To investigate clinical manifestations and stress reaction's dynamics in students after the terrorist attack in Moscow metro in March 2010.

14 cases were observed at the University counseling center (UCC) by a psychiatrist and a psychologist during 2 months after the attack. Respondents were aged 16–20 years and 9 of them were female. Complex clinical psychopathological and psychological examination was used. Psychotherapeutic interventions and medication were applied in all samples.

Prevailing number of students (11, that is 78,6%) appealed for care by themselves or by reference of relatives, University staff and physicians. Another part of students - 3(21, 4%) - visited UCC during the month. Acute state of somatic and mental discomfort, anxiety, fears, obsessive reminiscence of tragic pictures were the reasons for reference to a caregiver. Sleep disturbances were the key symptom (in all the cases), somatovegetative equivalents of anxiety which were more intensive inside the metro were registered in 11 (78,6%) cases, and withdrawal behavior - in 8 (57,1%) cases. Premorbid mood fluctuations and anxiety traits were elicited in past history of the patients. State enhancement in the most of students - 10 (71,4%) - was observed in a week.

Somatic component of anxiety and its eventual context masked a personality reaction type of the students and their values and meanings reappraisal under stress conditions. Predisposition for stress reaction was connected with personal stress vulnerability and mood fluctuations’ propensity. Positive dynamics was accompanied by the brief staged psychotherapy in conjunction with general medication.

The study looked into stress and burnout among nurses and the risk factors associated with such phenomena.

This aimed to determine the interaction between situational, factors, role stressors, hazard exposure and personal factors among nurses.

246 nurses consisting most of females (78.5%) from the different wards and units in the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) were surveyed. This was a cross sectional study.

The dominance of females in the profession reinforce the prevailing notion that the caring professions such as nursing are relegated to women. This gives the study its gender perspective. Almost half (49.6%) of the respondents reported being ill due to work in the past year, and 56.1% missed work because of an illness. Correlation statistics using the Spearman's rho showed organizational role stressors was most significant in burnout among nurses in the Philippine's largest tertiary hospital. Organizational role stressors consisted of ten dimensions, namely:

1. 1) Inter-role Distance (IRD);

2. 2) Role Stagnation (RS);

3. 3) Role Expectation Conflict (REC);

4. 4) Role Erosion (RE);

5. 5) Role Overload (RO);

6. 6) Role Isolation (RI);

7. 7) Personal Inadequacy (PI);

8. 8) Self-role Distance (SRD);

9. 9) Role Ambiguity; and

10. 10) Resource Inadequacy (RIn).

The contribution of the study is in advancing new concepts in the already existing framework of burnout, and thus, can assist nurses and hospital administration on how to control this problem.

This study looked at sources of work stress among supervisor. s in manufacturing industries

This research aims to elucidate data on occupational stress among supervisors in manufacturing industries and associated risk factors at work.

The sample consisted of 23 establishments and from this, 47 supervisors were taken, and interviewed using survey questionnaires and focus group discussions.

Among the 47 supervisors, 51% were from garments industry while 49% from electronics industry, and 66% were women. Work among supervisors was reported to be challenging and stimulating but regular upgrading of skills was needed. Based on the FGDs conducted among the supervisors, the issues in the workplace included information overload, keeping abreast with developments in their fields of expertise, the need to be multiskilled, stress brought about by information technology, the new pedagogy in the workplace affecting occupational stress, stringent and the need for new organizational strategies. On logistic regression, occupational stress among supervisors was found to be significantly associated with heavy load stress, mental requirements of work, massive technical/ office work, and the use of microelectronics equipment needing concentration and literacy in IT, and regular upgrading of skills.

Based on these findings, we can conclude that occupational factors play a significant role in influencing the stress among supervisors.

Gaining access to university is a potential stressful situation. This stress results from external factors such as lifestyle change, academic stress and family relationship dysfunction but also other factors of personal vulnerability as neuroticism. These factors may represent a risk in student's mental and physical health.The objective of this work is to extract the various predictors of stress among Tunisian students.

To evaluate the perceived stress among students, we used the specific scale of perceived stress (Boujut E, Bruchon-Schweitzer M, 2003). Neuroticism among students was evaluated using the Neuroticism scale of the NEO-PI-R (Costa and McCrae, 1985).Both scales have been validated among Tunisian students.Students also answered a general questionnaire with questions relating to conditions of life like the type of lodgment and socio-economic status of parents.Our study was conducted on a representative sample of university students (n = 500) randomly selected.The correlation between perceived stress and neuroticism and between perceived stress and the various issues was measured by Pearson's ‘r’.

