Emerging research evidence suggested that attributional style is one of the main predictors of schizophrenia symptoms.

This study aimed to develop and validate Attribution Questionnaire on Symptom for Schizophrenia (AQSS) in response to the deficiencies in current scales.

The AQSS was developed based on subscales relating to several psychopathological domains included in diagnostic categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV version. The test items were checked by experienced clinicians for face validity and were tested through a pilot study. The final questionnaire included nine events reflecting four dimensions in each: controllability, internality, stability and globality. Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) was used to assess the concurrent validity of the AQSS.

A four factor structure was extracted from the data using exploratory factor analysis: controllability, internality, stability and globality. Internal consistency of Cronbach’s alphas ranges from 0.84, 0.89, 0.90 and 0.91 respectively, with a total Cronbach’s alpha level is 0.92. The test-retest reliability ranged from 0.72 to 0.82. Three dimensions of AQSS (i.e.internality, stability and globality) significantly correlated with the same dimensions of the Attributation Style Questionnaire, with correlation coefficients of 0.33, 0.65 amd 0.61 for internality, stability and globality respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the excellent level of model fit in the four factor structure.

The AQSS has high level of reliability and validity. It is a satisfactory instrument to assess attributional style in patients with schizophrenia.

Psychomotor agitation is characterized by a significant increase in or inappropriate motor activity, from minimal anxiety to uncoordinated movement without purpose, accompanied by alterations in the emotional sphere.

Psychiatric causes includes schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder

47-year-old patient with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia with 25 years of evolution. Compensated during the last 5 years. She comes to the hospital with her husband.

She presents psychomotor agitation characterized by a megalomaniac delusion ('I'm a virgin', 'this is not my husband, my husband is someone else and he is dead, this is a double') delusional interpretations of the environment ('I won´t sit down, because you´re going to steal my movement'), irritability, dysphoria, vocal and behavioral disturbances such as insults or increased motor gestures like bumps against the furniture.

• T 0 (00 min) PEC score scale: 18

  Inhaled administration of Adasuve (Staccato loxapine)

• T1 (08 min) The psychomotor agitation stopped. PEC score scale: 7

• T2 (60 min) No adverse effects. She continued to be stable. PEC score scale: 6

Taken to the extreme, agitation in psychosis can be a serious risk to the patient, family members, health workers and the environment.

It requires immediate action to ensure patient safety, to achieve an appropriate and effective approach to agitation, aggressive or violent behavior.

An effective treatment of an episode can facilitate future interventions.

Available literature on asenapine (ASE), a new second-generation antipsychotic, consists of several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in highly selected populations. Real-world, observational studies from acute inpatient settings are still lacking.

In a group of subjects treated with ASE (A) and an ASE-naïve control population (B):

1. 1) evaluation of differences in Length of Stay (LoS)

2. 2) re-hospitalization during the following 6 months

To highlight differences between clinical trials and real-world data.

Clinical data were collected over 2 years from 20 inpatients who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for manic episodes (ME) treated with ASE and from a control population matched for age, gender and diagnosis who underwent conventional treatments in the same setting.

LoS was 17.9 (SD ±9.0) days for group A and 14.7 (SD ±12.7) days for group B; the result of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant differences (?2=2.199, p=0.138). In spite of a high discontinuation rate, only 17.7% of patients in group A were re-hospitalized in the following 6 months compared to 41.2% of those in group B (RR=0.43, 95% CI: 0.13-1.39).

In RCTs, ASE emerges as an effective compound for the treatment of MEs in highly selected populations that differ substantially from real-world clinical practice. However, on the basis of our results, ASE doesn’t appear to offer specific advantages in the clinical management of acute inpatients. In this presentation, the importance of poly-psychopharmacology, adherence and co-morbidity will be discussed to highlight the need for larger, multi-centre, observational studies with adequate follow-up in real-world settings.

