Fluoro-aluminoleakeite, ideally , is a new mineral of the amphibole group from Norra Kärr, Sweden (IMA-CNMMNC 2009-012). It occurs in a proterozoic alkaline intrusion that mainly comprises a fine-grained schistose agpaitic nepheline-syenite (grennaite). Fluoro- aluminoleakeite occurs as isolated prismatic crystals 0.10–2 mm long in a syenitic matrix. Crystals are light greenish-blue with a greenish-blue streak. It is brittle, has a Mohs hardness of 6 and a splintery fracture; it is non-fluorescent with perfect {110} cleavage, no observable parting, and has a calculated density of 3.14 g cm–3. In plane-polarized light, it is pleochroic, X = pale green, Y = dark green, Z = pale green; X ^ a = 62.9° (in β obtuse), Y || b. Fluoro-aluminoleakeite is biaxial negative, α = 1.632(1), β = 1.638(1), γ = 1.643(1); 2Vobs. = 98.0(4)°, 2Vcalc. = 95.5°.M

Fluoro-aluminoleakeite is monoclinic, space group C2/m, a = 9.7043(5) Å, b = 17.7341(8) Å, c = 5.2833(3) Å, β = 104.067(4)°, V = 882.0(2) Å3, Z = 2. The eight strongest X-ray diffraction lines in the powder-diffraction pattern are [d in Å, (I), (hkl)]: 2.687, (100), (31, 151); 4.435, (80), (021, 040); 3.377, (80), (131); 2.527, (60), (02); 8.342, (50), (110); 3.096, (40), (310); 2.259, (40), (71, 12) and 2.557, (30), (002, 061). Analysis, by a combination of electron microprobe and crystal-structure refinement, gives SiO2 58.61, Al2O3 7.06, TiO2 0.32, FeO 3.27, Fe2O3 6.05, MgO 8.61, MnO 0.73, ZnO 0.43, CaO 0.05, Na2O 9.90, K2O 2.43, Li2O 1.62, F 3.37, H2Ocalc. 0.50, sum 101.08 wt.%. The formula unit, calculated on the basis of 24 (O,OH,F,Cl) p.f.u. with (OH) + F = 2 a.p.f.u., is A(Na0.65 O22W(F1.47OH0.53)Σ=2.00. Crystal-structure analysis shows CLi to be completely ordered at the M(3) site, and provided reliable site populations. Fluoro-aluminoleakeite is related to the end-member leakeite, , by the substitutions CFe3+ → CAl and WF → W(OH).

Quartz grain surfaces from the Quaternary sand deposits of northeastern Tunisia were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Superficial textures on the quartz grain surface are commonly well preserved and are characteristic of specific formation conditions, allowing the reconstruction of the transport and sedimentation chronology and environment of individual grains.

In the northeastern coastal part of Tunisia (Cap Bon peninsula), the quartz grain exoscopy analysis involves a complex sedimentary history during the Quaternary. The Quaternary dune samples provided a mixture of sub-angular and rounded quartz morphotypes with well preserved mechanical impacts on the grain surfaces. The investigated quartz grains revealed reasonably distinct textural combinations and are characterized firstly, by mechanical features, and secondly, by chemical processes. In all the materials examined, differing environmental evolutions, marine, aeolian and pedologic were detected.

Oxygen isotope measurements using SIMS and laser-fluorination methods confirm the presence of concentric and sector zoning in low-temperature (200°C to <400°C) hydrothermal quartz from Alpine veins. While concentric zoning is most readily explained by changes in the chemical composition of the fluid or temperature of crystallization, the reasons for sector zoning are more difficult to explain. Relative enrichment in 18O for crystallographically different sectors of quartz corresponds to m >r >z. Sector zoning is, however, largely limited to the exterior zones of crystals and/or to crystals with large Al (>1000 ppm) and trace element contents, probably formed at temperatures <250°C. Differences in δ18O between the prismatic (m) relative to the rhombohedral (r and z) growth sectors of up to 2% can be explained by a combination of a face-related crystallographic and/or a growth rate control. In contrast, isotopic sector zoning of up to about 1.5% amongst the different rhombohedral faces increases in parallel with the trace element content and is likely to represent disequilibrium growth. This is indicated by non-systematic, up to 2%, differences within single growth zones and the irregular, larger or smaller, δ18O values (of several permil) of the exterior compared to the inner zones of the same crystals. Disequilibrium growth may be related to the large trace element content incorporated into the growing quartz at lower temperatures (<250°C) and/or be related to fluid-vapour separation, allowing crystal growth from both a vapour as well as a liquid phase.

