Scientific studies revealed that combined psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological treatment may be more effective than psychotherapy or psychopharmacology separately. in clinical practice there is lack of integrity in psychological and medico-biological view. the artificial division of psychiatrists into psychopharmacologists and psychotherapists may be interpreted as the expression of competitive infant emotions that were not experienced through and were deferred.

During the course of psychotherapy the prescription of psychotropic drugs is based on the three main principals:

1. 1. combined therapy is more effective than psychotherapy alone;

2. 2. psychotherapists, who have no skills and knowledge in psychopharmacology, must be in contact with psychiatrists;

3. 3. psychotherapist must understand the subjective meaning of prescription of psychotropic drugs for his patient.

From the psychodynamic viewpoint, therapy is regulated based on a complex feeling shared and experienced by the patient and psychiatrist during the therapeutic process as well as an in-depth comprehension of psychological phenomena:

1. 1. the psychiatrist, who prescribed the medications, can become the object for intensive transference feelings;

2. 2. on the other hand the prescription of psychotropic drugs may be determined by powerful and not realized completely emotions (i.e. anger, anxiety, hopelessness, traumatic narcistic injury) of psychiatrist;

3. 3. the patient's resistance to the treatment, refuse to collaborate, denial of disease is intensive phenomenon in psychotherapy as well as in psychopharmacology and disturbs creation of safe therapeutic alliance.

Biochemical, behavioral, and electrophysiologic studies indicate that activation of the noradrenergic cells in the Locus coeruleus (LC) play an important role in the symptoms of opiate withdrawal. There for in this study the effects of LC inactivation on self-administration of Morphine and on morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats has been investigated.

Male rats (250-300gr) were anaesthetized and implanted with silastic catheters inserted in to the right jugular vein. after 5 days animals were fitted and the external end of the catheter was connected with a syringe-driven pump, then were placed in the self-administration apparatus that had two lever (active, passive) for 2 h every day. Active lever switched on the infusion pump for 10 sec, injecting. 1ml of saline or saline containing 5 mg/ml of morphine (training period was 10days). LC was inactivated by (1ul) lidocaein (%2) five min befor training.

Animals were allowed to self administer morphine (1mg/kg per inf.) ten consecutive daily 2-h session. During all morphine self administration session lever pressing behavior was measured. Our results show that LC inactivation 5min before morphine self administration produced a significant decrease in the initiation of morphine self administration during all session. after the last test session morphine withdrawal symptom signs (MWS) precipitated by naloxone were measured. Our results show that most of MWS (but not all) were decreased by LC inactivation in comparison with morphine group.

This paper summarizes the results of Integral Self Therapy in the treatment of a group of 30 patients with mild anxiety and depression, and explains the steps involved in this novel psychotherapeutic method.

Integral Self Therapy (IST) is best defined as a transpersonal, nondual, psychotherapeutic method.

It is a form of transpersonal psychotherapy since practitioners of IST incorporate a spiritual understanding of the nature of the self into the therapeutic practice. IST has its theoretical foundations in the eastern paradigm of self-concept.

“Non-Dual” refers to the eastern concept of the lack of an inherent difference between the observer and observed - a personal identity is considered to be a part of a larger whole. While this has traditionally been seen as a metaphysical concept, it has powerful therapeutic implications.

For example, a person with depression and anxiety might feel a great deal of relief if they are able to experience what Maslow called “peak experiences”.

Integral Self Therapy uses meditation, and gentle confrontation to create transcendent experiences.

These experiences are then placed into context by the therapist, comparing these experiences with the patient's own sense of depression and anxiety.

In this manner, patients are moved towards a more expansive self-concept. This has a significant therapeutic benefit, with a concomitant decrease in symptoms of depression and anxiety, with results seen in 6 to 8 sessions.

Although most parent training programs produce positive effects, about one third of the children still show conduct problems at clinical levels after treatment.

In the present study, predictors and mediators of treatment non-response among children aged 4-8 years were investigated one-year after treatment with the Incredible Years parent training program (PT), or combined parent training and child treatment (PT+CT) in a randomized controlled trial. the study was conducted in two university cities in Norway.

KIDDIE-SADS, Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Parent Practices Interview (PPI), Parent Stress Index (PSI), Preschool Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ), Teacher Report Form (TRF), were used.

