“We should refuse everything to the Jews as a nation and accord everything to the Jews as individuals," declared Clermont-Tonnere in 1789 in the French National Assembly, opening the age of Jewish emancipation. He encapsulated nationalism’s liberating potential but also the nation-state’s dilemma: Jews were acceptable as individuals but a Jewish community was problematic. From the French Revolution to the Congress of Berlin (1878), Jewish citizenship was constantly on the European agenda. The emerging plurality of Judaism, and the novel visions of Jacob & Esau, reflected the struggle to shape the modern European Jew. Reform Jews transformed rabbinic Jacob into a high-minded German Jew, personifying Bildung (education) and Sittlichkeit (morality),and embodying the Jewish cosmopolitan mission. In contrast, Orthodoxy's leader, Moses Sofer, forged an Ashkenazi-European Jewish identity against Esau’s otherness, and supported imperial coexistence. Striking against the Enlightenment, citizenship and Reform Jews, Sofer declared that, once Esau ceased to observe the law, Jacob and Esau were no longer brothers. Among Christians, Herder portrayed Jacob and Esau as locked in an eternal struggle, forever entwined by the painful reconciliation kiss. Like Sofer, he refused emancipation, and endorsed coexistence of closed ethnocultural communities – "illiberal multiculturalism."