struijs, PA, Marti, RK, Blankevoort, L, Assendelft, WJ, van Dijk, CN. Functional treatments for acute ruptures of the lateral ankle ligament: a systematic review. Acta Orthop Scand. 2003; 74(1):6977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broström, L. Sprained ankles: Surgical treatment of “chronic” ligament ruptures. Acta Chir Scand. 1966; 132:551–65.Google Scholar
Gould, N, Seligson, D, Gassman, J. Early and late repair of lateral ligament of the ankle. Foot Ankle. 1980; 1:84–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chrisman, OD, Snook, GA. Reconstruction of lateral ligament tears of the ankle: An experimental study and clinical evaluation of seven patients treated by a new modification of the Elmslie procedure. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1969; 51:904–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, DL. Recurrent instability of the ankle: a method of surgical treatment. Proc R Soc Med. 1953; 46:343–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Watson-Jones, R. Recurrent forward dislocation of the ankle joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1952; 134:519.Google Scholar
Miller, AG, Raikin, SM, Ahmad, J. Near-anatomic allograft tenodesis of chronic lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int. 2013; 34(11):1501–7.Google Scholar
Sammarco, VJ. Complications of lateral ankle ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop. 2001; 391:123–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasmussen, O. Stability of the ankle joint: analysis of the function and traumatology of the ankle ligaments. Acta Orthop Scand. 1985; 211:175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boytim, MJ, Fischer, DA, Neumann, L. Syndesmotic ankle sprains. Am J Sports Med. 1991; 19(3):294–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rammelt, S, Zwipp, H, Grass, R. Injuries to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis: an evidence-based approach to acute and chronic lesions. Foot Ankle Clin. 2008; 13(4):611–33Google Scholar
Sarrafian, SK. Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle: Descriptive, Topographic, Functional. (Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott, 1983).Google Scholar
Bassett, FH, Gates, HS, Billys, JB, Morris, HB, Nikolaou, PK. Talar impingement by the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament: a cause of chronic pain in the ankle after inversion sprain. J Bone Joint Surg. 1990; 72A:55–9.Google Scholar
Clanton, T, Paul, P. Syndesmosis injuries in athletes. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2002; 7:529–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Espinosa, N, Smerek, JP, Myerson, MS. Acute and chronic syndesmosis injuries: pathomechanisms, diagnosis and management. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006; 11(3):639–57.Google Scholar
Pena, F, Coetzee, JC. Ankle syndesmosis injuries. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2006; 11:3550.Google Scholar
Mak, MF, Gartner, L, Pearce, CJ. Management of syndesmosis injuries in the elite athlete. Foot Ankle Clin. 2013; 18(2):195214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogilvie-Harris, D, Reed, S, Hedman, T. Disruption of the ankle syndesmosis: biomechanical study of the ligamentous restraints. Arthroscopy. 1994; 10:558–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xenos, J, Hopkinson, W, Mulligan, M, Olson, E, Popovic, N. The tibiofibular syndesmosis: evaluation of the ligamentous structures, methods of fixation, and radiographic assessment. J Bone Joint Surg. 1995; 77A:847–56.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, ED, Hosea, TM, Sieler, SD. Prospective evaluation of syndesmotic ankle sprains without diastasis. Am J Sports Med. 2001; 29(1):31–5.Google Scholar
Taweel, NR, Raikin, SM, Karanjia, HN, Ahmad, J. The proximal fibula should be examined in all patients with ankle injury: a case series of missed Maisonneuve fractures. J Emerg Med. 2013; 44(2):251–5.Google Scholar
Hopkinson, WJ, St. Pierre, P, Ryan, JB. Syndesmosis sprains of the ankle. Foot Ankle. 1990; 10:325–30.Google Scholar
Wolf, BR, Amendola, A. Syndesmosis injuries in the athlete: when and how to operate. Curr Opin Orthop. 2002; 31:151–4.Google Scholar
Mosier-LaClair, S, Pike, H, Pomeroy, G. Syndesmosis injuries: acute, chronic, new techniques for failed management. Foot Ankle Clin. 2002; 7(3):551–65.Google Scholar
