Wake therapy (sleep deprivation) is known to induce a rapid amelioration of depressive symptoms. Recently, techniques using bright light therapy and sleep time control have been developed to sustain the acute response of wake therapy.

The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy of these new methods and to control for the placebo response by incorporating an active control group.

Patients with an actual diagnosis of unipolar or bipolar major depression were randomized to either a wake group or an exercise group and followed for 9 weeks. All patient were treated with duloxetine 60 mg daily. After a one week medication run-in phase, all patient were admitted to an open ward for six days: The wake group had 3 wake nights during their stay in combination with daily bright light treatment and sleep time control and the exercise-group started their exercise program. Bright light and exercise were continued for the whole study period.

Patients in the wake group had a statistically significant larger improvement from immediately after wake therapy and maintained for the rest of the study period. At end of study the Wake group achieved a response / remission rate of 70.2 % and 45.6 %. The exercise group had a response/remission rate of 42.2 % and 23.1 %

The chronotherapeutic intervention induced a rapid and sustained response superior to the response seen in the exercise group.

Research on at-risk states of psychosis has mainly aimed to predict conversion. Yet as a considerable number of patients does not to progress to this outcome during the investigated observation periods, the course of these non-converters (NC) is of major interest, particularly with regard to preventive interventions and treatment.

To analyze the psychopathological and functional in 18-month non-converters.

Data were derived from the prospective multicenter European Prediction of Psychosis Study with an 18-month follow-up period. Participants had to fulfill ultra-high risk criteria and/or the COGDIS criterion, which is based on a set of cognitive basic symptoms. Psychopathology was assessed with the Structure Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS), including the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) and a short version of the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument (SPI-A).

All total and subscale scores improved significantly during follow-up. However, a more detailed analysis revealed that a considerable part of the patients showed no improvement or even a worsening of psychopathology and function.

Our first analysis of course on non-converters shows that a high proportion of patients improved. In the light of results from retrospective studies, however, this improvement has to be interpreted with caution, as the observation period does not allow to determine the proportion of outpost syndromes, i.e. precursors of a later prodrome. Furthermore, a considerable portion of our sample worsened functionally and/or symptomatically. With regard to retrospective schizophrenia related results, very long observation periods may be needed to characterize the patterns of course in subpsychotic syndromes.

Cognitive impairment is considered to be a core characteristic of schizophrenia. The relationship between psychosis and cognitive deterioration, however, remains unclear. This longitudinal study investigated the neuropsychological functioning of patients before and after their first psychotic episode. Cognitive functioning of participants who later developed a psychosis was compared to that of people at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis who did not develop psychosis at follow-up and healthy controls.

Participants were 41 persons at UHR for psychosis (the UHR group), of whom 17 developed psychosis between the first and second assessment. Seventeen healthy controls were included in the study. Cognitive performance was assessed at intake (T0) and again after 18 months (T1). The areas of cognitive functioning assessed include verbal memory and learning, visuo-spatial working memory, executive function, sustained attention and motor speed.

The transition group did not perform significantly worse at the second assessment than at the first on any of the outcome measures. The UHR group performed better on a verbal learning and memory test at T1 compared to T0. At T0, the control group scored significantly better than the UHR group and the transition group on the verbal learning and memory test and the verbal fluency test.

The results indicate that no cognitive deterioration occurs during the first psychotic episode. Problems in verbal memory may be present before the first episode of psychosis.

In the European Prediction of Psychosis Study (EPOS) a large sample of young patients at high risk of psychosis (HR) were examined and their conversion rate to psychosis during 18 months follow-up was estimated. This presentation describes quality of life (QoL) and its changes in patients at risk of psychosis who did or did not convert to psychosis.

In all, 245 young HR patients were recruited and followed for 9 and 18 months. Risk of psychosis was defined by occurrence of basic symptoms (BS), attenuated psychotic symptoms (ATP), brief, limited or intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS) or familial risk plus reduced functioning (FR-RF). QoL was assessed at baseline and at 9 and 18 months’ follow-ups, and analysed in the HR-patients who converted (HR-P; n = 40) or did not converted to psychosis (HR-NP; n = 205).