Dalnegroite, ideally Tl4Pb2(As12Sb8)Σ20S34, is a new mineral from Lengenbach, Binntal, Switzerland. It occurs as anhedral to subhedral grains up to 200 μm across, closely associated with realgar, pyrite, Sb-rich seligmanite in a gangue of dolomite. Dalnegroite is opaque with a submetallic lustre and shows a brownish-red streak. It is brittle; the Vickers hardness (VHN25) is 87 kg mm-2 (range: 69—101) (Mohs hardness ∼3—3½). In reflected light, dalnegroite is highly bireflectant and weakly pleochroic, from white to a slightly greenish-grey. In cross-polarized light, it is highly anisotropic with bluish to green rotation tints and red internal reflections.

According to chemical and X-ray diffraction data, dalnegroite appears to be isotypic with chabournéite, Tl5-xPb2x(Sb,As)21-xS34. It is triclinic, probable space group P1, with a = 16.217(7) Å, b = 42.544(9) Å, c = 8.557(4) Å, α = 95.72(4)°, β = 90.25(4)°, γ = 96.78(4)°, V = 5832(4) Å3, Z = 4.

The nine strongest powder-diffraction lines [d(Å) (I/I0) (hkl)] are: 3.927 (100) ( 10 0); 3.775 (45) (22); 3.685 (45) (60); 3.620 (50) (440); 3.124 (50) (2); 2.929 (60) (42); 2.850 (70) (42); 2.579 (45) (0 2); 2.097 (60) (024). The mean of 11 electron microprobe analyses gave elemental concentrations as follows: Pb 10.09(1) wt.%, Tl 20.36(1), Sb 23.95(1), As 21.33(8), S 26.16(8), totalling 101.95 wt.%, corresponding to Tl4.15Pb2.03(As11.86Sb8.20)S34. The new mineral is named for Alberto Dal Negro, Professor in Mineralogy and Crystallography at the University of Padova since 1976.

A recent investigation of sphalerite from Akoluk deposit, Ordu, NE Turkey, revealed the possible presence of a new activator element in the sphalerite structure. The sample was studied under a reflected light microscope coupled with a cold-stage cathodoluminescence (CL) system which revealed a unique banding in the sphalerite. The same sample was subsequently examined using the backscattered electron and luminescence modes in an electron microscope, the results of which were later confirmed in terms of chemical composition by electron probe microanalyses (EPMA). Detailed evaluation of the EPMA data indicated the presence of a new CL activator element in the sphalerite structure. The data also indicate that Hg2+ in the sphalerite crystal structure substitutes for Zn in a simple manner and for Cd and Cu in a coupled manner. Spectral analysis indicated a bright yellow and orange-red blend (more like brown) CL colour with λmax centred at 580 nm, probably due to Cd and Mn ions, and relatively broad emission bands ranging from 525 to 690 nm with λmax centred at 580 and 700, due probably to Cu, Cd and Hg. This study reports that Hg in the sphalerite crystal lattice behaves as an activator and/or co-activator element resulting in emissions of CL colours that range from yellow with purple shades to shades of brown, based on their varying contents.