Bonnin, J. Injuries to the Ankle. (London: W. Heinemann Medical Books Ltd, 1950).Google Scholar
Ostrum, RF, De Meo, P, Subramanian, R. A critical analysis of the anterior-posterior radiographic anatomy of the ankle syndesmosis. Foot Ankle Int. 1995; 16(3):128–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogilvie-Harris, DJ, Reed, SC. Disruption of the ankle syndesmosis: diagnosis and treatment by arthroscopic surgery. Arthroscopy. 1994; 10:561–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebraheim, NA, Lu, J, Yang, H. Radiographic and CT evaluation of tibiofibular syndesmotic diastasis: a cadaver study. Foot Ankle Int. 1997; 18:693–8.Google Scholar
Takao, M, Ochi, M, Oae, K. Diagnosis of a tear of the tibiofibular syndesmosis. The role of arthroscopy of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003; 85:324–9.Google Scholar
Lui, TH, Ip, K, Chow, HT. Comparison of radiologic and arthroscopic diagnoses of distal tibiofibular syndesmosis disruption in acute ankle fracture. Arthroscopy. 2005; 21(11):1370.Google Scholar
Tornetta, P, Spoo, JE, Reynolds, FA. Overtightening of the ankle syndesmosis: is it really possible? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001; 83:489–92.Google Scholar
McBryde, A, Chiasson, B, Wilhelm, A. Syndesmotic screw placement: a biomechanical analysis. Foot Ankle Int. 1997; 18:262–6.Google Scholar
Tol, JL, Verhagen, RA, Krips, R. The anterior ankle impingement syndrome: diagnostic value of oblique radiographs. Foot Ankle Int. 2004; 25(2):63–8.Google Scholar
Song, DJ, Lanzi, JT, Groth, AT, et al. The effect of syndesmosis screw removal on the reduction of the distal tibiofibular joint: a prospective radiographic study. Foot Ankle Int. 2014; 35(6):543–8.Google Scholar
Stuart, K, Panchbhavi, VK. The fate of syndesmotic screws. Foot Ankle Int. 2011; 32(5):S519–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahmad, J, Raikin, SM, Pour, AE, Haytmanek, C. Bioabsorbable screw fixation of the syndesmosis in unstable ankle injuries. Foot Ankle Int. 2009; 30(2):99105.Google Scholar
Thornes, B, Walsh, A, Hislop, M. Suture-endobutton fixation of ankle tibiofibular diastasis: a cadaveric study. Foot Ankle Int. 2003; 24:142–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seitz, WH, Bachner, EJ, Abram, LJ. Repair of the tibiofibular syndesmosis with a flexible implant. J Orthop Trauma. 1991; 5(1):7882.Google Scholar
Thornes, B, Shannon, F, Guiney, AM, Hession, P, Masterson, E. Suture-button syndesmosis fixation: accelerated rehabilitation and improved outcomes. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005; 431:207–12.Google Scholar
Thornes, B, Shannon, F, Guiney, AM. Suture-button syndesmosis fixation: accelerated rehabilitation and improved outcomes. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005; 431:207–12.Google Scholar
Veltri, DM, Pagnani, MJ, O’Brien, SJ, Warren, RF, Ryan, MD, Barnes, NP. Symptomatic ossification of the tibiofibular syndesmosis in professional football players: a sequela of the syndesmotic ankle sprain. Foot Ankle Int. 1995; 16(5):285–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cerrato, RA, Myerson, MS. Peroneal tendon tears, surgical management and its complications. Foot Ankle Clin. 2009; 14(2):299312.Google Scholar
Edwards, ME. The relation of the peroneal tendons to the fibula, calcaneus, and cuboideum. Am J Anat. 1928; 42:213–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozbag, D, Gumusalam, Y, Uzel, M. Morphometrical features of the human malleolar groove. Foot Ankle Int. 2008; 29:7781.Google Scholar
Sobel, M, Pavlov, H, Geppert, MJ. Painful os peroneum syndrome: a spectrum of conditions responsible for plantar lateral foot pain. Foot Ankle Int. 1994; 15:112–24.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, P. Acute and chronic peroneal tendon dislocations. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2007; 12:643–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molloy, R, Tisdel, C. Failed treatment of peroneal tendon injuries. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2003; 8:115–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferran, NA, Maffulli, N, Oliva, F. Management of recurrent subluxation of the peroneal tendons. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2006; 11:465–74.Google Scholar
