Cores and chopping tools are very numerous at Windmill Hill, Avebury Down, Grime's Graves, and Cissbury. They are characteristic of the industry. In the main they differ markedly from the cores of the prism industries. True prisms are rare in the one and numerous in the other; the one shows comparatively broad, the other comparatively narrow facets and flakes; the flakes of the latter being on the whole thinner and finer. It is noteworthy that when the flints of both industries have lain near the surface, those of the one in Herts., Wilts., Sussex, Norfolk, and Suffolk are almost invariably white or light blue; whilst those of the other range from light blue, through dark blue, to unchanged black or grey; with a partial exception, easy of explanation, on the coast of Cornwall.

The “lumps” may be divided into a number of species. Some were cores only, others were tools for chopping, cutting, scraping, pecking, boring, or clearing out split marrow bones; some were cores first and tools afterwards.

In a paper published in 1917 I described a series of ancient “floors” occurring in the sides of the valley occupied by the brick works of Messrs. A. Bolton and Co., Ltd., Henley Road, Ipswich. Since this date I have been able, thanks to the generosity of the Right Honourable the Earl of Iveagh, K.P., and the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, to continue the investigation, and it is now my purpose to give an account of the results obtained in these later diggings. Before doing so, however, I would wish to express my sincere thanks to the directors of the brick works company for the facilities freely granted me to carry out the excavations, and to Dr. R. H. Rastall and Mr. E. T. Lingwood for the invaluable help they have rendered me in the preparation of this report.

The general geological details and manner of formation of the small valley in which the diggings were conducted are set out fully in the paper quoted above. But, my continued examination of the strata exposed in the valley under consideration has led me to certain new and somewhat far-reaching conclusions regarding them.

Some seventy years ago, when the tunnel was cut through the Stoke Hills at Ipswich, animal remains were found at a short distance from the London end of it, on a level with the line. These were examined by Professor Prestwich, and though the collection was scattered, a certain number of the bones and teeth of mammals found their way to the Ipswich Museum, where they may still be seen.

In 1908 it struck me that it might be possible to open up some of the sections which were then exposed, and to locate the deposits from which the remains had been taken. This was successfully done, but for fear of the bank above slipping, permission could only be obtained to open a very small portion of the side of the cutting. The researches, however, proved that a varied assortment of animals of the Pleistocene period had either perished on the spot or had been brought down by flood to this position.

The publication by Dr. A. Rutot of a paper “Sur la faune des Mammiferes de l'époque de la Pierre polie en Belgique,” renders it possible to compare the faunas of Grime's Graves and Spiennes and to consider their chronological position much more fully than could be done in the ‘Report on the Excavations at Grime's Graves, Weeting,” and in my paper “Are Grime's Graves Neolithic?” (“Proceedings,” Vol. II., pp. 339–349). For purposes of comparison Dr. Rutot gives a list of mammals identified in Azilian deposits in Belgian caves, a list of the fauna in the first stage of polished stone, corresponding with the Upper Spiennian, and another of mammals found in recent peat, which he considers began to form towards the middle of the Neolithic period, a little before the age of polished stone, and continued without interruption until the end of the third century, A.D. In order to facilitate comparison, I have tabulated these lists and included the Grime's Graves fauna. It should be borne in mind that Dr. Rutot's lists apply only to Belgium, and that other species than those recorded have been found in Britain, for example, in the peat.

Feeling that my own study of the cultures of Palæolithic and Neolithic Man would be helped by a glimpse into the Æean. Bronze Age as studied by classical archæologists, I took the opportunity of 3 months free time to visit a number of the Minoan (Bronze Age) sites in Crete, as well as the corresponding Helladic localities on the mainland of Greece. The return journey was made by Vienna and Buda-Pesth, in order to study for a short time in the museums there, and the dissimilarity between the Bronze Age cultures north of the Alps and those of the Ægean area, which I had been visiting, was extremely marked. The Bronze Age of the North comes very much into the purview of English Prehistorians and has its due place in our Proceedings. But the Ægean Bronze Age is included under classical archæology, and so it seemed to me that, having had the opportunity of studying in the field with such men as Evans and Wace, a few notes might not be out of place in our E. A. Journal. And more especially is this so when one considers that the Ægean area is on a direct road between the early cultures of what is now Persia and Asia Minor, and the west.

