A novel asymmetric “+” shaped fractal slotted circularly polarized microstrip antenna with a Yagi–Uda structure is proposed. Four asymmetric plus shape slots are embedded symmetrically in the center of all four quadrants of a square patch. To suppress undesirable higher modes, dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) is introduced at the ground layer of the antenna. We introduce a method to compensate the reduction in gain occurring due to the presence of DGS, without changing in the overall size of the antenna. A 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 4 MHz at center frequency of 862 MHz, 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 13.20 MHz and a gain of 4.25 dB is achieved with the proposed antenna. A laboratory prototype of the proposed antenna is made to cross-verify the simulation results. Very good agreements between the two are obtained. The proposed antenna may prove useful for International Mobile Telecommunication application for designing high-gain arrays.

A circularly polarized (CP) broadband antenna is proposed for wireless applications in the range of 2–3 GHz frequency. It consists of asymmetrical Koch fractal boundary patch over a reactive impedance surface (RIS) substrate. The simulations of single-layer Koch fractal antenna, dual layer with square and fractal RIS elements are carried out in a systematic way for broadband CP radiation and corresponding results are presented. For better CP characteristics, properties of fractal curves and dimensions of RIS elements are optimized. The antenna with fractal RIS iteration order one (iteration1) is experimentally studied. The 10-dB return loss bandwidth is 50.35%, whereas 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth is 7.45%, which indicate that by applying fractals concept to RIS technique, with a single probe feed, broadband CP radiation can be obtained.

A broadband circularly polarized (CP) beam-steering antenna array is presented. CP antenna is composed of four identical CP slot elements with 2 × 2 configuration and a 4 × 4 feeding network. CP slot element is utilized in array form to improve impedance bandwidth and sequentially rotation method is used to increase axial-ratio bandwidth. Moreover, uni-planer compact electromagnetic band-gap structure is applied to enhance the overall performance of antenna array. Measured results depict that the array has impedance bandwidth over a frequency range of 4.1–7 GHz (~53%) for S11 ≤ −10 dB and 3 dB axial-ratio bandwidth of 1.95 GHz that is between 4.6 and 6.55 GHz (~35%). The antenna array has peak gain of 11 dBi at 5.5 GHz.

An efficiency of linear amplification with nonlinear components (LINC) system is degraded due to the low efficiency of a power combiner for high peak-to-average power ratio signals such as long-term evolution signal. A multi-level LINC system can be used to improve the performance of the conventional LINC system. In this paper, a novel 9-point finite difference method to determine the optimal threshold values for 3-level LINC system is suggested. Instead of solving the complicated differential equation, the proposed method can extract optimal threshold values efficiently by numerical method. The 3-level LINC system adopting the proposed scheme and dynamic biasing significantly improves the power efficiency and linear performance simultaneously. The proposed system is verified by comparing the performance of the 3-level system with those of the conventional and 2-level LINC systems.

Demands for very high-speed wireless communication access is rapidly growing with respect to the increasing data rates for the use of rich multimedia content in various applications of defense, enterprise, industrial, and public domains. To serve these gigabit fidelity (Gi-Fi) uses for various wireless applications, millimeter wave (MmW) wireless technology with huge bandwidth in licensed/unlicensed bands is triggering boundless avenues. In this research, the concept of substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) and exponentially tapered slot (ETS) antenna are used together design a high-gain, efficient planar dielectric-loaded antenna for MmW-based Gi-Fi wireless communications using unlicensed 60 GHz band in the MmW family. The SIW is used to feed the antenna and a dielectric is utilized increasing the gain. The dielectric-loaded ETS antenna and compact SIW feed are fabricated on a single substrate, resulting in low cost and easy fabrication utilizing printed circuit board process. The measured gain of single-element antenna is 11.4 dB, with radiation efficiency of 96.84% at 60 GHz. Then indoor radio wave propagation studies are carried out using elliptically dielectric-loaded ETS antenna with radio frequency measurement equipment to measure and model propagation channels at 60 GHz. The attained simulations are compared with the experimental results.

This paper presents an innovative design of an Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) impulse radiation source. The transmitting system is composed of an UWB antenna with an integrated optoelectronic generator, which is able to feed the system with appropriate waveforms, a pulsed high voltage source, and an optical command system. The radiation source is the elementary part of a forthcoming short-range UWB Radar with autonomous scanning capability. In this paper, we present in detail the necessary subsystems required to design the elementary radiation source. Measurements have been performed to validate the proposed radiation source and this offers a mathematical method of calculation to trace back to the radiated field at 1 m.