Before treatment all children fulfilled the criteria for an ODD diagnosis or a sub-threshold diagnosis. at the one-year follow-up 33 % of the treated children still showed such a diagnosis, and they were defined as treatment non-responders.

Both family and child variables predicted treatment non-response at the one-year follow-up, although being involved with the child protection services was found to be the strongest predictor in multivariate analysis. Pretreatment child characteristics predicting treatment non-response at the one-year follow-up were high levels of child internalizing and aggression problems as reported by mothers. Further, mothers of children still showing a ODD diagnosis at the one-year follow-up, reported less change in negative parenting practices as compared to mothers of treatment responders.

In this work I try to combine Goldberg's findings in “The Executive Brain” about the biological and changing Ego accoording to the Body Image.

Antonio Damasio's Subjectivity (“Descartes’ Error”) that does not need spoken languaje, and the so called Kandel Principles.

Kandel, in his Proyect of the Human Brain, on the long run structural changes of the plastic neurons (Psicones), that appear as a result of treatments with psychochemicals as well as in Psychodramatic Learning with psychodrama's characteristics, that is a method that utilizes the Body.

I would like to explain how Psychodrama can be an integrant Psychotherapy that will bring a Human meaning to advances in neurosciences.

This research identifies possible indicators of risk of aggressivity in a general hospital psychiatric ward going beyond the analysis of the episode in itself. We suggest that behaviour can be strongly conditioned by the milieu (which is organised in a similar way to other hospital wards) especially since we have found that violence is not correlated with diagnosis. We have used the Overt Aggressivity Scale and our own Ward Atmosphere Evaluation Scale (currently under validation) in order to identify those features which increase or reduce the risk of violent episodes. Factorial analysis and the study of risk probability have enabled us to create a 12 point scale (from red alert to yellow calm) of the probability/possibility of violent episodes. the scale allows psychiatric staff to assess the risk of aggressivity and consequently to modify the management and organisation of the ward if necessary (including emotional and psychological attitudes of the staff).

Acute episodes are treated in AMSA psychiatric services in a emergency service including a call center, domicilliary visits, a crisis unit, three short-term day hospitals and a short-term stay unit in a general hospital. an Intensive Brief Dynamic Group Therapy is offered in the units allowing for a decreased appearance of self and hetero aggression in patients both during the crisis and after one year as shown in a follow-up study.

Although well-studied in children, MPH is not approved for the treatment of ADHD in adults in Germany. We report the findings from the German subgroup of the European LAMDA trial.

Patients (18-65 years) with ADHD (DSM-IV) were treated in this 5-week double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, fixed dose trial with 18, 36, 72-mg/day OROS-MPH or placebo. Eligible patients continued into the subsequent 7-week open-label extension-phase starting with 18 mg/day OROS-MPH.

108 patients entered the double-blind phase, which was completed by 89.9%. the open-label phase was completed by 92.6%. Concerning CAARS:O-SV total scores (LOCF), mean changes from baseline to double-blind endpoint in were -9.6±10.6 (18-mg), -13.3±10.3 (36-mg) and -12.7±10.7 (72-mg) vs. -8.2±8.4 (placebo group). Mean changes from start of open-label phase to endpoint were -17.5 in patients who received OROS-MPH and -16.5, who received placebo in double-blind phase. Mean Q-LES-Q-SF scores (health-related QoL) improved from baseline in all treatment groups in the double-blind phase, and continued to improve in the open-label phase. AE occurred in 77.4% (18-mg), 85.7% (36-mg), 77.4% (72-mg) and 65.5% (placebo group). Most common AE were decreased appetite, headache, nasopharyngitits and weight decreased. No statistically significant changes in mean blood pressure were observed in the double-blind or open-label phases. Mean pulse increased by 7.0 bpm (72-mg group) at week 5 (p=0.025) and by 7.9 bpm in all patients at week 12 (p< 0.001).

This analysis of the German subpopulation is in line with results of the full study, showing that OROS-MPH is effective and well tolerated in adults with ADHD.