When visiting Mundesley, in Norfolk, in September, 1916, the present author found upon the shore, in close proximity to an exposure of clay which he now considers to be referable to the Cromer Forest Bed Series, a very finely-made and large flint flake, of human manufacture. This discovery induced him to again visit Mundesley, and during this year (1919) close upon three weeks have been spent in an examination of the stretch of cliffs and shore lying between Trimingham, to the north-west of Mundesley, and Bacton, which lies to the south-east.

The author's researches have been greatly helped by the co-operation of three friends, Professor A. S. Barnes, Mr. Walter B. Nichols, and the Hon. Robert Gathorne-Hardy, who accompanied him to Mundesley, and to whom he offers his warmest thanks. He would, however, wish to make it clear that these gentlemen are in no way responsible for the statements made in this paper. For these the author is solely responsible.

Excavations at Grime's Graves during September, 1920, resulted in several interesting discoveries, notably the location of a new chipping and occupation zone, situated near the S.E. margin of the mining area immediately west of the Tumulus Pit, a locality which previous excavations had proved to be rich in occupation sites. Here, upon a living level immediately overlying glacial sand, two pieces of engraved flint crust were discovered associated with a series of flint implements of Mousterian type, bone tools and pottery.

Engraving upon flint crust was first noticed at Grime's Graves in 1915, upon Floor 16, a piece bearing incised lines of indeterminate character being found (Fig. A, 10) which was described and figured in the Proceedings, Vol. II., Part III., by Dr. Peake. Since then numerous similar examples have been discovered upon other floors, which, together with the occurrence of gravers, the discovery of chalk carving in the round, and of chalk balls by Mr. D. Richardson, and by the President, pointed to the hope of definite engravings being ultimately forthcoming if systematically searched for. This hope was further stimulated by Dr. Peake finding a few days prior to our visit a piece of crust bearing an engraved outline suggesting portions of the human figure (Fig. A, 11) and resulted in the careful scrutiny of every fragment of crust turned up during the subsequent excavations, which was finally rewarded by the discovery of two fine engravings (Fig. E).

Fig. 23A is a very carefully worked leaf-shaped blade identical with implements from the Solutré site of Laugerie Haute. It is from clay-with-flints gravel, at present being ploughed up by German prisoners, on the ridge between Cissbury and Sompting, O.D. 600 ft. There is nothing Neolithic about it whatever: it is a distinctly Palæolithic artefact. B, C, D, and E are “Cat Tongue” Palæoliths from such diverse localities as Grime's Graves, Cissbury, O.D. 600 ft., and from a depth of 9 feet below the surface of the so-called South Coast Brickearth, at Southsea, in a recent excavation associated with a Red Crag fossil, the Chrysodomus contraria.

Prehistoric hammerstones, sometimes known as mullers, pounders, or mauls, are supposed, as the name implies, to have been used as hammers. In the case of those made from flint nodules they present an unmistakable surface which consists of the heads of hundreds of small cones of percussion, and of angular fragments of broken, intersecting, cones, the whole being the result of a long, and continuous rain of blows, each of which affected but a small spot of the surface, and caused by the nodule coming into sharp contact with a surface nearly as hard, or of equal hardness, to the flint itself.

This floor, No. 46, was situated in the open field close to the North border of the plantation, about 50 yards N.E. of Pit 1. Excavations carried out by Mrs. Richardson and myself revealed the presence of a filled-in pit, of which there was no surface indication, the field having been levelled down for cultivation. The hole dug measured about 11 ft. each way, with a maximum depth of 5 ft. At the bottom on one side was a great tip of hard tabular chalk blocks, shot in from the N.E.; on the other side was a tip of sand shot in from the S.W.; and in the V-shaped depression between these two was a mass of flints without any matrix, most of them of great size, the majority covered with a fungus-like coating of carbonate of lime redeposited from solution. This layer reached a thickness of 3½ ft. in one part, thinning out gradually towards the E. side, where it was only a few inches thick. It was almost entirely sealed in by a small tip of chalk blocks and rubble shot in from the N.E., overlain in its turn by a thin layer of flints, which in one or two places rested directly on the main flint layer.

The implements forming the subject of this note were found at the base of the Blown Sand Dunes which extend along the coast of Pas de Calais and attain, in the neighbourhood of Etaples, a height of 60 metres.

The principal sites are grouped about the outstanding pinacle of sand immediately opposite the Etaples Military Cemetery, and are on the east of the road to Boulogne and about one mile out of Etaples.