Science has focused on types of treatments and their differential effects in achieving treatment outcomes. However, there is a growing body of evidence to support the investigation of clinician factors and how they affect the treatment outcomes of patients. The aim of the presented study was assess and analysis clinician therapeutic optimism in treatment of mental health disorders.

To assess therapeutic optimism we used the Elsom Therapeutic Optimism Scale (ETOS), which was designed to provide a reliable means of measuring mental health clinician optimism. The ETOS consists of 10 items to which respondents rate their agreement on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree.

A convenience sample composed of forty five mental health clinician working in a variety of settings is being collected. The results demonstrate that the most of clinicians (n=45; agree 64,4%; strongly agree, 26,7%) believe that have the capacity to positively influence outcomes for people with mental disorders, can help a lot of number of people of mental illness (n=45; agree,77,8%) and the majority of patients benefit from their intervention (n=45; agree 64,4%; strongly agree, 22,2%). We have applied additional measures to assess adherences strategies and medication beliefs.

Future research should assess the utility of the ETOS for predicting treatment outcomes. If clinician optimism does in fact have a predictive relationship with treatment outcomes, the assessment of clinician optimism using measures such as the ETOS will enable services to identify and rectify the effects of negative clinician beliefs on patient outcomes

To report a case of Lithium toxicity resulting in haemodialysis, possibly caused by multiple drug interaction amongst Lithium, Enalapril and Fluvoxamine in a patient with Bipolar affective disorder with no history of renal disease.

A 56 year-old man with bipolar affective disorder was stabilized on Lithium 400mg BD for 3 months with concurrent Enalapril therapy. He, however, developed Lithium toxicity after fluvoxamine was added. He was admitted due to poor sleep and increased anxiety. Upon admission, Lithium level was normal (0.88mmol/L). Fluvoxamine, Propranolol and Lorazepam were added subsequently with no changes in Lithium dose. No deterioration in mental status was observed. However, on Day 10, he developed significant tremors and lethargy. Repeated laboratory findings revealed deranged Lithium level (2.3 mmol/L), serum sodium (128mmol/L), serum creatinine (407 mcmol/L) and liver enzymes. Abnormal physical findings include hypotension and bradycardia. He was then admitted to the intensive care unit for close monitoring and underwent hemodialysis. Lithium was also discontinued. Subsequently, his Lithium level, renal function, and neurological signs improved.

The interaction between Enalapril with Lithium is well established. However, reported interactions between Lithium and Fluvoxamine are mainly cases of serotonin syndrome. An objective causality assessment using the Naranjo Probability Scale revealed a score of 7 – probable relationship between concomitant use of the drugs and the resulting symptoms.

This episode suggests that fluvoxamine- Lithium interaction may result in raised Lithium level. Clinicians should be aware of this severe adverse event and take steps to minimize its occurrence.

The absence of diagnostic criteria were need further study of short and long-term syndromes termination of the different classes of antidepressants and the development of methodological recommendations for their prevention.

In Russian clinical tradition and psychological research of Vygotsky-Luria school much consideration is given to relationships between the doctor and the patient, regarding it as an efficiency factor of treatment and rehabilitation.

To evaluate the concordance with treatment adherence and those psychological factors that affect the treatment compliance in patients with essential arterial hypertension (EAH).

A questionnaire-based study was undertaken with EAH patients attending public hospitals in Moscow, Russia. There were applied a Questionnaire for Interpersonal Relationships Assessment (Sobchik, 2005), Questionnaire for Assessment of Types of Attitudes Towards the Disease (Wasserman, 2005), Psychodiagnostic Interview for Treatment Adherence, Drug Attitude Inventory, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988). 170 EAH patients took part in the study, the mean age was 46.7±4.1 years, EAH duration was 7.2±2.6 years.

It was found that 75.3% of the patients defied the doctor's prescriptions. Forgetfulness, lack of tendance, and negligence were ranked as the top three reasons for this non-compliance.

A statistically significant relationship with non-compliance was found for anxious, melancholic and neurasthenic types of attitude towards the disease, as well as predominance of distrustfully-skeptical interaction style in a dyad 'doctor-patient' and the lack of social support, and such characteristics, as age and education level.