Mann’s Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, 9th edn. (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014).Google Scholar
Peacock, KC, Resnick, EJ, Thoder, JJ. Fracture of the os peroneum with rupture of the peroneus longus tendon. A case report and review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986; 202:223–6.Google Scholar
Wang, XT, Rosenberg, ZS, Mechlin, MB, Schweitzer, ME. Normal variants and diseases of the peroneal tendons and superior peroneal retinaculum: MR imaging features. Radiographics. 2005; 25(3):587602.Google Scholar
Neustadter, J, Raikin, SM, Nazarian, LN. Dynamic sonographic evaluation of peroneal tendon subluxation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004; 183(4):985–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raikin, SM, Elias, I, Nazarian, LN. Intrasheath subluxation of the peroneal tendons. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008; 90(5):992–9.Google Scholar
Sobel, M, Bohne, WH, Levy, ME. Longitudinal attrition of the peroneal brevis tendon in the fibular groove: an anatomic study. Foot Ankle. 1991; 11:124–8.Google Scholar
Sobel, M, DiCarlo, EF, Bohne, WH, Collins, L. Longitudinal splitting of the peroneus brevis tendon: an anatomic and histologic study of cadaver material. Foot Ankle. 1991; 12:165–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vienne, P, Schoniger, R, Helmy, N. Hindfoot instability in cavovarus deformity: static and dynamic balancing. Foot Ankle Int. 2007; 28:96102.Google Scholar
Sobel, M, Geppert, MJ, Olson, EJ. The dynamics of peroneus brevis tendon splits: a proposed mechanism, technique of diagnosis, and classification of injury. Foot Ankle. 1992; 13:413–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krause, JO, Brodsky, JW. Peroneus brevis tendon tears: pathophysiology, surgical reconstruction, and clinical results. Foot Ankle Int. 1998; 19:271–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oden, RR. Tendon injuries about the ankle resulting from skiing. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987; 216:63–9.Google Scholar
Safran, MR, O’Malley, MR, Fu, FH. Peroneal tendon subluxation in athletes: new exam technique, case reports, and review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999; 31:S487–92.Google Scholar
Eckert, WR, Davis, EA Jr. Acute rupture of the peroneal retinaculum. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976; 58:670–2.Google Scholar
McMurray, TP. Footballer’s ankle. J Bone Joint Surg. 1950; 32:68–9.Google Scholar
Morris, LH. Report of cases of athlete’s ankle. J Bone Joint Surg. 1943; 25:220.Google Scholar
Tol, J, van Dijk, CN. Anterior ankle impingement. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2006; 11:297310.Google Scholar
Biedert, R. Anterior ankle pain in sports medicine: etiology and indications for arthroscopy. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1991; 110(6):293–7.Google Scholar
Ferkel, RD, Fasulo, GJ. Arthroscopic treatment of ankle injuries. Orthop Clin North Am. 1994; 25(1):1732.Google Scholar
Scranton, PE, McDermott, JE. Anterior tibiotalar spurs: a comparison of open versus arthroscopic debridement. Foot Ankle. 1992; 13(3):125–9.Google Scholar
Tol, JL, van Dijk, CN. Etiology of the anterior ankle impingement syndrome: a descriptive anatomical study. Foot Ankle Int. 2004; 25(6):382–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkins, RB. Arthroscopic treatment of sports-related anterior osteophytes in the ankle. Foot Ankle. 1988; 9(2):8790.Google Scholar
Watson, A. Ankle instability and impingement. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2007; 12: 177–95.Google Scholar
Tol, JL, Verheyen, CP, van Dijk, CN. Arthroscopic treatment of anterior impingement in the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001; 83(1):913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Dijk, CN, Tol, JL, Verheyen, CC. A prospective study of prognostic factors concerning the outcome of arthroscopic surgery for anterior ankle impingement. Am J Sports Med. 1997; 25:737–45.Google Scholar
Ray, RG, Gusman, DN, Christensen, JC. Anatomical variation of the tibial plafond: the anteromedial tibial notch. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1994; 33(4):419–26.Google ScholarPubMed
van Dijk, CN, Wessel, RN, Tol, JL. Oblique radiograph for the detection of bone spurs in anterior ankle impingement. Skeletal Radiol. 2002; 31(4):214–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raikin, SM, Cooke, PH. The divot sign: a new observation in anterior impingement of the ankle. Foot Ankle Int. 1999; 20(8):532.Google Scholar