The Pearson coefficient showed a weak correlation between the total score of perceived stress and neuroticism score r = 0.42.The correlation between the total score of perceived stress and some questions of the questionnaire was good ;like the type of housing, socio-economic level, the means of transport used to go to school ; p < 0.05 for each of these issues.

Stress among Tunisian students is due to external factors rather personal factors.

The university transition life is the most frequent source of problems. These problems results from stress academic and family relationship dysfunction. These stress factors can pose a risk in student's mental and physical health.

However, stress is the result of a transaction between the person and the environment.

Of this work is to validate the specific scale of perceived stress among Tunisian students.

To evaluate the perceived stress among students, we used the specific scale of perceived stress (Boujut E, Bruchon-Schweitzer M, 2003). This scale was constructed and validated on French students.

The scale is as a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 25 items.

The validation was made on a representative sample of university students (n = 500) randomly selected.

The main properties studied were: acceptability, reliability (Pearson’s coefficient ‘r’), face validity and content validity (Cronbach's alpha).

The acceptability of the questionnaire was good, less than 10% of students were unable or unwilling to complete the questionnaire. The Pearson coefficient showed good reliability for this scale r = 0.98, p < 0.05. The Cronbach's alpha was acceptable for all items of the scale α = 0.81.

The specific scale of perceived stress is valid among Tunisian students. It is now available for clinicians to measure the level of perceived stress among students.

Analysing reactivity to laboratory stressor in lab is a valid model for understanding how people act in real-life situations. Electrodermal activity is a good index of emotionality, which has not been analysed in caregivers of persons with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs).

This work aims to compare the response of electrodermal activity to mental stress between caregivers of ASDs people and controls, as the former could show a different response due to their particular situation characterised by a state of continuous alert.

Parents of both genders of people with (n = 44) or without (n = 42) ASDs carried out a set of different mental tasks. Skin Conductance Level (SCL) was continuously registered before, during, and after the tasks. Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) were obtained from SCL levels using Acqknowledge software.

For SCL, a significant effect of “gender” and of “period x group” and “period x group x gender” interactions was observed. SCL was higher in men than in women and in controls when compared to caregivers. Controls presented more SCL Reactivity than caregivers, being these results were replicated in men (who also showed worse recovery in controls) but not in women. In caregivers, men showed lower SCR Reactivity than women.

Caregivers of ASDs showed a lower electrodermal reactivity to mental stress than controls, and this effect was stronger in men. These results could reflect a lower reactivity to stressful situations in caregivers and, consequently, a loss of the adaptative potential of the stress response in this population.

The general air criothepapy - the method of short-term assignment of warmth from all surface body of the patient by a laminar stream dry air, temperature from −110 to −120 °C. Such influence is stressful for a human.

Estimation level changes cortisol at patients in the course of treatment in ultralow temperature in conditions criochamber.

Researches have been spent with use criochamber «Zimmer Mеdizin Systeme» (Germany). In research has taken part 145 peoples. Duration of sessions influence of ultralow temperature made in the first day of 0,5 mines, then, increasing by 0,5 mines daily and reached 3,0 minute durations by 6–7 day of a course. The course crio influence made 20 sessions. Level cortisol blood was defined once a week after each 5 sessions with the analyzer «Biotec ЕL 800».

Level cortisol before carrying out criotherapy at patients averaged 436 ± 26,6 nmol/l, after carrying out 5 sessions crio influence its values have been fixed at level - 420 ± 21,05 nmol/l, after 10th session level cortisol has on the average decreased to values - 401 ± 21,05 nmol/l, after 15 sessions to - 391 ± 21,5 nmol/l. After course end crio influence the average level cortisol has made 365 ± 31,5 nmol/l that was authentic more low, than indicator reference values (р < 0,05).

In the course crio influence there was a gradual decrease in level cortisol that speaks about decrease in stress at these persons, and also about human body adaptation to ultralow temperature influence at such a mode to 20th session.

Seizure is a common disease happening in all countries that surely affects life style of patient and his/her family; such patient needs helps of others to obviate his/her needs and delayed help leads to mental health impairment of the patient and his/her family.

