Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-m8s7h Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-20T18:01:03.273Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Design and realization of a compact substrate integrated coaxial line butler matrix for beamforming applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 January 2024

Satya Krishna Idury*
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
Nicoló Delmonte
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Lorenzo Silvestri
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Maurizio Bozzi
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Soumava Mukherjee
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
*
Corresponding author: Satya Krishna Idury; Email: krishna.2@iitj.ac.in

Abstract

This article presents the modeling and realization of a compact substrate integrated coaxial line (SICL) based butler matrix operating at 5 GHz for beam-forming applications. The proposed 4 × 4 butler matrix is developed using SICL-based hybrid coupler, crossover, and phase shifter. A compact 90 coupler comprising of center tapped unequal stubs is designed to enhance the size reduction as well as to extend the out of band rejection. Wideband SICL-based crossover operating from DC to 10 GHz is conceived for the proposed butler matrix using a plated through hole as transition. The SICL crossover features very high measured isolation of 65 dB owing to the reduction in coupling between the two signal paths within a lateral footprint of only 0.034 $\lambda_g^2$. A meandered SICL-based line is used in order to provide the necessary 45 and 0 phase shift to realize the butler matrix. The fully shielded and self-packaged compact 4 × 4 SICL-based butler matrix is fabricated and experimentally validated to operate at 5 GHz.

Type
Research Paper
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with the European Microwave Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Balanis, CA (2016) Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Abdulmonem, TM, Elsohby, A, Hossam, B, Shokry, A and Eshrah, IA (2011) Adaptive antenna for Wi-Fi system enhancement. IEEE Potentials 30(1), 3034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uthansakul, M and Uthansakul, P (2011) Experiments with a low-profile beamforming MIMO system for WLAN applications. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 53(6), 5669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liao, W-J, Tuan, S-K, Lee, Y and Ho, M-C (2018) A diversity receiver-based high-gain broad-beam reception array antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 17(3), 410413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, L, Wan, J, Zhang, K, Teng, F, Lei, L and Liu, Y (2023) Spaceborne multibeam phased array antennas for satellite communications. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 38(3), 2847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandelle, E, Bui, DHN, Vuong, T-P, Ardila, G, Wu, K and Hemour, S (2019) Harvesting ambient RF energy efficiently with optimal angular coverage. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 67(3), 18621873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sasaki, H, Yagi, Y, Yamada, T, Semoto, T and Lee, D (2020) Hybrid OAM multiplexing using butler matrices toward over 100 gbit/s wireless transmission, In 2020 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps). Taipei, Taiwan, 15.Google Scholar
Tamayo-Dominguez, A, Fernandez-Gonzalez, J-M and Sierra-Castaner, M (2020) 3-d-printed modified butler matrix based on gap waveguide at W-band for monopulse radar. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 68(3), 926938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, T, Harinath, M, Garg, SK, Aich, S, Kumar, A, Trivedi, J, Kumar, A, Patel, MK, Rao, CVN and Jyoti, R (2021) Miniaturized high-power beam steering network using novel nonplanar waveguide butler matrix. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 31(6), 678681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, C, Xiao, S, Guo, Y-X, Tang, M-C, Bai, Y-Y and Wang, B-Z (2011) Circularly polarized beam-steering antenna array with butler matrix network. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10, 12781281.Google Scholar
Dutta, RK, Jaiswal, RK, Saikia, M and Srivastava, KV (2023) A two-stage beam-forming antenna using butler matrix and reconfigurable frequency selective surface for wide angle beam-tilting. In IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 15.Google Scholar
Nasseri, H, Bemani, M and Ghaffarlou, A (2020) A new method for arbitrary amplitude distribution generation in $4\times8$ butler matrix. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 30(3), 249252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozzi, M, Georgiadis, A and Wu, K (2011) Review of substrate-integrated waveguide circuits and antennas. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 5(8), 909920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaturvedi, D, Kumar, A, Althuwayb, AA and Ahmadfard, F (2023) SIW-backed multiplexing slot antenna for multiple wireless system integration. Electronics Letters 59(11), 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, P, Hong, W, Kuai, Z, Xu, J, Wang, H, Chen, J, Tang, H, Zhou, J and Wu, K (2009) A multibeam antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide technology for MIMO wireless communications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 57(6), 18131821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, Q, Ban, Y-L, Zhao, X-Y, Li, X-F and Zheng, J-W (2019) Folded c-type SIW butler matrix. In 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS), Guangzhou, China, 12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, AAM, Fonseca, NJG, Coccetti, F and Aubert, H (2011) Design and implementation of two-layer compact wideband butler matrices in SIW technology for Ku-band applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 59(2), 503512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Titz, D, Ferrero, F, Pilard, R, Laporte, C, Jan, S, Ezzeddine, H, Gianesello, F, Gloria, D, Jacquemod, G and Luxey, C (2014) New wideband miniature branchline coupler on IPD technology for beamforming applications. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 4(5), 911921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J and Fusco, V (2012) A miniaturised v-band 4 x 4 butler matrix SIGE MMIC. In 2012 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP). Prague, Czech Republic, 410413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatti, F, Bozzi, M, Perregrini, L, Wu, K and Bosisio, RG (2006) A novel substrate integrated coaxial line (SiCl) for wide-band applications. In 2006 European Microwave Conference, Manchester, UK, 16141617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishna, I and Mukherjee, S (2020) Dual-mode SiCl bandpass filter with via based perturbation technique for K U-band. Electronics Letters 56(18), 934937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishna, IS and Mukherjee, S (2018) A substrate integrated coaxial line dual-band Balun for 5G applications. In 2018 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Kyoto, Japan, 11901192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishna, IS, Delmonte, N, Silvestri, L, Bozzi, M and Mukherjee, S (2022) Substrate integrated coaxial line based branch line coupler with broad out of band rejection. In 2022 52nd European Microwave Conference (EuMC), Milan, Italy, 492495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, H, Yu, X, Zhang, H and Chen, P (2019) A low phase noise oscillator based on substrate integrated coaxial line technology. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 33(4), 409418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, B, Xing, K, Wu, L, Guo, Z, Wei, X, Ma, Y and Zhao, R (2017) A novel slot array antenna with a substrate-integrated coaxial line technique. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 16, 17431746.Google Scholar
Li, X, Hou, Y, Zhu, H, Qi, Z, Xiao, J and Cao, C (2019) A broadband beam scanning antenna array based on substrate integrated coaxial line butler matrix for q-band application. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 61(12), 27812788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar