Acute sinusitis is a relatively common condition, which usually responds to medical therapy. In most cases, there are no sequelae or complications subsequent to this infection. However, like many acute illnesses, there are well documented complications of acute sinusitis, and in particular these include peri-orbital and intracranial spread.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of vigilance in peri-orbital involvement and the limitations of imaging techniques, such as computed tomography scanning. An illustrative case is presented to demonstrate this.

Magnetic resonance imaging scanning is a valuable modality in assessing complex presentations of peri-orbital complications of acute sinusitis.

The buccinator musculomucosal flap is an axial-pattern flap based on either the buccal or the facial artery. We present our experience with this flap and describe its surgical anatomy, the surgical techniques utilised to raise the flap and its clinical applications.

We retrospectively reviewed all patients who had had buccinator myomucosal flaps created at the Groote Schuur Hospital between 1999 and 2004. Patients were also recalled to assess flap sensation and to record reduction of mouth opening as a consequence of donor site scarring.

Of the 14 patients who had had a buccinator myomucosal flap created, there was one flap failure. Sensation was present in 71 per cent of flaps, and there was no trismus due to donor site scarring.

The buccinator myomycosal flap is a dependable flap with good functional outcome and low morbidity.

To evaluate the functional results obtained after voice therapy in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis caused by different aetiologies.

Prospective analysis of the outcome of unilateral vocal fold paralysis cases treated at our speech and language rehabilitation service from November 2003 to January 2006. Thirty cases underwent behavioural treatment, between two and six weeks after unilateral vocal fold paralysis onset. A multi-dimensional assessment was carried out before, immediately after and six months after treatment.

After behavioural therapy, the prevalence of complete glottal closure increased significantly (p < 0.05). Subjects' pre-therapy mean values for jitter, shimmer and noise-to-harmonic ratio were statistically significantly different from those taken both immediately and six months after treatment (p < 0.05). The mean values for voice turbulence index significantly improved only six months after therapy (0.08 vs 0.04). At both post-treatment assessments, voice range profile analysis showed a significant decrease of lowest voice frequency and a significant increase of the number of semitones (p < 0.05). Mean values for grade, instability, breathiness, asthenia and voice handicap index scores were significantly decreased both immediately and six months after treatment, compared with pre-treatment values (p < 0.05).

Early voice therapy may enable significant improvement in vocal function, allowing the patient to avoid surgery.

We present a technique which we have found useful for the management of congenital cholesteatoma extensively involving the middle ear.

A five-year-old boy was presented to our department for management of a white mass on the right tympanic membrane. This congenital cholesteatoma extensively occupied the tympanic cavity. It was removed through an extended tympanotomy approach using our modified sleeve technique. The conventional tympanotomy approach was extended by gently separating the tympanic annulus from its sulcus in a circular manner. The firm attachment of the tympanic membrane at the umbo was not severed, in order to avoid lateralisation of the tympanic membrane.

Although various operative techniques can be used, our modified sleeve tympanotomy approach provides a similarly sufficient and direct visualisation of the entire middle ear, with, theoretically, no possibility of lateralisation of the tympanic membrane and subsequent conductive hearing loss.

The aim of this study was to investigate expression of the neuropeptides substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and heat shock protein 70 in the nasal mucosa cells of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, in order to obtain more information on the pathophysiological and immunological role of these markers in allergic rhinitis.

Nasal epithelium specimens obtained from 42 patients with allergic rhinitis were studied, using Shandon's Papspin liquid-based cytology method. Smears were immunostained with antibodies against substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and heat shock protein 70, and the results were correlated with the clinical features of seasonal allergic rhinitis.

A positive reaction for substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and heat shock protein 70 was observed in 73.8, 66.7 and 69.0 per cent of the allergic rhinitis mucosal smears, respectively. The Pearson chi-square test showed that 40.5 per cent of the immunostained smears had a positive reaction for one or two of the markers studied (i.e. substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide or heat shock protein 70), and that 47.6 per cent of the smears had a positive reaction for all the markers (p < 0.0001).

