The effect of constant or various fluctuating temperature regimes and single or multiple tubers in rhizome chains on tuber sprouting of six purple nutsedge ecotypes was determined. After 24 d at constant 20 C, budbreak of tubers detached from the rhizome chain (single tubers) ranged from 11 to 85% among ecotypes. When dormant tubers were exposed to a single 0.5- to 12-h, 35 C pulse followed by constant 20 C, budbreak increased for all ecotypes; daily 0.5-h, 35 C pulses from a 20 C base temperature for three to seven cycles did not significantly increase budbreak more than these did for a single cycle. Shoot length increased linearly for all ecotypes as the number of 0.5-h, 35 C pulse cycles increased, although the magnitude of shoot elongation varied with ecotype. At a 20 and 30 C (12:12 h) daily alternating temperature regime, 98% of single tubers from a Kamuela, HI, ecotype produced actively growing shoots (active tubers), whereas only 32 to 60% of tubers in two- to six-tuber chains were active. The rhizome chain effect on budbreak was minor because ≥ 90% of the tubers in rhizome chains had budbreak. Using a range of constant and alternating temperatures on single tubers and four-tuber chains, similar results were observed for all six ecotypes as for the Kamuela ecotype. Although alternating temperature increased active tubers for both single tubers and tubers in chains, it did not overcome apical dominance among tubers in rhizome chains in suppressing active tubers. The budbreak and shoot elongation stimulation by alternating temperatures and high-temperature pulses appear to be common physiological responses to all purple nutsedge ecotypes examined in this study.

Because of interest in monitoring crop response to weed interference, greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate interference of purple and yellow nutsedge on the growth, development, and spectral response of cotton and soybean. Cotton fresh weight was reduced 9 to 42% compared with the control when grown with yellow and purple nutsedge. Fresh weight of soybean was reduced 27 to 60% when it emerged simultaneously with yellow nutsedge and 45 to 63% when it emerged 7 d after yellow nutsedge. Soybean fresh weight was reduced 30 to 35% when it emerged simultaneously with purple nutsedge and 44 to 72% when it emerged 7 d after purple nutsedge. Reflectance data were analyzed using wavelet transformation techniques with the HAAR mother wavelet. Nine extracted features from the cotton and soybean leaf reflectance measurements were used to classify single-leaf cotton and soybean reflectance measurements to predict whether cotton or soybean was growing in the presence or absence of purple and yellow nutsedge. After training the system, the ability to separate leaf reflectance measurements of crops growing weed free from those growing in the presence of purple and yellow nutsedge was tested using cross-validation with the nearest mean classifier. Cross-validation accuracy results for cotton were 62 to 70%. Cross-validation accuracy for soybean and yellow nutsedge was similar, regardless of emergence, and ranged from 60 to 71%. Features extracted from the soybean reflectance measurements were not as effective in classifying soybean leaf reflectance measurements based on the presence or absence of purple nutsedge. A decrease in accuracy was observed for both simultaneous and delayed soybean emergence in purple nutsedge fresh weight categories from more than 2,560 g to more than 3,420 g. Overall, the system correctly classified soybean emerging simultaneously with purple nutsedge 58 to 74% and soybean emerging 7 d after purple nutsedge 53 to 67%. These results indicate the potential of differentiating crops under stress using spectral reflectance, although refinements to the system must be made before it is field ready.

Snap beans are a common processing vegetable whose yield and quality can be reduced when a few weeds emerge with or soon after the crop. The effect of redroot pigweed's emergence time and density on snap bean growth and yield was studied. Redroot pigweed, at four densities, was seeded with snap beans (early) or at the first trifoliate leaf stage (late). In 1998 the yield loss at 8 redroot pigweed plants m−1 row was 42 and 58%, whereas in 1999 it was 39 and 48% for late- and early-planted redroot pigweed, respectively. The effect of redroot pigweed density on snap bean yield loss was predicted with the hyperbolic yield equation. Coefficient A (percent yield loss as weed density approaches infinity), determined from the hyperbolic equation, varied from 47 to 63% and coefficient I (percent yield loss as weed density approaches zero) varied from 10 to 32% depending on the year and time of weed emergence, with the greater values for early-emerging redroot pigweed. Snap bean pod number and biomass were reduced as the density of early-emerging redroot pigweed increased. Regardless of the density, late-emerging redroot pigweed had less effect on snap bean growth and yield than did early-emerging redroot pigweed. The hyperbolic yield loss equation may be useful for growers to predict the effect of redroot pigweed in their fields on snap bean yields.