A circularly polarized (CP) and high gain Microstrip antenna is designed in this paper using metamaterial concepts. The antenna, built on a metamaterial substrate, showed significant size reduction and less mutual coupling in an array compared with similar arrays on conventional substrates. Demonstrated to have left-handed magnetic characteristics, the methodology uses complementary split-ring resonators (SRRs) placed horizontally between the patch and the ground plane. In order to reduce mutual coupling in the array structure, hexagonal-SRRs are embedded between antenna elements. The procedure is shown to have great impact on the antenna performance specifically its bandwidth which is broadened from 400 MHz to 1.2 GHz for X-band and as well as its efficiency. The structure has also low loss and improved standing wave ratio and less mutual coupling. The results show that a reduction of 26.6 dB in mutual coupling is obtained between elements at the operation frequency of the array. Experimental data show a reasonably good agreement between simulation and measured results.

Since a conventional microstrip patch antenna is inherently a narrowband radiator, stacked-patch antennas are commonly used either to enhance the bandwidth or to achieve multi-band characteristics. However, the stacked patch structure has a number of geometrical variables which need to be optimized to achieve the desired characteristics. The conventional design procedure involves repeated costly and time-consuming simulations on an electromagnetic simulator to optimize the various geometrical parameters to arrive at the desired radiation characteristics. In this paper, the task of stacked patch antenna design has been approached as an optimization problem. In order to make a faster CAD module for the stacked-antenna design problem, the simulator has been replaced by a trained artificial neural network (ANN) and embedded in a particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSOA). The ANN is helpful in constructing the “function mapping black-box”, which can relate the frequencies and associated bandwidths of the antenna with its dimensional parameters. The role of the PSOA is to decide the geometrical parameters of the antenna, in response to the designer-specified frequencies and bandwidths. In order to validate the authenticity of the proposed method, a number of antennas have been designed, fabricated, and tested in the laboratory. Simulated and measured results have been compared which establish the accuracy of the proposed technique.

An efficient platform of wireless power delivery through a pair of coupling coils with a fully integrated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) rectifier is designed and evaluated in this paper. The research is intended for inductively powered energy harvesting application of biomedical sensor network. By making use of high-performance active diodes fulfilling almost ideal switching (zero forward voltage drop) and circuit to be provided with negative resistance, the proposed rectifier circuit is able to achieve a maximum conversion efficiency of more than 90%. This makes it ultra low-loss without any special device requiring additional manufacturing procedures, thereby featuring dramatically reduced production cost. Experimental studies with respect to all aspects of its performance including that used to emulate a truly biological tissue are given as proof of concept.

This paper presents a simple approach for accurate determination of the resonant frequency of an elliptical microstrip patch printed on isotropic or anisotropic substrate materials. In this approach, some modifications are made to account for fringe fields, dispersion effects, and losses by calculating effective dimensions, effective permittivity of anisotropy in the layer, and effective loss tangent, respectively. The theoretical resonant frequency results are in very good agreement with the experimental results reported elsewhere. Numerical results show that the change in the resonant frequency of the antenna is due primarily to a small disturbance of the substrate's nature. Then the effect of the uniaxial anisotropic materials is a significant parameter and most essential on the microstrip antenna characterization.

In this contribution a dual-band, dual-polarized microstrip antenna element for array applications is presented. The patch antenna is designed to operate simultaneously at around 30 and 20 GHz, the up- and downlink frequencies of modern Ka-band satellite communication systems. The antenna is smaller than half the freespace wavelength at 30 GHz to enable its utilization as array element of dual-band ground terminals. Integrating transmitter and receiver circuits allows, in turn, for a very compact active terminal solution. To minimize production cost, the design is carried out in standard multilayer printed circuit board technology. The antenna features two distinct polarization ports suitable for either dual linear or dual circular polarization if both ports are excited in quadrature. The single antenna design process is described in detail and simulation and measurement results are presented. Finally, different arrays based on this patch antenna are evaluated by simulation and measurements.

In this study, a sparse multiple-input multiple-output radar system with difference co-array processing is presented. It consists of two non-uniform transmitter arrays in split configuration and a symmetrical hybrid receiver array. A combination of a periodically thinned array and two non-uniform sub-arrays is used to construct the receiver structure. A low-cost three-step optimization procedure is proposed to synthesize the array arrangement with system constraints. In addition, a combination of fast Fourier transform (FFT) and MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) techniques is applied for a range/direction-of-arrival estimation with low computational effort. High angular resolution is achieved in the MUSIC spectrum by implementing a difference co-array concept together with spatial smoothing. A thinning rate in excess of 95% is demonstrated. Lastly, the performance of the proposed system is validated by measurements of point scatterers and extended objects.