Infrared spectroscopy was performed on a thin section of a chalcedonic quartz at high temperature in order to investigate the states and diffusivity of intergranular water. The sample contained 0.3 wt.% of silanol (Si—OH) and 0.3 wt.% of molecular H2O, located mainly at intergranular regions but also as fluid inclusions. We monitored the diffusion of molecular H2O associated with dehydration by in situ analyses at 350—500°C and determined the bulk-diffusion coefficients as expressed by an Arrhenius relationship: Dbulk (m2 sec—1) = 10—4.5 exp(—107±17/RT), where R is the gas coefficient and T the temperature. The activation energy for our sample is similar to those previously reported for diffusion in quartz aggregates with incompletely-connected grain boundaries. This result and our previous measurements of electrical conductivity imply that diffusion of molecular H2O at incompletely- connected intergranular regions is the main mechanism for the dehydration. The diffusion coefficients in chalcedony are larger than those previously reported for rhyolitic glass and other granular aggregates. Intergranular regions, inherent larger pores and cracks created during heating can act as efficient diffusion paths within the chalcedony.

Two mineralogically distinct lamproites occurring as dykes in the Raniganj coalfield of eastern India are described in terms of a mineralogical-genetic classification as: (1) peralkaline olivine-ilmenitephlogopite- K-feldspar lamproite (var. Damodar); and (2) peralkaline pseudoleucite-phlogopite-amphibole- K-feldspar lamproite (var. Damodar). Compositional and paragenetic data are provided for major, accessory and trace minerals. Minerals common to both rocks include: chlorite-pseudomorphed phenocrystal olivine, phenocrystal Ti-rich Al-poor phlogopite and tetraferriphlogopite, groundmass potassic amphiboles, Sr-rich apatite and monazite-(Ce), late stage Na-poor K-feldspar and quartz. The rocks differ in terms of the character of the amphiboles (Ti-potassian arfvedsonite vs. K-richterite– K-magnesioarfvedsonite–K-arfvedsonite solid solution), spinel compositions (qandilite–chromite– magnetite vs. chromite–ulvöspinel–magnetite), the presence or absence of: pseudoleucite, microphenocrystal magnesian ilmenite, diopside, titanian aegirine, lorenzenite, an unamed Ti-silicate, an unnamed Mg-Zr silicate, bazirite, rutile, dolomite and norsethite. The rocks are considered to be members of a spectrum of modally-diverse peralkaline rocks, formed from a common parental magma produced by the partial melting of the ancient metasomatized lithospheric mantle of the northern Singhbhum craton. None of the rocks can be considered as aillikites, minettes, orangeites or kimberlites.

In situ X-raydiffraction measurements on almandine, (Fe0.86Mg0.07Mn0.07)3Al2Si3O12, were performed using a heating diamond-anvil cell instrument with synchrotron radiation at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facilityup to 27.7 GPa and 533 K. The pressure-volume-temperature data were fitted to a third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. The isothermal bulk modulus of K0 = 177±2 GPa, a temperature derivative of the bulk modulus of (∂K/∂T)P= –0.032±0.016 GPaK–1 and a thermal expansion coefficient (α0) of (3.1±0.7)×10–5 K–1 were obtained. This is the first time that the temperature derivative of the bulk modulus of almandine has been determined at high pressure and high temperature. Combining these results with previous results, the compositional dependence of the bulk modulus, thermal expansion, and temperature derivative of the bulk modulus are discussed.