Patients with high compliance have predominantly sensitive type of attitude towards the disease, high intensity of social support, and dependent-obedient style of interaction with doctor.

These results indicate the need to consider the psychological factors to improve treatment adherence in EAH patients.

aggression and self-harm are often encountered in daily clinical routines. A better understanding of these behaviors is important.

We investigated with self-report measures the kind of relationship between aggression, impulsivity, self-harm, suicide attempts and third party observation of staff.

We Aimed at a nalyzing whether there is a relation between: impulsivity, self-harm aggression (self report measures) and similar reported behavior by third party observations of staff.

patients were assessed using the Barrett-Impulsivity-Scale (BIS-15), the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (QNSSI). Recent patient health records were analyzed for aggression, self-harm and suicide attempts.

N=34; 12 male, 22 female; mean age: 45.26 sd.: 9.54. Recent suicide attempts (RSA) N=7 and impulsivity were not significantly related (U= 90, p=.87), also recent self-harm (RSH) N=9 and impulsivity (U= 112 p=. 984) showed no relationship on a statistically significant level. Statistically significant correlations were found between the AQ sum scale and impulsivity (r=.38 p=.027) and for the AQ subscales: anger (r= .34 p= .049) and physical aggression (r= .36 p= .04). Verbal aggression was also significantly correlated to impulsivity (r= .342, p= .048). Surprisingly no sex differences could be found for AQ and BIS-15. Recent self-harm and recent suicide attempts were not significantly correlated to any of the scales.

Aggressive behavior coincides with impulsivity whereas self-harm and suicide attempts are not related to self-harming behavior in psychiatric inpatients.

The Flow experience in job result in increasing the internal interest to job and it is so enjoyable that causes people do that job for itself. So, designing the effective methods and programs for treatment has important role in increasing this features, especially in nursing staff in the psychiatric units that confront to high stress.

the present study has been done by the purpose of effectiveness of the Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy of the Flow experience in nursing staff at the Psychiatric Hospital in Tehran Iran.

This study is a semi-experimental with pretest-posttest plan along with control group. 30 nurses in the Psychiatric Hospital with score less than 108 in the questionnaire of the Flow State Scale (FSS) of Jackson and Marsh (1997) were selected randomly and then they were divided in two groups of control and experimental. The period of training was 8 sessions with duration of 2 hours for each session once weekly. One week after completion the sessions of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, the above mentioned questionnaire was performed for both two groups.

The results demonstrated that the Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy meaningfully has been effective on the flow experience, Action-awareness merging, the clear goal, Unambiguous feedback, Concentration on task at hand, sense of control and also it has the most effect on the mini-scale of the Loss of self-consciousness (P<0.05).

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy can be effective in increasing the flow experience of nurses who work in the psychiatric hospitals.

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are typically used by athletes, sports coaches and recreational sports users in an attempt to improve muscle mass and enhance sporting regimes. Despite a myriad of health problems associated with using AAS, no research to date has considered whether AAS use has a detrimental impact upon cognition.

This study considered putative links between regular AAS use in gym users and prospective memory (PM: remembering future intentions and activities) and executive function (EF: memory organization and attentional control).

To compare a group of regular AAS gym users with a group of regular gym users who do not use AAS on measures of PM and EF.

35 young adult regular gym users who use AAS to enhance muscle/training (the AAS group) were compared with a group of 35 young adult gym users who do not use AAS (the Non-AAS group). The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire was used to measure self-reported PM and the Executive Function Scale measured self-reported EF. Other drug use and mood were also measured since these can impact upon memory independent of AAS use.

After observing no between-group differences on other drug use and mood, the AAS group reported significantly more PM lapses and EF deficits when compared with the Non-AAS group.

These findings suggest that the use of AAS in sporting contexts may compromise everyday memory in the form of PM and EF. The findings and their implications will be considered at conference.