In this paper, new planar spiral antennas with meander lines and loads for passive Radiofrequency identification tag application at ultra-high-frequency band are designed and optimized using the global best (gbest)-guided Artificial Bee Colony (GABC) algorithm. The GABC is an improved Artificial Bee Colony algorithm, which includes gbest solution information into the search equation to improve the exploitation. The optimization goals are antenna size minimization, gain maximization, and conjugate matching. The antenna dimensions were optimized and evaluated in conjunction with commercial software FEKO. GABC is compared with other popular algorithms. The optimization results produced show that GABC is a powerful optimization algorithm that can be efficiently applied to tag antenna design problems.

A novel tri-band asymmetric slot with defective ground structure (DGS) microstrip antenna for dual circular polarization (CP) is proposed. By placing a slot with 45° across diagonally at the center of the patch, excites resonant bands with narrow bandwidth and dual CP operation. The main design challenge is to introduce optimized defected element of circular dumbbell shape to enhance the impedance bandwidth with frequency shift operation at all bands. DGS enabled antenna is practically fabricated and simulated. Antenna is compact in size and shows a good quality of CP at two resonant bands and linearly polarized at one band. Structure displays the impedance bandwidth of 8% (2.26–2.45 GHz), 5.45% (3.41–3.6 GHz) and 3.07% (5.12–5.28 GHz). The design also shows 40 and 11 MHz, 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth at lower and middle bands, respectively. Simulated gain for each band is 4.72, 6.2 and 4 dB. Performance of antenna with and without DGS is also studied and compared. This single probe feed proposed antenna remains consistent with good radiation patterns and sufficient antenna gain over the operating bands. Excellent agreement was obtained between measurements and simulations.

A compact CPW-fed printed monopole slot antenna is presented for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The antenna comprises of a dome-shaped radiating element in which embedded is an open-loop inverted triangular-shaped slot (TSS). The antenna is fed through a coplanar waveguide to provide an ultra-wide impedance bandwidth of 8.95 GHz (2.58–11.53 GHz) which corresponds to a bandwidth ratio of 1:4.46 for VSWR <2. The antenna possesses a notch band functionality to filter out interfering C-band signals like wireless local-area network (WLAN). The notch band frequency is determined by physical parameters defining the TSS that allows fine control of the notch's location. The proposed antenna also possesses a flat gain response expect at the notched band and occupies a relatively small volume of 25 × 25 × 0.8 mm3 for ease of system integration.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. It first describes how Microwaves were progressively organized by Professional Engineering Institutions in Europe in the years 1960–2000, essentially through individual efforts over many years. The first formal Microwave event organized in Europe was the European Microwave Conference in London, 1969, opening a series that continues as the European Microwave Week. It then shows that, over the same period of time, the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE), USA, which merged in 1963 with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, USA, to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), also became stronger in Europe. European IRE members developed the structure of the IRE in Western Europe, with a first Regional meeting in Geneva, 1962. The paper illustrates the development of both Microwave Engineering and IRE-IEEE in Europe in the period of time considered, thanks to the commitment of European individuals, some of whom have been active on both counts.

Fractal geometries are attractive for antenna designers seeking antennas with compact size and multiband resonant behavior. This paper presents the design of a new microstrip-fed printed slot antenna for use in dual-band wireless applications. The slot structure of the proposed antenna is in the form of Cantor square fractal geometry of the second iteration. The slot structure has been etched on the ground plane of a substrate with relative permittivity of 4.4 and 1.6 mm in thickness. A parametric study is conducted to explore the effects of some geometrical parameters on the antenna performance. Results show that the antenna possesses a dual-band behavior with a wide range of resonant frequency ratio. In addition to the ease of fabrication and simple design procedure, the antenna offers desirable radiation characteristics. A prototype of the proposed antenna has been simulated, fabricated, and measured. The measured 10 dB return loss bandwidths for the lower and the upper resonant bands are 42% (2.35–3.61 GHz) and 20% (5.15–6.25 GHz), respectively. This makes the proposed antenna suitable to cover a number of operating bands of wireless systems (2.4 GHz-Bluetooth, 2.4 GHz ISM, 2.4/5.8 GHz-WLAN, 3.5 GHz-WiMAX, and 5.8 GHz-ITS).