We found a high level of expression of substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the nasal mucosa smears of patients suffering from allergic rhinitis. This indicates a role for these neuropeptides in the neuroregulation of immunity and hypersensivity in this disease. Furthermore, expression of heat shock protein 70 may contribute to the development of allergic rhinitis.

To investigate the potential role of caspase-3 and caspase-8 protein expression in the biological behaviour of tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

We conducted immunohistochemical analyses of 87 specimens of primary tongue squamous cell carcinoma, using monoclonal anti-caspase-3 and anti-caspase-8 antibodies. A digital image analysis assay was also performed in order to evaluate the results.

Reduced expression of caspase-8 and -3 proteins was observed in 30/87 (34.5 per cent) and 79/87 (90.5 per cent) cases, respectively. Cox regression analysis showed no prognostic significance for the association between overall protein expression of either marker and survival probability (p = 0.174 for caspase-3; p = 0.608 for caspase-8). Interestingly, the size of the examined tumours was strongly correlated with survival status (p = 0.024).

Simultaneous deregulation of caspase-8 and -3 is a frequent event in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Activation of caspase-3, which is predominantly down-regulated, may be a crucial process for induction of apoptosis and response to therapeutic strategies.

To assess the value of lateral soft tissue neck X-rays in patients presenting with upper aero-digestive tract foreign bodies.

Retrospective study.

(1) Patients referred to the ENT team, via either the accident and emergency department or their general practitioner; (2) a history of a non-aspirated, upper airway, aero-digestive tract foreign body; and (3) a lateral soft tissue neck X-ray taken on admission.

A total of 62 patients met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-four patients (38.7 per cent) had positive findings on lateral soft tissue neck X-ray. ‘Soft’ signs, such as widened pre-vertebral shadow and loss of lordosis, were seen in all 24 patients, and foreign bodies were visualised in six patients. Overall, lateral soft tissue neck X-rays were helpful in the management of 32 patients (51.6 per cent). Rather worryingly, doctors in the accident and emergency and ENT departments missed 79.2 and 66.6 per cent of the positive findings, respectively.

A lateral soft tissue neck X-ray is a helpful tool in the management of patients presenting with upper aero-digestive tract foreign bodies. Junior doctors need better radiology training.

Thyroid nodules are frequently present in Graves' disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of thyroid carcinoma in Graves' disease patients, with and without ultrasonographically identified nodules, who subsequently underwent surgical treatment.

The study group included 150 consecutive patients with diagnosed Graves' disease who subsequently underwent surgery.

The patients were divided into two groups according to whether the pre-operative ultrasound scan showed diffuse parenchyma (group one; n = 70) or nodules (group two; n = 80).

Of the 150 patients, 18 (12 per cent) were found to have papillary thyroid carcinoma. Papillary carcinoma was found in seven patients (10 per cent) in group one and in 11 patients (1.7 per cent) in group two. After evaluating the overall groups, the incidence of carcinoma in the parenchyma outside a nodule was 67 per cent, whereas the incidence of carcinoma in a nodule was 33 per cent.

Carcinoma can occur in Graves' disease patients without nodules, and the absence of nodules on ultrasonographic examination does not reduce the risk of malignancy.

Metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma to the neck with an occult primary is a recognised clinical and pathological entity. Despite well established diagnostic protocols, this condition still represents a management challenge.

We report the case of a 46-year-old man who presented with metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy of unknown origin. He had undergone tonsillectomy as a child. The only abnormal finding was the presence of a tonsillar remnant, which harboured the primary carcinoma.

According to our literature search, this is the only recorded case in which the index tumour was found in a tonsillar remnant. This case illustrates the importance of thorough clinical examination in patients with potential unknown primaries, and of the need, in previously tonsillectomised patients, to perform excisional biopsy of the tonsillar remnant.

Non-attendance at out-patient clinics is a seemingly intractable problem, estimated to cost £65 (€97) per incident. This results in under-utilisation of resources and prolonged waiting lists. In an effort to reduce out-patient clinic non-attendance, our ENT department, in conjunction with the information and communication technology department, instigated the use of a mobile telephone short message service (‘text’) reminder, to be sent out to each patient three days prior to their out-patient clinic appointment.

To audit non-attendance rates at ENT out-patient clinics following the introduction of a text reminder system.

Retrospective review.

Non-attendance at our institution's ENT out-patient clinics was audited, following introduction of a text message reminder system in August 2003. Rates of non-attendance were compared for the text message reminder group and a historical control group.

Before the introduction of the text message reminder system, the mean rate of non-attendance was 33.6 per cent. Following the introduction of the system, the mean rate of non-attendance reduced to 22 per cent.

Sending text message reminders is a simple and cost-effective way to improve non-attendance at ENT out-patient clinics.

This study was performed to assess the efficacy and safety profile of combination treatment with S-1 and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Eligibility criteria comprised: histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck; stage three or four disease with no evidence of distant metastasis; evaluable lesions; adequate organ function; age 20–80 years; and a performance status of two or less. Cisplatin was infused over one hour on day one (75 mg/m2) and S-1 was administered orally for 14 consecutive days (days two to 15). The dosages of S-1 were calculated according to the patients' body surface area: 50 mg twice a day (body surface area <1.5 m2) or 60 mg twice a day (body surface area >1.5 m2). Each course was repeated every three weeks. After two courses, tumour response was evaluated by computed tomography and laryngoscopy. If a response was evident (either complete or partial), the patient received one more course of chemotherapy, before undergoing radical treatment such as radiotherapy or surgery.

All 30 patients were assessable for toxicity, and 29 patients for treatment response. The overall response was 89.7 per cent (complete response: nine; partial response: 17). The two-year estimated overall survival rate was 79.2 per cent. Adverse reactions occurred 128 times during 81 courses in the 30 cases. The most common grade three to four adverse event was neutropenia, which occurred in eight patients. Cases of non-haematological grade three or four toxicity included nausea and vomiting in four patients, stomatitis in two and diarrhoea in one.

S-1 plus cisplatin combination chemotherapy is effective against locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, with only mild toxicity.

Previous studies have suggested that the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and the oral contraceptive pill have an effect upon nasal physiology.

This study aimed to assess the effects upon nasal physiology of female hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women. This has not been previously studied.

Twenty post-menopausal women (age range 36 to 70 years; mean age 57.0 years) underwent measurements of the nasal airway, including anterior rhinoscopy, peak nasal inspiratory flow rate, acoustic rhinometry, anterior rhinomanometry, mucociliary clearance time and rhinitis quality of life questionnaire. Measurements of nasal patency were recorded prior to commencing hormone replacement therapy and at a time point 77–195 days (mean 101.9 days) following commencement.

There was no statistical difference found for any of the variables, using the paired t-test (p > 0.05 for all).

Female hormone replacement therapy has no discernable effect upon nasal physiology and should not be considered a cause of rhinitic symptoms.

The management of advanced laryngeal cancer has evolved in the last century, from total laryngectomy to chemoradiation. The aim of this study was to examine our experience with supracricoid partial laryngectomy as a possible solution for patients with advanced laryngeal tumours, with a focus on the oncological safety of the procedure and the functionality of the preserved larynges.

We reviewed the medical records of patients with laryngeal cancer who had undergone primary or salvage supracricoid partial laryngectomy at our department between 1998 and 2004.

Twenty-three patients treated with supracricoid partial laryngectomy for endolaryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were identified. Median follow-up time was 35 months. Twelve patients had advanced laryngeal tumours. Eight patients were radiation failures. These factors were not associated with increased local recurrence or with decreased survival.

Supracricoid partial laryngectomy appears to be a feasible option for the treatment of laryngeal tumours, even in the advanced stage or after failure of radiation therapy.

We present a patient with persistent hypertrophic skin surrounding the percutaneous implant of a bone-anchored hearing aid system, successfully treated with intralesional applied corticosteroids.

Case report and review of the world literature concerning bone-anchored hearing aid implantation and intralesional applied corticosteroids for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids.

Eight weeks after revision surgery to reduce surplus skin and subcutaneous scar tissue overgrowing the abutment, skin and subcutaneous scar tissue overgrowth reoccurred. As an alternative to yet another surgical procedure, the hypertrophic skin was treated with intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide. Three weeks after the treatment, a satisfying result was seen, and no subsequent relapse was observed.