The crystal structure of mereheadite (monoclinic, Cm, a = 17.372(1), b = 27.9419(19), c = 10.6661(6) Å, β = 93.152(5)°, V = 5169.6(5) Å3) has been solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.058 for 6279 unique observed reflections. The structure consists of alternating Pb–O/OH blocks and Pb–Cl sheets oriented parallel toth e (201) plane and belongs toth e 1:1 type of lead oxide halides with PbO blocks. It contains 30 symmetrically independent Pb positions, 28 of which belong to the PbO blocks, whilst two positions (Pb12 and Pb16) are located within the tetragonal sheets of the Cl– anions. Mereheadite is thus the first naturally occurring lead oxychloride mineral with inter-layer Pb ions. The coordination configurations of the Pb atoms of the PbO blocks are distorted versions of the square antiprism. In one half of the coordination hemisphere, they are coordinated by hard O2– and OH– anions whose number varies from three to four, whereas the other coordination hemisphere invariably consists of four soft Cl– anions located at the vertices of a distorted square. The Pb12 and Pb16 atoms in between the PbO blocks have an almost planar square coordination of four Cl– anions. These PbCl4 squares are complemented by triangular TO3 groups (T = B, C) so that a sevenfold coordination is achieved. The Pb–O/OH block in mereheadite can be obtained from the ideal PbO block by the following list of procedures: (1) removal of some PbO4 groups that results in the formation of square-shaped vacancies; (2) insertion of TO3 groups into these vacancies; (3) removal of some Pb atoms (that correspond to the Pb1A and Pb2A sites), thus transforming coordination of associated O sites from tetrahedral OPb4 tot riangular OHPb3; and (4) replacement of two O2– anions by one OH– anion with twofold coordination; this results in formation of the 1×2 elongated rectangular vacancy. The structural formula that can be derived on the basis of the results of single-crystal structure determination is Pb47O24(OH)13Cl25(BO3)2(CO3). Welch et al. (1998) proposed the formula Pb2O(OH)Cl for mereheadite, which assumes that neither borate nor carbonate is an essential constituent of mereheadite and their presence in the mineral is due to disordered replacements of Cl– anions. However, our study demonstrates that this is not the case, as BO3 and CO3 groups have well-defined structural positions confined in the vacancies of the Pb–O/OH blocks and are therefore essential constituents. Our results also show that mereheadite is not a polymorph of blixite, but is in fact related to symesite. Symesite thus becomes the baseline member of a group of structurallyrelated minerals.

Authigenic quartz overgrowths and hydrothermal quartz crystals from locations in Oman and Switzerland have been investigated with SIMS, EPMA, SEM-CL and SEM-CC. All techniques reveal similar zonation patterns with SEM-CL having the best resolution followed by SEM-CC, EPMA and finally SIMS. The observed zonations reflect chemical and/or physical changes during growth in the precipitation environment or disequilibrium precipitation at the crystal surface (i.e. sectoral and intrasectoral zonation). Based on the total Al content, two types of authigenic quartz are distinguishable. When the Al concentration is <500 μg g–1 the predominant CL emission is at ~630 nm; in such quartzes, SEM-CL and SEM-CC are directly correlated, and signal intensities drop as a function of increasing Al concentration. In contrast, authigenic quartz with Al concentrations between 500 μg g–1 and 1000 μg g–1 has CL emission maxima at both ~630 nm and ~380—400 nm, at which point the panchromatic SEM-CL and SEM-CC intensities become decoupled.

The nucleation and growth behaviour of the (Mn,Ca)CO3 solid solution from aqueous solutions in silica hydrogel were studied at 25ºC. In order to obtain different levels of supersaturation at nucleation, experiments were carried out in diffusion columns of different lengths. Zoning phenomena, compositional heterogeneity and morphological modifications of the crystals obtained were examined by electron microprobe and scanning electron microscopy and microanalyses. The large difference between the solubility of calcite (CaCO3) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) implies a significant preferential partitioning of Mn towards the solid. The distribution of Mn2+ and Ca2+ ions between the aqueous and solid phase demonstrates that at elevated supersaturation, this preferential partitioning is softened. The morphologies of experimentally grown individuals show a clear dependence on the composition of the parent solution. Crystals obtained from aqueous solutions with large Mn contents exhibit a relatively sharp concentric zoning along the equatorial sections. On these bases, the roles of multiple kinetic and thermodynamic factors during nucleation and growth are also discussed. Finally, an X-ray diffraction analysis of the precipitates provided no evidence of the formation of the dolomite-type ordered kutnahorite [CaMn(CO3)2] in any of the experimentalsets.