Injecting Drug use is a major risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of HIV and accounts for approximately 5-10% of HIV infections worldwide. Opiate Substitution Treatment using Methadone and Buprenorphine reduces the HIV risk for people who inject drugs by up to half. Therefore proper diagnosis and treatment of opiate dependence are essential. Both Methadone and Buprenorphine have been shown to interact with a lot of anti-retroviral medications. This may lead to potentially toxic drug interactions. This could also lead either to withdrawal symptoms or to morbidity/mortality by overdose if these medications are not prescribed carefully.

Our objectives were to look for the relationship between substance abuse and HIV and to analyze the interactions and adverse reactions when combining Methadone/Buprenorphine and Antiretrovirals.

Using MEDLINE, English literature was reviewed from 1990 to June 2014. The search strategy was 'Substance abuse” OR 'Drug abuse” OR Methadone OR Buprenorphine AND HIV OR AIDS OR HAART.

Subjects who use drugs are more prone to acquire HIV because of increased risky behaviours. Substitute Opiate treatment may improve adhesion to the antiretroviral treatment and also leads to a reduction in risk-taking behaviours. In the poster, we will be presenting the interactions of each Anti-Retroviral agent with both Methadone and Buprenorphine.

Choosing the best therapeutic intervention in each case, particularly considering those drugs with least interactions and adverse effects is crucial for the success of Opiate substitution programme and also to combat the HIV infection.

was to establish the impact of injecting drug use on cellular immunity and to evaluate the significance of drug useas a factor contributing to HIV infection and affectingthe course of disease in HIV-positivepatients.

The study included 144 subjects: 109patients (49 – with drug addiction, 23 – withHIV infection, 37 – with drug addiction and HIV infection) and35 virtually healthy individuals.

Thetotal amount of T-lymphocytesdoes not depend on HIVstatus, drug addiction orgender, aswell as on the combinedeffect of these factors. The total number of lymphocytes, the percentage and the absolute countof B cells (CD19 + lymphocytes) and CD4 +25+ cells (mainly T-regulatorylymphocytes) in blood was significantly lower in HIV-positive patients comparedto HIV-negative ones; drugaddiction andgender do not havea significant effect onthese parameters. Injecting drug use potentiatesthe effects caused by HIV infection: reducedpercentage of T-helpercells (CD4+lymphocytes), number of T-NK-cells(CD3+16+56+ lymphocytes),percentage and absolutecount of NK cells (CD3-16+56+ cells), increasedpercentage of cytotoxicT lymphocytes (CD8+cells), percentageand absolute number of T-lymphocytes with signs of activation(CD3+HLA-DR+ cells).

Injectingdrug use increases therisk of infection inHIV-negative IDUs andreduces the antiviralresponse in HIV-positivepatients, significantly potentiatingeffects of HIVinfection: reduced blood levelof T-helpers, T-NKand NK cells, regulatorycells, immunehyperactivation – allof this may contribute tothe disease progression.

is HIV-positive andHIV-negative injection drug addicts.

– study of social functioning, quality of life and alienation of injection drug addicts with HIV-infection and without HIV-infection with establishment ofinterrelation of factors of clinical and psychosocial characteristics and further development of the evaluation methods of the alienation level and treatment efficacy of injection drug addicts.

While performing the research were studied the regularities of drug addiction spread in the Republic of Belarus, developmentof epidemical HIV-infection process and the state of immune system among injection drug addicts. It is shown, that the spread of drug abuse and HIV-infection is followed by the increase of HIV-positive injection drug addicts, who has shown the symptoms of immune deficiency, which are marked with comorbidity with HIV-infection.

Were developed and clinically tested diagnostic technique of alienation level of injection drug addicts and evaluation method ofefficiency treatment of drug addicts, which distinguishes the main criterion of conducted research and its research and practice importance.

This work focuses on the identification of features that differentiate the onset, course, and complications of alcohol dependence in women and men.

854 people participated in the study: 181 women and 403 men with alcohol dependence (AD) were qualified to the study group. Controls were healthy 100 women and 170 men.