This pinacle of sand is the highest dune seen from the road (it reaches up to about 50 metres) and it is in the dunes ranging north and south of this pinacle, where the wind has scooped out hollows in the western face, and reached down to the underlying chalk and gravel, that the implements and flakes occur so abundantly.

Generally speaking there are low dunes bordering the Canche River, but on the east of the main road they rise in a fairly pronounced range to between 40 and 50 metres, then they fall away to about 25-30 metres and rise again, ¼ to ½ a mile further inland to about 60 metres.

Our esteemed President having been so kind as to ask me to exhibit a series of flints from the Cromer Forest Bed and the Admiralty Section, perhaps the following remarks may be permitted.

The Cromer Forest series exhibit the characteristic surface and somatic alterations which become of great value in identifying these tertiary things when found in derived positions. The peculiar brown, comparable to café au lait, with varying quantities of the milk into which a small, varying quantity of permanganate of potash has been dropped, is well seen in many, as in No. 1. Not that the amethystine blush, which is seen associated with so many hues, even in the lyditised black ones, was due to this salt, but rather to Mn O2. Opalisation is very frequently present, even after other metamorphic processes have been in operation, giving rise to the curdy appearance also seen in No. 1, which, in this case, has supervened limonetic jasperisation.

The flint flakes from the Elephas antiquus bed of Clacton-on-Sea have been known for many years, and were collected by the Rev. J. W. Kenworthy. I obtained a large series between the years 1911 and 1916, but their affinities remained an enigma to me until they were examined by the Abbé N. Breuil, who denned them as Mesvinian. When once it had been suggested, one realized that this determination was obviously correct, and it has since been confirmed by several continental authorities who are intimately acquainted with the Mesvinian of Belgium.

Stratigraphy. Remnants of the High Terrace with Chellian implements occur in the district (at Frinton, Weeley, etc.) at levels of 70 to 85 feet O.D. These contain much Lower Greensand chert from the Wealden area, and I think they must be referred to the main river of the Thames basin.

The Clacton bed is the silting-up of a tributary channel which cuts across the High Terrace, and of which the base lies below the present level of low tide.

Section II. of Mr. Haward's paper deals with the characteristics of the fracture and chipping of flint by man and Nature. This section contains so many statements which are incorrect that in the interests of accuracy they cannot be allowed to pass without correction.

The author defines percussion in the following terms:—“Sharp, hammer-like rebounding blows impinged (sic) on a flat surface or edge held by a resilient support.” If by this definition Mr. Haward intends to convey the impression that in order to flake flint by percussion it is necessary to comply with the conditions he has specified, he is mistaken. It is quite easy, for example, to produce bulbed flakes by percussion under conditions quite different to those set out by Mr. Haward, e.g. by means of a “follow-through” blow on the concave surface of a flint rigidly supported.

In the course of searching for flınt ımplements in South Devon and Cornwall my attention has continually been drawn to notched and perforated pieces of slate—a notch and perforation occurring in combination in some specimens. At first I did not pay much attention to these slates, thınking that perhaps the notches had been caused through the piece having come into contact with an agricultural implement of some sort, and that possibly the perforations had been made by a fork, or else that they were pieces of roofing slate containing the hole through which the nail, originally securing the slate to a roof, had passed. After a time I determined to collect and study the specimens carefully, the result being that I soon found myself greatly interested, for it became evident that my first impressions were not correct, and that the notches and perforations were not accidental but clearly intentional. At the same time I was at a loss to understand their meaning and application.

In his criticism in the recent Proceedings of this Society (Vol. III., Part II, page 259) of Section II. of my Paper on “The Origin of the Rostro-Carinate Implements,” Prof. Barnes wrote that my remarks ‘contain so many statements which are incorrect that in the interests of accuracy they must be corrected.”

With the exception of the following three errors, I do not with draw any of my statements, and I regret that Prof. Barnes did not ask me for further explanation on points where our views differed before his attack was printed.

1st. I correct a mistake of mine on page 119, par. 6, where I suggested that steel hammers had been used in his experiments by Mr. Reid Moir, who informs me that he only used hammers of stone and flint.

2nd. Prof. Barnes points out a slip on page 124 of my Paper (2nd line from the end) where the following is printed, “The fracture turns towards the mass of the Core.”