There were no differences in the course of QoL between the HR-P and HR-NP patients. Of the inclusion criteria, only BS associated with poor QoL at baseline. Among HR-NP subjects, depressive symptoms associated with QoL at baseline and predicted poor QoL at 9 and 18 month follow-ups.

QoL of the HR-NP patients is as poor as that of the HR-P. From the QoL point of view, all HR patients require intensive treatment intervention from the first contact on. Especially, depressive disorders need to be treated vigorously.

Process evaluation should be an integral part of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and this is important in examining complex interventions with a number of active ingredients.

To analyse effectiveness and effect moderators in a multi-centre RCT of needs-oriented discharge planning vs. treatment as usual (TAU) for high utilisers of mental health care.

From April 2006 to July 2007, 491 adults with high utilisation of mental health care for psychotic disorders gave informed consent to participate in a multi-site RCT at five German psychiatric inpatient services. Subjects allocated to the intervention group were offered a manualised needs-led discharge planning intervention of two 45 minute sessions delivered by a trained study worker. Outcomes (service use, needs, psychopathology, depression, quality of life, direct costs) were assessed at four measurement points during 18-month follow-up. Latent class modelling was used to scrutinise differential effectiveness. Characteristics of subgroups of participants showing variable treatment response will be described.

There was improvement both in the intervention and (TAU) control group but no differential effectiveness of the discharge planning intervention. Only few variables significantly moderated effects. Effect moderators pertained to quality of delivery and intervention dose.

Study results could help to tailor interventions to local conditions and guide future implementation of discharge planning in routine care. Further research should focus on scrutinising study process, ensuring ecological suitability of interventions and on head-to-head comparison studies.

Issues of organisational structure and commitment, resource development, and clarity of roles and responsibilities must be addressed before proceeding with any attempt to implement evidence based interventions in a specific service.

Evidence suggests that the management of most mental disorders and especially of psychoses is frequently suboptimal. This trend might reflect instances of inadequate resource allocation, but might also reflect the effects of stigma, discrimination, and social exclusion that people with psychosis often experience. It might also indicate poor management of available resources or deficiencies in knowledge or practice.

Multi-element psychosocial interventions in the first 5 years from psychosis onset have proved to facilitating recovery and reducing long-term disability. However, most studies often do not test efficacy against a control group and have been conducted in non-epidemiologically representative samples. The presentation will be focussed on process of assessment of acceptability and discrepancies between evidence and clinical practice in the treatment of schizophrenia in community care.

Trials - such as the GET UP Trial (National Coordinator: Mirella Ruggeri) that is part of the Strategic Research Programs of the Italian Government - that are being conducted in the routine practice and that aim to test the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of evidence-based psychosocial interventions will be presented and discussed.

Verify the barriers to application and situations when evidence-based interventions practice might be ineffective or inappropriate, understanding their advantages and limitations is a crucial challenge in the area of early psychosis treatment.

Most studies investigating the problems and needs of schizophrenia patients’ carers include only one care-giving relative - mostly the patients’ mothers.

The compare needs of mothers and fathers of patients with schizophrenia.

101 sets of parents of patients suffering from schizophrenia were included in this study. They were assessed by means of the “Carers’ Needs Assessment for Schizophrenia”.

Compared to fathers, mothers reported significantly more often problems concerning stress due to earlier life events and burn-out. Mothers required some interventions such as individual psychoeducation or family counselling more than twice as often than fathers. Overall, mothers reported more problems and needs than fathers. The number of mothers’ problems was predicted by not living with a partner and a shorter duration of the patients’ illness (DUPI). The number of mothers’ needs was predicted by patients’ psychiatric symptoms, not living with a partner and a shorter DUPI. Among fathers we could not identify any predictors, neither for problems nor for needs.

Parents of schizophrenic patients have various problems handling their child's illness and therefore need professional support. Overall, mothers reported more problems and needs for interventions than fathers. The differences between mothers’ and fathers’ problems and needs indicate the importance of considering the carer's gender in clinical work.

Does the prenatal environment contribute to subsequent mental health in childhood? --A question that has been around since antiquity, but still remains difficult to answer. Compelling evidence from epidemiological studies and animal experiments support the concept of developmental origins of health and disease whereby risk is conferred via early environmental influences rather than genetic transmission. However, it is difficult to disentangle the effect of confounding factors.