The genetic variation at 12 isozyme loci was investigated in the three species (Xanthium italicum, X. strumarium, and X. orientale) forming a X. strumarium complex in Italy. Very little variation was found within species at the loci studied in contrast to the considerable interspecies genetic differentiation at several loci. The gene differentiation between species was ranged from 61 to 91%. The observed genetic structure of the X. strumarium complex was consistent with that found for predominantly autogamous species. The values of maximum outcrossing rates estimated in original sampling sites and in a field test ranged from 8 to 17%, confirming previous observations that Xanthium species are predominantly self-pollinated. Gene duplications were evident in the three Xanthium species because of their likely polyploid origin. The percentage of duplicate loci exhibiting “fixed heterozygosity” was 25, 25, and 16% in X. italicum, X. strumarium, and X. orientale, respectively. Data presented supported that both mating system and ploidy level were fundamental features in adaptation process of investigated Xanthium species. Some evidence suggested that polyploidization occurred before speciation of X. italicum, X. strumarium, and X. orientale. As a consequence, a common ancestral progenitor could be postulated for the three species. During geographical adaptation, the three species fixed alternative alleles in some loci, and the process was favored by the predominantly autogamous mating system. On the contrary, fixed heterozygosity in duplicated loci allowed maintenance of a sufficient level of gene diversity in the three Xanthium species to ensure wide adaptability in different microhabitats (i.e., abandoned land, roadsides, and field crops) and to avoid the negative effect of inbreeding depression.

A mathematical model was developed to predict common lambsquarters seedling emergence in southwestern Quebec. The model was based on the thermal-time concept, using air temperatures in the double-sine calculation method. The model was built using data from five experiment-years for corn naturally infested with weed populations. Once developed, the model was calibrated using different crop seedbed preparation times. The base temperature was then adjusted for each time of seedbed preparation. A power regression function was used to relate adjusted base temperatures and the accumulated thermal units at seedbed preparation time. A modified Weibull function was then fitted to the field emergence data, expressed as the cumulative proportion of the total seedling emergence over the growing season as a function of cumulative thermal units. The simplicity and accuracy of this model would make it an excellent tool to predict common lambsquarters seedling emergence in field situations, facilitating the determination of the timing of scouting in integrated weed management systems.

Dwarf sorghum (C4) was grown at ambient and at projected levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (250 mol mol−1 above ambient) with and without the presence of a C3 weed (velvetleaf) and a C4 weed (redroot pigweed), to quantify the potential effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] on weed–crop interactions and potential crop loss. In a weed-free environment, increased [CO2] resulted in a significant increase in leaf weight and leaf area of sorghum but no significant effect on seed yield or total aboveground biomass relative to the ambient CO2 condition. At ambient [CO2] the presence of velvetleaf had no significant effect on either sorghum seed yield or total aboveground biomass; however, at elevated [CO2], yield and biomass losses were significant. The additional loss in sorghum yield and biomass was associated with a significant (threefold) increase in velvetleaf biomass in response to increasing [CO2]. Redroot pigweed at ambient [CO2] resulted in significant losses in total aboveground biomass of sorghum but not in seed yield. However, as [CO2] increased, significant losses in both sorghum seed yield and total biomass were observed for sorghum–redroot pigweed competition. Increased [CO2] was not associated with a significant increase in redroot pigweed biomass (P = 0.17). These results indicate potentially greater yield loss in a widely grown C4 crop from weedy competition as atmospheric [CO2] increases.

In wetlands, drought or managed late-summer drawdowns create exposed mudflats that provide an excellent substrate for germination of purple loosestrife seeds. If late-emerging purple loosestrife seedlings survive the winter, new or expanding populations of purple loosestrife will result. Spring survival was determined for overwintered purple loosestrife seedlings from seeds planted at weekly intervals in late summer or fall of the previous year. Seedlings of purple loosestrife that emerged from late July to early August had the greatest survival rates and the greatest shoot dry weight, and they were the tallest the following spring. However, 37% of purple loosestrife seedlings that emerged in late August, although stunted, generated a crown that was able to overwinter successfully and regrow the following spring. The number of growing degree days accumulated from planting date to October 6 (the average date of first frost for Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN) was 1,424 for seedlings from seeds planted on July 21 but only 219 for seedlings from seeds planted on September 15. Purple loosestrife seedlings that emerge during late summer through early September in Minnesota may survive the winter to create additional purple loosestrife weed problems in wetland mudflats caused by artificial drawdowns or droughts.

Weed seedling emergence is partially dependent on biotic and abiotic conditions directly surrounding the seed. When environmental conditions are appropriate, seed germination and emergence occurs. We studied the impact of seeding depth (surface, 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 6 to 7 cm) and fluctuating soil moisture regimes (field capacity [FC]–1/3FC–FC; FC–1/6FC–FC) on percent weed emergence in a greenhouse. At FC, wild mustard and field pennycress had the greatest percent emergence when seeds were placed on or near the soil surface, whereas percent emergence of barnyardgrass and round-leaved mallow was unaffected by seeding depth. All the perennials tested had the greatest percent emergence at FC when seeds were placed near or on the soil surface, except for common milkweed which only emerged below the soil surface. When soil moisture levels fluctuated, surface seeds of barnyardgrass, catchweed bedstraw, green foxtail, wheat, and wild oat had less emergence than seeds below the soil surface; field pennycress had increased emergence when the seeds were placed on the surface; and round-leaved mallow and wild mustard emergence was unaffected by seeding depth. The emergence of curly dock, dandelion, and perennial sowthistle was unaffected by seeding depth, whereas foxtail barley and quackgrass emergence was reduced when seeds were placed on the surface and soil moisture fluctuated.

Greenhouse and growth-chamber experiments were conducted to determine the influence of the ratio of red to far-red (R:FR) radiation and of neutral filtration of plant-available radiation on the vegetative and reproductive growth of selected nightshade species. Exposure of eastern black nightshade and black nightshade to far-red radiation resulted in greater partitioning of resources to stem tissue, resulting in taller plants. Number of flowers, timing of flowering, branching, and biomass production of black nightshade and eastern black nightshade were not influenced by the ratio of red to far-red radiation. Eastern black nightshade shoot and berry dry weight decreased as neutral density shading increased from 0 to 71%. Shoot dry weight decrease was associated with lower stem weight and production of fewer berries per plant. Neutral shading did not reduce leaf weight or leaf area per plant but increased the specific leaf area of eastern black nightshade. Internode elongation of nightshade species into a soybean canopy should primarily be associated with exposure to low R:FR irradiance ratios, whereas the thinner leaves of eastern black nightshade growing under shade should be associated with lower irradiance levels. Both responses are common adaptations of shade-avoiding plants.

Research was conducted to formulate a temperature-dependent population-level model to predict rhizome johnsongrass development to the four-leaf stage. A nonlinear poikilotherm rate equation was used to describe development rates as a function of temperature. Development rate was highest at 36 C and declined at higher temperatures. A temperature-independent Weibull function adequately distributed development times for the population. Coupling the poikilotherm rate equation and the Weibull distribution function yielded a model suitable for characterizing rhizome johnsongrass development to the four-leaf growth stage. The model was tested and validated against independent data sets. Model predictions of 80% of rhizome johnsongrass population at the four-leaf stage were used as the central point of a 4-d application window for using reduced rates of herbicides in johnsongrass management programs. This application window included an average interval of 85 to 99% of johnsongrass population at the desired growth stage in field validation experiments.

Two experiments were conducted to examine woolly cupgrass seed reserve utilization and the effect of germination depth on seed reserve utilization, tiller number, and timing of tiller emergence. The first experiment included germination in light with water, in light with Hoagland's solution, and in darkness with water; the second included five planting depths of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 cm. Endosperm utilization and shoot and root growth over time were recorded. Endosperms lost weight rapidly until 6 d after germination (DAG), when weight loss slowed down. Endosperm weight loss ceased 8 or 10 DAG. Endosperm weight loss was fastest for germination in light with Hoagland's solution. Deep planting significantly decreased emergence rate and increased the time to emergence. Differences in residual endosperms may have affected the early development of woolly cupgrass seedlings. Germination from a depth of 9 cm depleted the endosperm by the time of emergence. Deep planting also decreased shoot dry weight and tiller number 15 d after planting (DAP). Because the first tiller of woolly cupgrass usually appeared 10 to 12 DAP, and the endosperm had been depleted before that, there was no endosperm to support the new tillers.