Holtite, approximately (Al,Ta,□)Al6(BO3)(Si,Sb3+,As3+)Σ3O12(O,OH,□s)Σ3, is a member of the dumortierite group that has been found in pegmatite, or alluvial deposits derived from pegmatite, at three localities: Greenbushes, Western Australia; Voron'i Tundry, Kola Peninsula, Russia; and Szklary. Lower Silesia, Poland. Holtite can contain >30 wt.% Sb2O3, As2O3, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, and TiO2 (taken together), but none of these constituents is dominant at a crystallographic site, which raises the question whether this mineral is distinct from dumortierite. The crystal structures of four samples from the three localities have been refined to R1 = 0.02—0.05. The results show dominantly: Al, Ta, and vacancies at the Al(l) position; Al and vacancies at the Al(2), (3) and (4) sites; Si and vacancies at the Si positions; and Sb, As and vacancies at the Sb sites for both Sb-poor (holtite I) and Sb-rich (holtite II) specimens. Although charge-balance calculations based on our single-crystal structure refinements suggest that essentially no water is present, Fourier transform infrared spectra confirm that some OH is present in the three samples that could be measured. By analogy with dumortierite, the largest peak at 3505-3490 cm-1 is identified with OH at the O(2) and O(7) positions. The single-crystal X-ray refinements and FTIR results suggest the following general formula for holtite: Al7-[5x+y+z]/3 (Ta,Nb)x□[2x+y+z]\3,BSi3-y(Sb,As)yO18-y-z(OH)z, where x is the total number of pentavalent cations, y is the total amount of Sb + As, and z ⩽ y is the total amount of OH. Comparison with the electron microprobe compositions suggests the following approximate general formulae Al5.83(Ta,Nb)0.50□0.67BSi2.50(Sb,As)0.50O17.00(OH)0.50 and Al5.92(Ta,Nb)0.25□0.83BSi2.00(Sb,As)1.00O16.00(OH)1.00 for holtite I and holtite II respectively. However, the crystal structure refinements do not indicate a fundamental difference in cation ordering that might serve as a criterion for recognizing the two holtites as distinct species, and anion compositions are also not sufficiently different. Moreover, available analyses suggest the possibility of a continuum in the Si/(Sb + As) ratio between holtite I and dumortierite, and at least a partial continuum between holtite I and holtite II. We recommend that use of the terms holtite I and holtite II be discontinued.

Ga-rich plumbogummite, (Pb0.87,Ca0.13)Σ1.00H(Al1.95,Ga1.05)Σ3.00(PO4)2(OH)6, from Tsumeb, Namibia, has rhombohedral symmetry, space group Rm, with the cell parameters a = 7.0752(19) Å, c = 16.818(4) Å and V = 729.1(3) Å3. The crystal structure has been refined to R1 = 2.05%. Ga-rich plumbogummite has an alunite-type structure comprised of a rhombohedral stacking of (001) composite layers of corner-shared (Al,Ga)O6 octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra, with Pb atoms occupying icosahedrally coordinated sites between the layers. The Pb and H positions are discussed. Ga-rich plumbogummite is nonpleochroic, uniaxial (+), with indices of refraction, ε = 1.742(3) and ω = 1.722(3), determined in white light. The five strongest powder-diffraction lines [d in Å, (I/I°), (hkl)] are: 2.995, (100), (113); 5.766, (95), (101); 2.236, (43), (107, 122); 3.539, (38), (110); 1.919 (32), (303, 033).

The equation of state of δ-AlOOH was investigated using powder X-ray diffraction up to 17 GPa. Measurement of the volume at 300 K gave a value of the bulk modulus of K0 = 124(2) GPa, whereas its pressure derivative was K’ = 13.5(7). The b axis of the unit cell is more compressible than the a and c axes – in agreement with a neutron diffraction study at high pressure by Sano-Furukawa et al. (2008). Measurements presented here show that δ-AlOOH has a compressibility 200% higher than in the previously reported equation of state by Vanpeteghem et al. (2002).

Quartz is one of the most abundant minerals in the Earth’s crust and the most important silica mineral, occurring in large amounts in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The mineral is widely used as a raw material in several industrial applications. Because of its chemical composition (SiO2) and its specific properties, quartz can be used both as a bulk product (e.g. quartz sands in the glass or foundry industry) and as a high-tech material (e.g. piezo or optical quartz).

Dependent on the specific conditions of either natural or synthetic formation, quartz can display typomorphic properties. Variations in crystal shape, specific micro-structure, trace element or isotope compositions, characteristic spectroscopic properties, etc. may be controlled by the genesis of the quartz involved. Accordingly, the defect structure of quartz is a fingerprint of its conditions of formation. A knowledge of the interrelation between quartz genesis and the specific properties developed at that time can be used both for the reconstruction of geological processes and for specific technical applications. Selected examples in the present study give an overview of how to analyse and use the specific information inherent in the mineral quartz.