Of course the fracture turns away from the Core, and not towards it! The latter was one of those annoying, but obvious, “slips of the pen” which will at times creep in. (N.B.–I advised Prof. Barnes of these mistakes in February, 1920, before his Paper was printed, though he omits to mention this. I also sent a correction to the Society for the 19th January meeting, 1920).

It is not necessary to dispute the existence of a Rostro-Carinate type of undoubtedly human manufacture. It occurs occasionally in the Late Stone Age. I have several in my own Collection which are probably fabricators and triangular implements of Neolithic Age.

My criticism applies solely to certain so-called “Humanly-made Implements” from the Basement Beds of East Anglia, which I consider bear only a superficial resemblance to the undoubted specimens. While the latter stand every investigation as to the characteristics of the chipping itself, the former, though they may bear some resemblance, will not, to my mind and that of many other students, stand critical examination.

Sir E. Ray Lankester, F.R.S., in his monograph on “The Test Specimen of the Rostro-Carinate Industry found beneath the Norwich Crag” (see Plate XV, E), claimed the “Rostro-Carinate” as a new type of “Implement” made by Man of a much greater antiquity than the Palæolithic Period.

The remarkable specimen which forms the subject of this communication was presented to me by Mr. Reid Moir, who had extracted it with his own hands from the base of the Red Crag exposed in Messrs. Bolton & Laughlin's brick field, near Ipswich.

It is a fragment of a nodule of chalk flint, irregularly rhombic in outline, with nearly flat base and a rounded upper surface which slopes away on each side from a medium line (the shorter diameter) joining the two obtuse angles of the rhomb.

The upper rounded side formed part of the original surface of the nodule and retains the whitish weathered crust, 8 mm. or more in thickness, which was formed while the nodule lay embedded in the chalk. The exterior of this crust has since been traversed by solutions which have deposited in its pores some silica and ferric hydrate, thus forming a brown superficial layer which is now too hard to be scratched with a knife.

An International Institute of Anthropology was founded in 1920, with central offices in Paris. Each country has been invited to form a National Office which would act with and be in relation with this Central Office. A Congress of the members of this International Institute was held in Liège (Belgium) in 1921 (July 25-August 1st). Being in France during July the writer decided to run over to Liege and very glad he was that he did so. Not only were there a number of new facts (not to speak of theories) brought forward, but one met again such savants as MM. Cartailhac, Capitan, Breuil, Begouen, Lalanne, Franchet, Hamal-Nandrin, Pittard, etc., etc. (to only mention a few), and discussions over lunch with such folk are worth weeks of work. Before describing the Congress and some of the papers, the writer would like to bear tribute to the extraordinary kindness and efficiency of the Belgian hosts, who were Professors at the Liege University. Everywhere we were received with the utmost kindness and no trouble was too great, if something could be arranged for us. It is impossible to mention everybody, but if ever the Congress comes to England, one can only hope that we may equal (we could not excel) such hosts (to mention only a few with whom the writer had most contact), as MM. Fraipont, Hamal-Nandrin, Servais, Max Lohest, Stockis, etc., etc. Eighteen countries were represented. The congress was divided into two parts:—(1) Work; (2) Excursions. For (1) Anthropology was divided into 8 sections, (a) What we should call Human Palæontology; (b) Prehistory; (c) Ethnography; (d) Criminology; (e) Eugenics; (f) Religions, later Archæology and Folk-lore; (g) Linguistic studies; (h) Sociology, etc. Of these the Prehistoric Section was one of the most important, there being nearly 50 people, on an average, at the Meetings.

The writer of this article was lucky enough to find last August a large ovate implement of the Early Palæolithic period in Yorkshire, after many years of careful searching; he is indebted to Mr. E. T. Lingwood for the drawings of the same, for which help he offers his grateful thanks.

The site of this find is Upper Nidderdale, just within the boundary of the West Riding. At the far end of the dale, and some six and a half miles from its source, the river Nidd, which up to this point has run due East, makes a bend, practically a. right angle, to the South.

Some three hundred yards below this point an interesting geological phenomenon occurs in the shape of a triangular fault with its apex to the South, which has thrust up the Carboniferous Limestone on both sides of the valley.

Through this the river, with the help of the glaciers, has cut its way.

This strip of limestone is about half a mile long and below this the river continues its course for some distance through the Millstone Grit series, Nidderdale being, from a geological point of view, a Millstone Grit dale.