Manipulation of cropping systems to improve weed management requires a better understanding of how crop- and soil-related factors affect weed life cycles. Our objective was to assess the impacts of timing of primary tillage and use of legume green manure on giant foxtail demography and soil properties. We measured giant foxtail seed survival and dormancy, seedling emergence and survival, and fecundity, in addition to soil phytotoxicity, chemical properties affecting soil fertility and soil water, in the transition between the wheat and corn phases of a wheat–corn–soybean crop sequence. Postdispersal predation of giant foxtail seeds was measured in all three phases of the crop sequence. Wheat was grown either as a sole crop (W) or underseeded with red clover (R), and residues from this phase were rototilled either in the fall (FT) or in spring (ST). There were strong interactions between Red clover and Tillage timing in their effects on giant foxtail recruitment and fecundity in corn. Giant foxtail seedling emergence was 30% lower, and time to 50% emergence was more than 1 wk later, in the ST/R treatment than in the ST/W, FT/W, and FT/R treatments, which did not differ. However, fecundity of giant foxtail was 200% greater in the ST/R treatment than in the other three treatments because of suppressed early corn growth. The net effect of the ST/R treatment on giant foxtail demography in corn was to greatly increase inputs to the seedbank compared with the ST/W, FT/W, and FT/R treatments. Giant foxtail demography in the wheat phase was also affected by Red clover. There was a 200% increase in daily rates of postdispersal seed predation in the wheat phase of the R treatment compared with the W treatment. High-seed predation in the wheat phase and low fecundity in the corn phase of the FT/R treatment suggest that population growth rate of giant foxtail will be lower in this treatment than in the other treatments. The degree of soil phytotoxicity from red clover residues, the changes in the amount of interference from the corn crop early in the growing season, and the differential suitability of crop residues in the different rotations as habitat for seed predators all contributed to changes in giant foxtail demography. Understanding the effects of cropping system characteristics on entire weed life cycles will facilitate the design of integrated suites of complementary weed management tactics.

The relative competitive ability of common lambsquarters and giant foxtail in mixed weed–corn communities was characterized in 1998 and 1999 using empirical models that described late-season weed biomass on the basis of weed density, early-season relative leaf area, or early-season relative shoot volume. Competition coefficients estimated from weed density were inconsistent between years because they indicated that giant foxtail was more competitive than common lambsquarters in 1998 but that common lambsquarters was more competitive than giant foxtail in 1999. In contrast, the competition coefficients based on relative leaf area and relative volume were consistent between years. Competition coefficients estimated from relative leaf area indicated that giant foxtail was more competitive than common lambsquarters in each year. Competition coefficients estimated from weed relative volume indicated that the relative competitive ability of each weed species was similar in each year. Weed relative competitive abilities were characterized further by describing the mechanisms of competition related to shoot height and width growth. Giant foxtail was taller than common lambsquarters shortly after emergence each year, but plasticity of common lambsquarters growth resulted in reduced height differential between the weed species over time. Even so, giant foxtail was taller than common lambsquarters at physiological maturity each year. Coefficients that described the ability of each weed species to crowd neighbors indicated that giant foxtail shoot width was affected more by increased common lambsquarters density and proportion than was common lambsquarters shoot width by giant foxtail. The greater ability of common lambsquarters to crowd neighbors relative to giant foxtail was attributed to the greater leaf area density (LAD) of common lambsquarters compared with that of giant foxtail. Although characterization of shoot height, width, LAD, and biomass elucidated in part the mechanisms of competition between these species, models that accounted for differences in early-season relative plant size were consistent between years, indicating that giant foxtail was equally or more competitive than common lambsquarters in corn.