Standardized diagnostic tools were used to assess psychological predispositions and behavioral features. AUDIT, STAI, Anton's OCDS and Lesch's typology (computer version) were used to assess psychopathological symptoms of the addiction. Alcohol biomarker results were a valuable help in the diagnostic process and differential diagnosis. Liver enzyme assays, including GPT, GOT, GGT and CDT, were done. Some genetic polymorphisms were examinesd – DRD2, DAT, 5HTT.

1. 1. Psychological predispositions that determine AD in women include anxiety and depressiveness.

2. 2. Environmental risk factors of alcoholism in women include guardianship in childhood by grandparents and widowhood.

3. 3. Women with AD revealed more health problems associated with markers of liver damage. AD in men progressed at a faster pace, with early onset, greater incidence of psychiatric and neurological complications, coexistence of other addictions, and indicators of personality disorders.

4. 4. While the clinical picture of female alcoholics corresponds to types 2 and 3 according to Lesch, the clinical picture of male alcoholics correlates to types 1 and 4 according to Lesch.

5. 4. No differences were found both in male and female patients with regard to genes polymorphisms in the subtypes of alcoholism according to Lesch.

In the online drug forum communities there are some 'educated and informed” users who can provide somehow reliable information on psychoactive compounds/combinations. These users, also called 'e-psychonauts”, may possess levels of technical knowledge relating to a range of ”novel psychoactive substances“ (NPS). Our project aimed at identifying and describing what available in terms of the socio-demographic and psychological characteristics of e-psychonauts.

An unobtrusive observational approach of a list of cyber drug communities (blogs, fora, Facebook® and Twitter® pages) was here carried out. The forum posts/threads were accurately reviewed, analysed and compared according to the presence of common clusters in order to obtain appropriate consistency/homogeneity levels. Data were collected in the time frame January- February 2014.

Psychonauts typically considered themselves as 'psychedelic researchers”,new Shamans, 'philosophers” or 'alchemists”.They appeared here to be mainly young, males, unmarried, and Caucasians. They presented with good/excellent employment conditions and with a set of ‘key skills’, including: attention to the inner ‘soul’; high standards of knowledge about drugs’ pharmaceutical/chemical properties; high levels of both verbal fluency in reporting own drug experiences and of IT skills.

The e-psychonauts seemed to perceive themselves as amateur chemists, sampling and at times synthesizing a range of drugs to achieve the state of consciousness they find most pleasurable. There is the need to improve both the existing levels of professional knowledge on this novel generation of drug misusers and to design/develop novel prevention approaches, able to ‘attract the attention’ of the e-psychonauts.

Due to the growing demand for alternatives to arylcyclohexylamine-type substances, a new dissociative and hallucinogenic drug, Methoxphenidine (2-MXP; (±)-1-[1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethyl] piperidine; 2-Meo-diphenidine) has been recently appeared in the drug market. Very little information is still available in the scientific literature on this new compound. Recently, it was identified in UK a death associated to this drug. Aims of this paper is here to provide a comprehensive overview on pharmacology, chemical and psychoactive effects of 2-MXP.

Given the limited available evidence, data in scientific literature were integrated with a qualitative assessment of online drug-user-oriented fora and blogs. A Multilanguage internet snapshot study was undertaken by typing a specified set of keywords on Google® and Yahoo® search engines.

2-MXP, structurally analogue to diphenidine, was introduced in the market as the replacement to illegal methoxetamine (MXE). Anecdotal reports suggest 2-MXP has greater oral potency. 2-MXP may act as a selected NMDA antagonist and probably it may have a dopamine reuptake inhibitor action, according to the effects reported by online drug users. Currently, there are not peer-reviewed epidemiological, toxicological, pharmacological and clinical data about recreational use of 2-MXP. According to online drug users, it induces dissociation, visual effects and seems to be associated with seizures at heavy dosages.

There is the need of further studies on its toxicological and pharmacological pattern as well as investigate its potential psychotropic and adverse effects, in order to confirm and better describe its recreational use.