This was a descriptive-correlative study in which 150 ones of patients families were selected via the systematic sampling method.

We used three kinds of questionnaires to gather data including personal information questionnaire, General health questionnaire and Carver-Scheier-Veintrab’s questionnaire of stress coping Strategies.

The results showed that 56.7% of investigated units had inappropriate state of mental health and 92% used moderate-level guidelines to cope with stresses.

The majority of family members of the patients with seizure (93.8%) had moderate level of mental health and similarly used moderate-level stress coping strategies(P = 0.000, S = 0.3).

The findings of this study can result in a new plan to elevate the mental health level and also can train families of the patients with seizure and other chronic diseases how to cope with stresses.

In their activities nurses deals with pain, suffering people and deficient work conditions related with physical aspects, emotional relationships within the team or difficulty to adapt to new rules. Working with mental ill individuals increase the demands and some professionals became emotional exhausted, stressed and feel in burnout, whereas others became motivated and engaged. According to recent literature, engagement can protect from burnout, helping professionals to efficiently cope with stressful situations (Schaufeli et al., 2002).

Identify the levels of burnout and engagement of nurses working with mental illness.

Data were collected using a translation from Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1997) and Utrech Work Enthusiasm Scale (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003), applied to 110 portuguese nurses working with mental illness. The sample was composed by 21% male and 79% female; mean age 37.7 years.

Our nurses don’t feel burnout, showing low emotional exhaustion (M = 2.3 in a Likert scale 0–6 points), lowest cynism (M = 0.97) and higher professional efficacy (M = 4.5). They feel engaged with work, showing higher dedication (M = 4.3), vigor (M = 3.99) and absorption (M = 3.7). Some differences were found, with males showing higher cynism than females. Burnout was negatively correlated with engagement.

Despite lower results of burnout in our sample, nursing is a professional activity that elicits stress, making professionals vulnerable to burnout, especially when they work with patients with special demands such us mentally ill people. However, engagement appear as a protective factor to feel burnout, allowing professionals to be dedicated and absorbed by their activity.

Policing is a stressful activity. Police officers must deal with aggressive people, delinquents, and danger, or with victims and citizens asking for help. Often they don’t have enough material or human resources and they must decide under stressful conditions. In international peacekeeping missions stressful situations are even more frequent, increased also by hostile reactions of the inhabitants of the country, who sometimes refuse the presence of foreign police forces. Despite those situations, some police officers don’t feel stress and show higher sensation seeking, suggesting that personality traits protect from stress.

Identify levels of stress perception and sensation seeking personality traits in a sample of police officers involved in peace keeping mission in East-Timor, included in United Nations police forces.

Data were collected using a translation of Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al, 1983) and Sensation Seeking Scale (Zuckerman, 1994), applied to 70 male police officers from portuguese “Guarda Nacional Republicana”, after comeback from a peace keeping mission (mean age 31.3 years).

The results reveal that sensation seeking” exists in our sample, confirming that the police officers had a tendency to search for new experiences and adventure. Low levels of emotional exhaustion and low stress perception were identified, and the sample has a high tolerance for boredom.

Personality traits can protect from stress and sensation seeking is typical of some activities, including policing. The knowledge of personality traits can be useful to choose individuals who must deal with stressful situations, such us peace keeping missions.

Under slow economic growth, the maintenance of job satisfaction is important. This study aims to evaluate

(1) whether psychosocial stress at work and work-family conflicts contribute to low job satisfaction and

(2) whether these work and family characteristics explain socioeconomic and sex inequalities in low job satisfaction.

The subjects were civil servants in local government in Japan. Questionnaire survey was conducted in 2003. Altogether 4272 subjects (response rate: 79.2%) responded. The questionnaire included questions on job satisfaction, job strain, as measured by the job-demand-control-support model, work hours, shift work, family structure, and family-work conflicts.

Approximately two thirds of participants were satisfied with their job. Low job control, high job demands, low social support, long work hours and high work-family conflicts were associated with low job satisfaction. Low grade employees were likely to report low job satisfaction but the associations were significant only for men. In men, the grade differences in low job satisfaction reduced and were no longer significant after adjustment for job strain, work hours and work-family conflicts. In women, the grade differences in low job satisfaction hardly changed after adjustment for job strain, work hours and work-family conflicts. More women than men reported low job satisfaction. The sex difference reduced and was no longer significant after adjustment for job strain, work hours and work-family conflicts.