Relationships among weed seed rain, soil seedbank, and seedling recruitment in no-tillage systems were studied from July 1993 to May 1996. Multiple regression analysis indicated that seedling recruitment of only six of the 25 weed species present was correlated with seed rain samples from the previous autumn, spring soil seedbank samples, or a combination of the two. However, seedling recruitment of the dominant annual grasses (yellow foxtail, giant foxtail, and fall panicum in Field 1–1994, Field 2–1995, and Field 3–1996, respectively) was related to seedbank populations or a combination of seedbank and seed rain densities. These grasses accounted for at least 32% of the emerged seedlings, 12 to 78% of the seedbank, and 16 to 77% of the seed rain. Seedling recruitment of large crabgrass and two broadleaf species, Virginia copperleaf and wild carrot, also were described by seedbank densities or a combination of seedbank and seed rain densities. However, both the broadleaf species were minor components of the cropping system, representing ≤ 4% of all seedlings. In each year, the sum of all weeds in the seedbank exceeded 1,300 seeds m−2 (0 to 10 cm deep). The fraction of the total seedbank that emerged each year ranged from 3 to 17%, but there was great variability among species. The aforementioned dominant grasses ranged in emergence from 3 to 25% of their seedbanks. Emergence of other species ranged from a low of 1% for common lambsquarters up to 41% for large crabgrass. Prediction of seedling recruitment from seed rain or seedbank densities was variable; however, combining both components improved the fit of regression describing seedling recruitment.

Cropping system characteristics affect weed management by altering key demographic rates of weeds, including recruitment, seedling survival, fecundity, and seed survival. To facilitate the design and improvement of cropping systems that limit weed population growth, analytical methods are needed to identify weed management “choke points” (weed life stages that vary in response to management and whose variation strongly affects weed population growth rate). The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether wheat–red clover green manure can limit giant foxtail population growth rate (λ) in a wheat–corn–soybean crop sequence and (2) identify choke points in the giant foxtail life cycle with respect to the green manure treatment. Demographic data were used to construct a periodic matrix model of giant foxtail population growth in a wheat–corn–soybean crop sequence, with either a wheat sole crop (W) or a wheat–red clover intercrop (R) in the wheat phase. Identification of choke points was accomplished by adapting the life-table response experiment (LTRE) design for retrospective perturbation analysis of the periodic matrix model. The difference in λ (Δλ) between the two treatments was decomposed into contributions from each parameter in each rotation phase of the periodic model. Each LTRE contribution was equal to the product of the sensitivity of λ to changes in a given parameter by the treatment difference in that parameter. Those parameters making large contributions to Δλ represented weed management choke points. Giant foxtail population growth rate in the simulation was more than twice as great in the W treatment (λ = 2.54) than in the R treatment (λ = 1.16). Retrospective perturbation analysis indicated that the proportion of seeds surviving predation in the wheat phase made the largest LTRE contribution (0.55) to Δλ, followed by seedling recruitment in the soybean (0.41) and corn (0.20) phases. By identifying weed management choke points within a given system, retrospective perturbation analysis can target research and management efforts for greater reductions in weed population growth.

Plants of catchweed bedstraw from different Norwegian locations and from three other countries were compared with respect to morphological factors, herbicide sensitivity, and genetic variation. For the morphological comparison of cotyledons, whorls, leaves, and fruits five populations, grown outdoors but sheltered from rain, were used. Plants from Belgium and Sweden showed a high similarity, whereas one Norwegian population differed significantly in nearly all parameters. The same populations were used for a comparison of the sensitivity to the herbicide mecoprop-P. In this study, only slight differences appeared between the five populations. Finally, a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions was performed. The entire sequence of the ITS1 and ITS2 and the 5.8S subunit of ribosomal DNA were obtained from 15 populations (12 from Norway and one each from Sweden, Belgium, and Germany). The sequences had a length between 590 and 662 base pairs; intraspecific length variation was observed. Based on six insertions–deletions and 26 nucleotide substitutions, two DNA types could be distinguished. The first type consisted of eight Norwegian populations, whereas the second one contained the other seven populations including all non-Norwegian populations. The sequence alignments were used to build a phylogenetic tree. The results of the morphological comparison mostly corresponded with the results of the ITS sequence analysis. The variation was only to some extent correlated with the geographic distribution of the populations.