Berberian, WS, Hecht, PJ, Wapner, KL, DiVerniero, R. Morphology of tibiotalar osteophytes in anterior ankle impingement. Foot Ankle Int. 2001; 22(4):313–7.Google Scholar
Cutsuries, AM, Saltrick, KR, Wagner, J. Arthroscopic arthroplasty of the ankle joint. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1994; 11(3):449–67.Google Scholar
van Dijk, CN. Anterior and posterior ankle impingement. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2006; 11:663–83.Google Scholar
Cannon, LB, Hackney, RG. Anterior tibiotalar impingement associated with chronic ankle instability. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2000; 39(6):383–6.Google Scholar
Hamilton, WG, Hamilton, LH, Marshall, P. A profile of the musculoskeletal characteristics of elite professional ballet dancers. Am J Sports Med. 1992; 20:267–73.Google Scholar
Roche, AJ, Calder, JD, Lloyd Williams, R. Posterior ankle impingement in dancers and athletes. Foot Ankle Clin. 2013; 18(2):301–18.Google Scholar
Chao, W. Os trigonum. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2004; 9:787–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, WG, Geppert, MJ, Thompson, FM. Pain in the posterior aspect of the ankle in dancers. Differential diagnosis and operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996; 78:1491–500.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, Y, Wollstein, R, Barzilay, Y. Outcome of resection of a symptomatic os trigonum. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003; 85:1051–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leutloff, D, Perka, C. Posterior ankle impingement syndrome in dancers: a short-term follow-up after operative treatment. Foot Ankle Surg. 2002; 8:33–9.Google Scholar
Lee, JC, Calder, JD, Healy, JC. Posterior impingement syndromes of the ankle. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2008; 12:154–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galla, M, Lobenhoffer, P. Technique and results of arthroscopic treatment of posterior ankle impingement. Foot Ankle Surg. 2011; 17:7984.Google Scholar
Guo, QW, Hu, YL, Jiao, C. Open versus endoscopic excision of a symptomatic os trigonum: a comparative study of 41 cases. Arthroscopy. 2010; 26:384–90.Google Scholar
Scholten, PE, Sierevelt, IN, Van Dijk, CN. Hindfoot endoscopy for posterior ankle impingement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008; 90:2665–72.Google Scholar
Coker, TP, Arnold, JA, Weber, DL. Traumatic lesions of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe in athletes. J Ark Med Soc. 1978; 74(8):309–17.Google Scholar
Bowers, KD, Martin, RB. Turf-toe: a shoe-surface related football injury. Med Sci Sports. 1976; 8(2):81–3.Google Scholar
Rodeo, SA, O’Brien, S, Warren, RF. Turf-toe: an analysis of metatarsophalangeal joint sprains in professional football players. Am J Sports Med. 1990; 18(3):280–5.Google Scholar
Nigg, BM. Biomechanics of Running Shoes. (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1986).Google Scholar
Maskill, J, Bohay, D, Anderson, J. First ray injuries. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2006; 11:143–63.Google Scholar
McCormick, J, Anderson, R. The great toe: failed turf toe, chronic turf toe, and complicated. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2009; 14:135–50.Google Scholar
Watson, TS, Anderson, RB, Davis, WH. Periarticular injuries to the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint in athletes. Foot Ankle Clin. 2000; 5(3):687713.Google Scholar
Stokes, AF, Hutton, WC, Scott, JR. Forces under the hallux valgus foot before and after surgery. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1979; 142:6472.Google Scholar
Prieskorn, D, Graves, SC, Smith, RA. Morphometric analysis of the plantar plate apparatus of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Foot Ankle. 1993; 14(4):204–7.Google Scholar
Tewes, DP, Fischer, DA, Fritts, HM. MRI findings of acute turf toe. A case report and review of anatomy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994; 304:200–3.Google Scholar
Clanton, TO, Butler, JE, Eggert, A. Injuries to the metatarsophalangeal joints in athletes. Foot Ankle. 1986; 7(3):162–76.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×