Job strain, long work hours, and work-family conflicts may cause low job satisfaction and contribute to socioeconomic and sex inequalities in low job satisfaction.

The main goal of the present study was to investigate the coping strategies of mothers of HIV-infected children and their relation to the mothers’ psychological distress, parenting, and spousal relations.

The study was conducted in Southern Kazakhstan in the wake of a children's HIV-epidemic caused by the use of unsterile instruments and infusions of infected blood in State hospitals. Mothers of HIV-infected children undergoing testing and treatment in the municipal HIV Center participated in the study (n = 63).

The most frequently used strategies were focusing on planning and catastrophizing; the least common strategies they employed were putting into perspective and self-blame. Focusing on planning and rumination were associated with a high level of acceptance of the child, while self-blame was associated with a low level of acceptance. Positive refocusing was associated with a low level of psychological distress, and catastrophizing was associated with a high level of psychological distress. Self-blame was associated with a low level of spousal relations, while positive refocusing and focusing on planning were associated with high levels of spousal relations.

The results obtained are discussed in light of stress-coping theory (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), the positive psychology paradigm (Seligman et al., 2005), and the two-track model of grieving (Rubin, 1996).

Long-term implications of cancer in childhood are well documented regarding medical conditions. Sequelae on mental health and on response to stress are yet not well understood.

This study analyzes the association between stress responses and the experience of cancer in childhood, through biological and subjective measures of stress observed during a psychosocial experimental stress (TSST - Trier Social Stress Test)

We expected that:

(1) the clinical group shows an accentuation of both biological and subjective stress responses;

(2) the response among the childhood cancer subjects would differ according to presence/absence of depressive symptoms; and finally to find a correlation between the disease severity/treatment intensity and the response to stress.

53 subjects, 18 to 48 y.o (n = 25 survivors of childhood cancer, n = 28 controls) submitted to the TSST. Subjects provided before and after the TSST repeated evaluations of perceived stress and blood samples.

The clinical group showed a higher plasma cortisol level and a higher amplitude in the response to the TSST. The differences were amplified when depression symptoms were present. The subjective perception of stress and the plasma cortisol were only marginally correlated in both groups. The severity of the oncological disease predicted a higher endocrine response.

The presence of avoidant coping is suggested in cancer survivors, accounting for the lack of correspondence between psychological perception of stress and cortisol response. A better knowledge of the dysregulations of the stress responses is important since they have been associated to psychological vulnerability.

To research the influence of stress factors on the development and circuit of voice disorders in their relation to anxiety and depressive spectrum.

To analyze the extent to which the anxiety and depressive disorders are spreading among the patients with voice dysfunctions, to determine the variety of factors for psychological traumatic experience, and to distinguish the variety of anxiety and depressive disorders.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the projective psychological tests.

Preliminary HADS screening was conducted among 180 patients. More than half of the patients (57.5%) had high risk of anxiety and depressive disorders. 55 patients (44 women, 13 men, age of 18–70) with voice disorders and the positive results of screening were included to the study. Patients underwent a complete otolaryngologic examination and were grouped into organic voice pathology (34.5%) and non-organic voice pathology (65.5%). In accordance with ICD-10, anxiety and depressive disorders were diagnosed in 48 (87%) patients. In most cases the phoniatric pathology developed in chronic stress conditions. The prevailed chronic stress factors that provoked both anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders and voice pathology were inability to reach pre-set social goal (65.4%), ethical conflict (18.2%) and lack of external control factors (16.4%). Professional factor was also important as 38.2% of the group claimed heavy voice load at work.

Chronic stress factors play significant provoking role in the development of voice and anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders, which should be taken into account to design diagnostic and therapeutic tactics for patients with voice pathology.

To characterize the population with suicidal behaviour that uses the ER of the Hospital Infante D. Pedro. Elaborate a plan for prevention.

Observational descriptive study of a single sample, transversal, including 102 individuals. All patients were assessed concerning socio-demographic, clinical and psychological items - IACLIDE (Depression Scale), 23QVS (Stress Vulnerability Scale) and Mini-Mult (Personality Scale).

90.6% of women use pills as suicide method. 63.2% of men use drugs, 10.5% phlebotomy and 26.8% resorts to violent methods.

