The First Austrian Republic (1918-1938) was a nation-state no one wanted. Conflicting visions for Austrian integration into a broader international framework – from German Anschluß to Danubian federation to Paneuropa – competed during the interwar period. The first, in its Nazi version, won in 1938. Uniquely, the Jews’ dual life as Austrian nationals and as a Diaspora mimicked the national pattern: German Austrians, too, felt homeless members of a German Diaspora. The Republic formally removed all Jewish legal liabilities but informal barriers in the academy and civil service actually proved higher. Catholic and Pan-German antisemitism made Jews of all political stripes and social classes support the Socialists. From 1920 on, the Christian Socials were in power but the Socialists controlled Vienna. Jews actively participated in Red Vienna's social and cultural life. With Red Vienna's fall in the 1934 civil war, most Jews switched their allegiance to the Catholic Ständestaat (corporative state), viewing it as the last defense against the Nazis. The republican debacle brought back memories of the empire. Romantic antirepublican writers created the "Habsburg Myth," and envisioned a future Great Austria, while Jewish writers, including Zionists, bemoaned the lost "golden age of security" and old imperial pluralism.