Two feldspars of composition Ca0.3Sr0.7Al2Si2O8 (An30SrF70) and Ca0.6Sr0.4Al2Si2O8 (An60SrF40) were synthesized from gel and annealed at temperatures between 1150 and 1480ºC for durations between 0.025 (1.5 min) and 1073 h. The An60SrF40 feldspar is triclinic for all annealing temperatures, whereas the An30SrF70 possesses, at room temperature, a monoclinic symmetry, C2/m in the shortest annealing runs and I2/c after slightly longer heating, and becomes triclinic after prolonged annealing. A TTT plot for the triclinic–monclinic transition shows an activation energy of 101±12 kcal, less than, but still close to, that observed for Al-Si order in anorthite. TEM investigation shows antiphase domains and Carlsbad twins the size of which increases with annealing. IR spectroscopy was performed on a series of samples of An30SrF70, annealed at T = 1350ºC. The linewidth in hard mode is related to the spontaneous strain of the monoclinic–triclinic transition via . The evolution of the order parameter with time can be modelled as lnt, as predicted in order-disorder processes at intermediate degrees of order. It is shown that even after the longest annealing runs in An30SrF70, equilibrium was not obtained whereas, under the same conditions, equilibrium Al-Si order can be obtained in anorthite and Sr-feldspar.

Fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite, ideally ANaBLi2C()TSi8O22WF2, is a new mineral of the amphibole group from the Sutlug River, Tuva Republic, Russia. It occurs at the endogenic contact of a Li-pegmatite with country rocks near to a diabase dyke and formed by reaction of the pegmatitic melt with the country rock. Fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite occurs as prismatic to acicular crystals, ranging in length from 0.1–3 cm and widths of up to 50 μm. Crystals occur inparallel to sub-parallel aggregates up to 5 mm across ina matrix of calcite and plagioclase feldspar. Crystals are pale bluish-grey with a greyish-white streak.

Fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite is brittle, has a Mohs hardness of ~6 and a splintery fracture; it is non-fluorescent with perfect {110} cleavage, no observable parting, and has a calculated density of 3.116 g cm–3. In plane-polarized light, it is pleochroic, X = pale purple-grey, Y = light grey, Z = colourless; X ^ a = 71.2º (in β acute), Y || b, Z ^ c = 83.4º (in β obtuse). Fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite is biaxial positive, α = 1.642(1), β = 1.644(1), γ = 1.652(1); 2V(obs) = 68.0(3)º, 2V(calc) = 56.4º. Fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite is monoclinic, space group C2/m, a = 9.3720(4) Å, b = 17.6312(8) Å, c = 5.2732(3) Å, β = 102.247(4)º, V = 851.5(2) Å3, Z = 2. The strongest ten X-ray diffraction lines in the powder patternare (d in Å ,(I),(hkl)): 8.146,(10),(110); 2.686,(9),(151); 3.008,(8),(310); 4.430,(7),(021); 2.485,(6),(02); 3.383,(4),(131); 2.876,(3),(51, 11); 2.199,(3),(12); 4.030,(2),(111) and 3.795,(2),(31). Analysis by a combination of electron microprobe and crystal-structure refinement gives SiO2 59.81, Al2O3 12.66, TiO2 0.09, FeO 10.32, MgO 5.56, MnO 0.73, ZnO 0.17, CaO 0.20, Na2O 2.81, Li2O 4.80, F 2.43, H2Ocalc 1.10, sum = 99.65 wt.%. The formula unit, calculated on the basis of 24(O,OH,F) is A(Na0.68)B(Li1.92Na0.05Ca0.03)C() T(Si7.98Al0.02)O22W(F1.03OH0.97). Crystal-structure refinement shows Li to be completely ordered at the M(3) and M(4) sites. Fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite, ideally ANaBLi2C()TSi8O22WF2, is related to the theoretical end-member ‘sodic-pedrizite’, ANaBLi2C(Mg2Al2Li)TSi8O22W(OH)2, by the substitutions CFe2+ → CMg and WF → W(OH).