Individuals with moderate or severe depression have a higher probability (91x) of suicidal risk compared with individuals with no depression or mild depression. Individuals vulnerable to stress have a higher probability (5.7X) of attempting suicide. Individuals with external influence suicidal behaviour have a higher likelihood of suicide risk (4x), compared to individuals without external influence. Individuals with personality disorder (particularly cluster B) have a higher probability (25x) for suicide risk in people without personality disorder.

The para-suicidal prototype seems to be a 36 year old woman, low level of literacy, married, with previous para-suicidal gestures, from ingestion of drugs, at home, following an emotional conflict. The suicidal will probably be a 40 year old man, divorced, low financial resources, unemployed, having prepared a previous plan that consummated suicide by violent methods.

The elaboration of a para-suicidal and suicidal profile, is an essential contribution to the determination of relative risk and to structure a prevention plan tailored to the perceived reality research.

Voluntary drug overdoses are an important part of psychiatric demand in the emergency service. Nevertheless, a protocolized attention for these cases does not exist. Therefore, its management only depends on doctors’ personal criteria. Many of these cases have been previously diagnosed as Personality Disorder.

Studying the differences in management of drug overdosing depending on previous diagnosis of personality disorder. Also, we look for associated factors that can influence the final decision.

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 112 drug overdoses attended from July to December 2009. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

34 attended patients (30,4%) have previous diagnosis of personality disorder. In these, the most frequent diagnosis was parasuicide attempt in the Emergency Service. In contrast, the rest of the patients were diagnosed as suicidal attempt.

We found statistically significant differences (p < 0,05) in the destination after Emergency evaluation (ambulatory or hospitalization) depending on a previous personality disorder diagnosis.

The media of previous overdoses in personality disorder group was significantly higher (3,29 Vs 0,64; P < 0,01).

We found that humor and anxiety disease comorbility, associated toxicomany, alcohol or cocaine use during the overdose, were more frequent in the group with personality disorder.

Although drug overdoses in patients with personality disorder have less letal intention, these patients were hospitalized more frequently than the others. This finding could be explained because of the presence of other associated factors that contribute to the global risk of overdosing. Previous overdoses seem to have significant influence in final decision.

Rapid-onset antidepressants could have important clinical impact if their benefits extended to ED patients. We examined preliminary feasibility, tolerability and efficacy of single-dose IV ketamine in depressed ED patients with suicide ideation (SI).

Fourteen depressed ED patients with SI received a single IV bolus of ketamine (0.2 mg/kg) over 1–2 minutes. Patients were monitored for 4 hours, then re-contacted daily for 10 days. Treatment response and time to remission were evaluated using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Kaplan Meier survival analysis, respectively.

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale scores transiently increased in two subjects, consistent with ketamine's cognitive/behavioral effects in other populations. Mean MADRS scores fell significantly from 40.4 (SEM:1.8) at baseline to 11.5 (2.2) at 240 minutes. Median time to MADRS score ≤10 was 80 minutes (Interquartile Range: 0.67–24 hours). Suicide ideation scores (MADRS item 10) decreased significantly from 3.9 (SEM:0.4) at baseline to 0.6 (SEM:0.2) at 40 minutes post-administration, with improvements sustained over 10 days.

These data provide preliminary, open-label support for the feasibility and efficacy of ketamine as a rapid-onset antidepressant in the ED.

In Correctional Institutions of Kosovo (CIK), the rate of suicide and attempted suicide is low (in the last six years have been six suicide).

Disturbing is the fact that during the period October 2007 to January 2009 at the Lipjan Detention Center (LDC) have been nine suicide and three attempted suicide, while in all other correctional institutions has not happened any suicide and only one attempted suicide. This level is to high when we consider the fact that the capacity of LDC is approximately 200 prisoners, while in all other correctional institutions have about 1500 prisoners.

The objective is to find reasons for such a high level of suicide and attempted suicide in LDC.

The aim is to return the low level of suicidal behavior in LDC.

Mapping:

1. 1. Survey documentation

2. 2. Interviews

3. 3. Focus groups

1. 1. Lack of detection of cases at risk for suicide during admission.

2. 2. Inadequate administrative and health management.

3. 3. Insufficient communication between staff and prisoners

Better management in early detection of cases Creation of a multidisciplinary team for management of cases referred as risky for suicide