To critically explore biologically plausible mechanisms and potential postnatal moderators in child mental health using evidence from epidemiological studies. Examples are drawn from work on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms.

Data come from prospective pregnancy cohorts primarily gathered in Sweden as well as in other Northern European countries. The research is based on longitudinal design and emphasizes the critical role that development plays in the manifestation of behavior problems.

Longitudinal modeling reveals that both prenatal and postnatal environmental factors have an impact on child mental health problems.

Exposure to adverse environmental factors related to maternal lifestyle during prenatal development have a lasting impact on child development. Therefore, the time of pregnancy offers a critical window of opportunity for prevention.

Self-harming and suicidal behaviour are both well-recognized problems during adolescence. While prevalence rates are very high and still rising in most western countries, there is an extensive need for understanding childhood developmental aspects, personality factors and psychological correlates of self-harm and suicidality. Additionally, specific and effective prevention should be established regarding self-harming and suicidal behaviour as one of the largest concerns of public health during this period of life.

To investigate the prevalence and the associated psychological and social factors of self-harming behaviour in adolescents. To evaluate a school-based intervention aimed at reducing self-harming behaviour in adolescents.

In the years 2005 and 2010 we performed one population-based, cross-sectional study including a sample of 5,759 ninth-grade students and one randomized-controlled, school-based prevention study within the large EU-consortium (SEYLE) comprising a sample-size of 1,387 students on self-harming and suicidal behaviour in Heidelberg.

The data suggest that there is a strong link between social factors and occasional self-injurious behavior and, especially in repetitive self-injurious behaviour, that there is a strong association between self-injurious behaviour and suicidal behaviour as well as self-injurious behaviour and emotional and behavioural problems. Preliminary results of the randomized-controlled prevention study could reveal a decrease of self-harming behaviour in adolescents in the short-term as well as long-term-follow-up.

The results support a need to investigate the possible neurobiological underpinnings as well as social factors of self-harming behaviour within a longitudinal model.

Despite major research advances in pediatric psychopharmacology and psychotherapy over the last 20 years, the lack of well-trained specialists has posed almost insurmountable barriers to many children and families from receiving high-quality, evidence-based assessment and treatments. The REACH Institute, an international non-profit organization dedicated to disseminating evidence-based treatments, has developed portable, effective methods to train primary care and specialty health providers in pediatric psychopharmacology and psychotherapies.

To develop effective, scientifically-proven methods for teaching and disseminating evidence-based treatments.

To develop, disseminate, and evaluate high quality approaches for teaching primary care and specialty mental health practitioners in pediatric psychopharmacology.

Using novel approaches grounded in scientific behavioral change technologies, over 700 health care providers have been trained in evidence-based pediatric psychopharmacology in sites across multiple countries, including the US, Canada, and Norway. All trainings are rigorously evaluated for changes in health care practitioners' behaviors and clinical practices, including within an NIH-funded randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Trainings have been very well-received across multiple countries, requiring only minor adaptations. These trainings have been effective in yielding changes in health care practitioners abilities and actual clinical practices, enabling more children to access appropriate pediatric psychopharmacology.

Effective and disseminable methods for changing health care practitioners behaviors in applying pediatric psychopharmacology treatments are possible, and can be adapted to different countries, languages, and cultural contexts.

The Bipolar Spectrum is usually presented as a Clinical Spectrum. We attempt to demonstrate that there is a neurobiological basis to this spectrum.

We carried out a review of the literature.

There is evidence, at a neuroimaging level, at a genetic level, and also at an intracellular level for a biological basis to the bipolar spectrum.

What arises from this review is that the bipolar spectrum may be wider than previously thought. It is of interest that similar neuroimaging findings may be found in PTSD, Unipolar Depression, Bipolar Illness, and Borderline Personality Disorder.

The key biological issue regarding the bipolar spectrum is the mechanism by which unipolar depression evolves over time into bipolar illness. At present we can only speculate about this mechanism, but its elucidation will clarify how these illnesses are related in the bipolar spectrum.