The Palaeogene Eskdalemuir dyke, part of the Mull dyke swarm in the Southern Uplands of Scotland, is ~60 km long and up to 40 m thick. Its southern tip is 230 km from the inferred source on Mull. The dyke is composite, with tholeiitic basaltic margins and a vitreous central facies ranging from basaltic andesite to andesite in composition. Plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts and matrix crystals in the central facies show unusually large compositional ranges and complex textural relationships. Wholerock major and trace-element abundances show linear variations against MgO content, consistent with the rocks in the central facies having formed by mixing of basalt and rhyolite magmas. The rhyolite can be closely matched by rocks from the Mull centre. The mafic and silicic magmas were intruded from a compositionally zoned chamber beneath Mull, perhaps during collapse of the Centre 1 caldera. The lower-viscosity basaltic magma was emplaced before, but lubricated the lateral propagation of, the silicic magma, which mixed with the partially solidified basalt, the proportion of rhyolite increasing towards the dyke centre. The Eskdalemuir dyke represents an unusual, perhaps unique, example of a rhyolite magma being emplaced >200 km from its inferred source. The supposed correlative of the Eskdalemuir dyke north of the Southern Uplands Fault, the Dalraith-Linburn dyke, is not comagmatic with it.

Cámaraite, ideally Ba3NaTi4(Fe2+,Mn)8(Si2O7)4O4(OH,F)7, is a new mineral from the Verkhnee Espe deposit, Akjailyautas Mountains, Kazakhstan. It occurs as intergrowths with bafertisite and jinshajiangite in separate platy crystals up to 8 mm × 15 mm × 2 mm in size, or as star-shaped aggregates of crystals with different orientations. Individual crystals are orange-red to brownish-red, and are platy on {001}. Cámaraite is translucent and has a pale-yellow streak, a vitreous lustre, and does not fluoresce under cathode or ultraviolet light. Cleavage is {001} perfect, no parting was observed, and Mohs hardness is <5; the mineral is brittle. The calculated density is 4.018 g cm-3. In transmitted light, camaraite is strongly pleochroic, X = light brown, Y = reddish-brown, Z = yellow- brown, with Z < X < Y. Cámaraite is biaxial +ve and 2Vmeas. = 93(1)°. All refractive indices are greater than 1.80. Cámaraite is triclinic, space group C, a = 10.678(4) Å, b = 13.744(8) Å, c = 21.40(2) Å, α = 99.28(8)°, β = 92.38(5)°, γ = 90.00(6)°, V = 3096(3) Å3, Z = 4, a:b:c = 0.7761:1:1.5565. The seven strongest lines in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern are as follows: [d (Å), (I), (hkl)]: 2.63, (100), (401); 2.79, (90), (3, 41, 26, 225); 1.721, (70), (11, 49, 02); 3.39, (50), (24, 223); 3.18, (50), (5, 24); 2.101, (50), (2, 40); 1.578, (50), (1, 2, 61, 40). Chemical analysis by electron microprobe gave: Nb2O5 1.57, SiO2 25.25, TiO2 15.69, ZrO2 0.33, Al2O3 0.13, Fe2O3 2.77, FeO 16.54, MnO 9.46, ZnO 0.12, MgO 0.21, CaO 0.56, BaO 21.11, Na2O 1.41, K2O 0.84, H2O 1.84, F 3.11, less O:F 1.31, total 99.63 wt.%, where the valence state of Fe was determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy [Fe3+/(Fe2+ + Fe3+) = 0.13(8)] and the H2O content was derived by crystal-structure determination. The resulting empirical formula on the basis of 39 anions is Ca0.05)Σ7.78Si7.97O35.89H3.88F3.11. Cámaraite is a Group-II TS-block mineral in the structure hierarchy of Sokolova (2006). The mineral is named camaraite after Fernando Cámaraite (born 1967) of Melilla, Spain, in recognition of his contribution to the fields of mineralogy and crystallography. The new mineral and mineral name have been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification, International Mineralogical Association (IMA 2009-11).