The identities of two novel perennial nutsedge biotypes collected near Bakersfield, CA, were assessed using isozyme and random-amplified polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid markers in conjunction with morphological analysis. The two biotypes, designated as CK (Cyperus rotundus cv. ‘Kempeni’) and CR (Cyperus esculentus cv. ‘Robusta’), morphologically resemble purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge, respectively. Plants from both biotypes exhibited more prolific growth than the typical forms and possessed some traits that are not characteristic of the species they resemble. The morphological study was conducted on a total of 15 purple nutsedge, yellow nutsedge, CK, and CR populations collected in the first year and on 20 additional nutsedge populations were collected in the second year. The genetic analysis was performed on populations from the first year only. In general, there was agreement among the results obtained from the morphometric, isozymatic, and deoxyribonucleic acid studies. Populations of CR clustered with yellow nutsedge populations, indicating that CR is within the normal range of variation of this species and may represent a new introduction. Populations of CK, however, were distinct from both purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge populations. Considering the low level of genetic variation reported in purple nutsedge and its strict vegetative mode of reproduction, CK might represent a sexually reproducing ecotype of purple nutsedge or a hybrid with yellow nutsedge.

The occurrence of volunteer canola has been increasing in western Canada. The objective of this study was to determine the canola seedbank additions incurred during crop harvest on commercial farms. Over 2 yr, 35 fields of 15 different producers were sampled after harvest using a vacuum cleaner. The canola seeds were separated from the crop residue and soil, and yield loss, 1,000-seed weight, and seedbank additions were determined for each field. Further information for each field was obtained through a producer survey questionnaire. Average yield losses of 107 kg ha−1 or 5.9% of the crop seed yield were observed. This amounted to seedbank additions of approximately 3,000 viable seeds m−2. The yield losses among producers ranged from 3.3 to 9.9% or 9 to 56 times the normal seeding rate of canola. Even with relatively low persistence rates, seedbanks of this magnitude could result in significant volunteer populations for several years, without further seedbank additions from escaped volunteers.

Germination and longevity of purple witchweed seeds stored in nylon gauze bags in the soil in situ were tested in northern Bénin over a 2-yr period, covering the rainy seasons in 1994 and 1995. The seeds were collected at Ina Station in November 1993 from corn and sorghum fields. It appeared that germination percentages of the seeds, which were stimulated by GR24 to germinate, as well as their viability according to a tetrazolium test, decreased steadily in wet soil. During the 1994 rainy season, germination percentage of seeds, which reached maximum values of 30 to 74%, decreased to values of 11 to 17%. During the 1995 rainy season, the number of germinating seeds decreased further, and at the end of this season the germination percentage approached zero. Seed viability also decreased in line with the decrease in germination. In addition to the study on longevity under field conditions, seeds also were exposed to various water regimens in pots. In the pot experiment, purple witchweed seed viability and germination declined in moist soil treatments. The dying-off process observed contradicts the common opinion on longevity of Striga seeds in their natural environment. “Wet dormancy” was not observed in the course of the rainy season.

Accurate and precise estimation of weed seed bank populations is critical to studying weed seed bank demographics. Research was conducted over 3 site-years in Montana to (1) examine the spatial distribution of wild oat seed banks on a small scale (1 m2 plots), (2) compare wild oat seed bank density sample means and precision between two soil samplers, and (3) predict the sample area needed to quantify a range of wild oat seed bank densities at several levels of precision. Seed bank sample means obtained with a large sampler (10- by 10-cm box) were greater than means obtained with a small sampler (4.4- or 3.8-cm-diam cylinder) for 15 of 18 seed banks. There was no clear advantage in precision (SE/mean) when sampling seed banks using a large number of small soil samples rather than using a small number of large soil samples. Furthermore, at very low seed bank densities, using a small number of large samples gave better precision. Precision improved as sample number increased for each seed bank at each site-year. High-density seed banks tended to have better precision than low-density seed banks at any given sample number. Seed banks had an aggregated spatial distribution when sampled with either soil sampler. As the desired precision level decreases (becomes more precise), the predicted sample area required increases greatly. A seed bank containing 6,000 seeds m−2 has a predicted sample area of 0.5, 0.7, 1.3, and 2.9% of the total area to obtain precision levels of 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2, respectively.