To our knowledge, this is the first, photographically well documented case report of a patient with persistent hypertrophic skin surrounding a percutaneous bone-anchored hearing aid implant, successfully treated with intralesional applied corticosteroids.

In cases of re-operation for secondary hyperparathyroidism, to evaluate the extent to which the location of recurrent hyperplasia was predicted by (1) operative data from the first intervention, and (2) pre-operative imaging (before the re-operation).

The files of 18 patients undergoing surgery for recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism were reviewed. The surgical findings were compared both with the report of the initial operation and with the results of pre-operative imaging (i.e. ultrasonography, Mibi scintigraphy or computed tomography).

The location of the recurrent hyperplasia corresponded with the data for the primary intervention in about one-third of patients. There was a partial correlation in one-third of patients, and no correlation at all in one-third. Pre-operative imaging enabled better prediction of the location of recurrent disease.

Surgeons should have both sources of information at their disposal when planning a re-intervention for secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, in our series, the predictive value of imaging was superior to that of information deduced from the previous surgical record.

We describe in detail the technique of in vivo endolaryngeal ultrasound during microlaryngoscopy, offering a number of practical suggestions which may be of use, especially to the otolaryngologist.

Endosonography is a non-invasive imaging technology usually applied for the assessment of local tumour growth and regional lymph node metastases in the digestive tract.

Due to a penetrating depth of up to 25 mm and a high tissue resolution, endosonography also qualifies for use in the larynx. The technique may have a potentially important role in the intra- and post-operative investigation of laryngeal lesions bigger than 3 mm.

To determine the efficacy of the Gyrus diego® microdissector at increasing oscillation speeds, using an in vitro tissue model.

It had not previously been established whether microdissectors were more efficient at higher or lower speeds.

We investigated the effect of varying microdissector oscillation speeds on the weight of material aspirated in a given time. A 4 mm straight blade was used with constant suction strength. Jelly and liver were used to simulate polyps and muscle plus connective tissue, respectively. Water was used as a control. Repeat readings were taken at speeds of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 rpm. Data were analysed using linear bivariate regression.

The results showed significant linear trends in the cases of liver and jelly, with faster cutter speeds being associated with higher aspiration rates.

Conclusion. These results suggest that microdissector efficacy increases with speed, up to 5000 rpm.

We report a unique case of a squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx presenting as a large pseudolaryngocoele, arising through a thyroid cartilage defect.

Case report and review of the literature.

A 47-year-old man presented with a two-month history of hoarseness and a large, midline neck swelling. Endoscopic examination revealed a transglottic carcinoma involving the anterior commissure. Fine needle aspiration of the neck mass showed it to be an air-filled structure which transiently collapsed but refilled within minutes. Subsequent computed tomography scanning and histopathological examination revealed that the air-filled mass was created by a defect in the thyroid cartilage, with formation of a pseudolaryngocoele.

The anatomy of the anterior commissure region and its effect on the spread of laryngeal carcinoma is reviewed in order to explain the pathophysiology of this unusual presentation. We highlight the need for a high index of suspicion of malignancy if a laryngocoele or pseudolaryngocoele is detected clinically.

Currently, concomitant chemoradiation using cisplatin is one of the standards of care for the management of head and neck cancer, but at the cost of increased acute toxicity. Our aim was to assess whether vinorelbine was less toxic and of at least comparable efficacy, if not better, compared with cisplatin.

A total of 72 patients with squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck region were recruited, 40 in arm A and 32 in arm B. Patients in arm A received 40 mg/m2 cisplatin weekly. Patients in arm B received 6 mg/m2 vinorelbine weekly. Both arms also received 66 Gy of radiation in conventional fractionation.

There was no statistically significant difference in response rate or toxicities between the two arms, except for nausea and/or vomiting, which was significantly less frequent in the vinorelbine arm.

Vinorelbine was as effective as cisplatin in controlling locoregional disease in locally advanced head and neck cancer, but was only marginally less toxic than cisplatin.