Michelangelo said "I saw angel in the marble and carved until I set him free.", as he didn’t see himself creating something new, but unwrapping beauty that was already there. Art and psychotherapy have many things in common - both are based on relationships and sincerity, communicate through interpretation, creativity and imagination. Experience of art - as mode of learning about reality and one's inner world - can be incorporated into psychotherapy. Our Day hospital program includes psychodynamic analytic oriented group psychotherapy, psychoeducation, sociotherapy and art workshop. the latter implies patients’ artistic creation and visits to museums. It stimulates patients’ relationships with art and brings back a need for esthetic experience which can have protective and reparative role. Here we present several clinical vignettes, thus showing specific relations between psychotherapy and patients’ experience of art; and give an overview of psychiatric patients’ works stored in artistic collections (from Prizhorn until now), as well as art brut, and new psychotherapeutical technique - art therapy. Taking into account analytic and iconographic interpretations, we discuss their similarities and ask - what does a patient achieve by interpreting unconscious contents and what does interpretation of art mean to a recipient? Art and psychotherapy undoubtedly have an impact on us - they cause not only a direct physical reaction, but a sense of pursuit of meaning and contemplation leading to cognition. Every work of art leaves empty space for recipient to fill in. We believe this encourages an integrative process which is also aim of psychotherapy.

The addiction's problems are more and more frequent at the psychaitric's consultation. Alcoholism and drug-addiction are the two types of addictions most frequently found.

The bases of addiction's therapy are the weaning of the product, and the consolidation of weaning or the avoidance of the relapses.

the results remain however very heterogeneous and sometimes disappointing. the usual therapies seem little adapted to the dynamics of addictive pathology, and the rechuttes are increasingly frequent, in the same way the risk of replacement of a symptom by another is not excluded.

Can hypnosis help certain people to release their addictions? Hypnosis allows the subject the reinvestment its senses, as well as a modification of its relationship with the outside world. the patient can thus, to fall under a dynamics of change permattant to him to start a process of opening and exceeded the stage or it was solidified and locked up with the toxic product.

Few work were carried out in the field of the assumption of responsibility patients suffering from drug-addiction and addictions under hypnosis.

The objectives of this work is to study, through the illustration of two clinical cases of our daily practice, the place of hypnosis to help patients suffering from addcitives pathologies.

The objective of this study consisted in developing a theory about the psychotherapeutic process in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and to verify the relevance of the common and specific factors. the participants were three psychoanalytical psychotherapists. Semi-structured interviews and 15 session's notes given by one of the therapists (one psychotherapeutic process of a 24 year old psychotic patient) were used and analysed according to the Grounded Theory method. A process called constant modification was found in the core of psychoanalytic psychotherapy, through which changes occur in the psychic functioning and in the relational style of the patient. This process functions at an intrapsychic and extrapsychic level. A model based on the concept of Enzymatic Catalysis was developed, in order to integrate and relate common factors (therapeutic bond), specific factors (therapeutic interventions), patient characteristics, therapist characteristics, external factors and therapeutic results to the central process. It was concluded that both common and specific factors contribute to the therapeutic process in a mutual dynamic.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most often non-progressive encephalopaties. among clinical symptoms the mobility and posture disturbances are predominantly observed, most typically neurologic and motor disturbances, showing up as spasticity, disturbances in muscle tension, ataxia or somatosensoric problems. CP and its coexisting symptoms, encompassing mental impairment are most severe causes of handicap in children and constitute an important factor deteriorating the fulfilment of developmental tasks. the improvement of the functional status depends on systematic training based on learning processes. Following training, as effect of learning, stable plastic alterations in brain occurs, based on the previously described feature of making new synaptic connections and synaptic stabilization due to apoptosis of some other neural connections. Neverless pharmacotherapy, though it cannot remove the source of the disturbances and acts mainly symptomatically, is a important element of the complex rehabilitation. However, taking into consideration the chronic and stable character of the pathologic process, it should be remembered that the pharmacologic substances used should be characterized by:

• • high safety,

• • low toxicity,

• • beneficial psychotropic properties,organoleptic properties accepted by children.

The most frequently used drug groups in the cerebral palsy are:

• • tranquilizers,

• • anxiolytic drugs,

• • neuroleptics,

• • antidepressive drugs,

• • psychoenergetizing drugs, improving the brain circulation, limiting muscular tonus, - anti-epileptic drugs.

Rational use of relatively wide spectrum of drugs, relaxant, sedative, anxiolytic, toning up, improving cerebral perfusion, anticonvulsory and reducing muscle tonus makes diagnostics, functional psychotherapy, kinesis therapy, ergotherapy, manual therapy, physical therapy, as well as social and occupational rehabilitation easier to a very high extent.