Optimism can lead to happiness, academic achievement, health, and internal locus of control (Linly & Joseph, 2004, Seligman, 2003, Tailor & Brown, 1998).

This is an interventional study with pretest–posttest control group design. The main purpose of this research is the investigation effectiveness of enhancing of optimism skills on the locus of control in high school students. The main hypothesis of the study was: Enhancing the optimism skills increases the internal locus of control in high school students.

The sample of this study was 40 students randomly selected from high schools of Gorgan city of Iran. Before intervention, two groups completed the pretests of Rutter`s locus of control, Rosenberg`s self–esteem and Oxford happiness questionnaires. Subjects were divided into groups of external and internal locus of control. Externals participated in the training program of optimism skills for 8 sessions. After the intervention, both groups were tested by the same questionnaires again.

Using T-test indicated that the difference between two groups is significant (p<0/007). Results showed that the training program of optimism skills is effective in changing external locus of control into internal. Totally, the result of this study, confirmed the utility and effectiveness of training optimism skills in internalization locus of control in high school students.

Self-esteem and self-concept seem to be very important in the development of drug use and abuse. Thus the major objectives of this study were to explore these two psychological variables in the group of drug-addicted adults (currently involved in treatment) and the group of students. Gender, duration of treatment, employment etc. influences were investigated in the group of patients. We also compared this group to the group of faculty students. We used the statistical methods included in the statistical package for social sciences. We found some statistically significant differences between the groups on both measures (self-esteem and self-concept), some indication of positive contribution of longer treatment in the group of drug-addicted adults and some gender differences in this group also. These results can be used in the drug-addiction treatment and open several questions for further research.

The prevalence of mental frustration in different age groups of the population, including in children's age defines a urgency of development of complex measures of rehabilitation of the patients directed on lengthening of the remission period. Under supervision there were 85 children of school age receiving medical treatment in conditions of dispensary in connection with mental and behavioristic frustration. Among them 55 patients in a general complex of treatment under the indications nominated the physical factors (electrodream, electrophoresis with medicinal preparations, franklinisation), medical physical training, massage of heck-and-shoulder zone and a hairy part of a head.

In comparison with group of the patients receiving only medical therapy, the effect of complex treatment with use of the physical factors was shown on 37% of cases more often. It had an effect in improvement of general state of health, reduction of a degree of shown uneasiness, high level of frustration and aggression, reduction of phobias, adequacy of behavioristic of reactions, concentration of attention. The reduction of deficientive, negative symptoms promoted decrease of displays of specific defects of the person at children, lengthening of the period remission.

Taking into account the discussionability of a problem of rehabilitation of the patients in conditions of dispensary, the efficiency of application of the physical factors is necessary to note.

Negative attitudes towards person with mental illness can be marked as stigma. These attitudes are commonly negative, rejected and fearful.

Psychiatric intervention in the Community has been one of the most relevant activities developed by our Department.

It seems, in fact, of major interest this approach that leads to an earlier evaluation, and therefore, diagnosis and therapeutic procedures.

The authors collected data from clinical records of patients, followed in Águas Santas Health Centre (Primary Health Care Centre), which were referred to Psychiatric consultation from 1 January to 31 December 2006. This data was used in order to fulfil an investigation protocol, concerning: socio-demographic features, psychiatric diagnoses, therapeutic interventions, past psychiatric history and final orientation, either to the general practitioner or to a specialized psychiatric ambulatory clinic, in St Jonh's hospital. Preliminary results show that most of the patients were medicated before psychiatric consultation, time to answer the request was at least 30 days, the main diagnosis were Depressive Disorders and Personality Disorders and the majority of the patients still be followed by their General Practitioner in the Health Centre outpatient clinic.

The main propose of this investigation is to evaluate the importance and efficacy of this kind of psychiatric intervention and conclude about ways of improving these same items.

Patients with Gender identity disorder (GID) - not numerous groups of patients, however which require the well-timed, highly skilled help of experts. In Russia the statistics is not conducted. Carried out clinical researches in the given area have taped an insufficient level of the organization and financing of the medical and psychological help to patients with GID. Key questions here are: 1) programs of the medical and psychological help to patients with GID; 2) diagnostics of the conditions, shown disturbance GID; 3) aspects of treatment of patients with GID; 4) programs of the psychological help to relatives of patients with GID.

1. 1. For today GID-serious mental disease with a probable lethal outcome. Carried out clinical researches have taped 30% of patients with GID with presence in the anamnesis of attempts of a suicide either suicidal tendency that demanded an urgent active intervention of the doctor.

2. 2. The patients with symptoms of the-GID –non-uniform group of patients with various clinical forms from the transsexuals at schizophrenia.

3. 3. 95% surveyed with disturbance of sexual identification) believed in surgical methods of treatment. From them only at 39.6% from among all surveyed Transsexual-men and women, and they accepted surgical correction with accompanying hormone treatment.

4. 4. Programs for parentswhere them it is possible to train to analyze and correct behavior of children if it is a question of children's and teenage age, and also to give knowledge of a gender dysphoria and an opportunity of participation in a family psychotherapy.

The genetic consultation includes in family-oriented preventive medicine. Mental disorders of a separate member reflect pathological functioning of the whole family. Family sociogramm reveal position of the subject in system of interpersonal attitudes and character of communications in family.

20 patients with mental disorders (non-psychotic, schizophrenia, affective, drug abuse dependence) and 6 first degree relatives investigated.

Sociogramms of patients with non-psychotic mental disorders represent only close members of family - relatives of the first degree of relationship: children, sibs, parents and husbands; no names of family members; precise circles fill in all space of a circle, not crossed and contact, observed of the integrity of each circle; the circles differ on the size, with often average and allocation of significant persons; the circles are located in the certain order, individual for everyone patient and his family.

On sociogramms of patients with psihotic mental disorders number of members of family is expanded, relatives of the first degree of relationship, other relatives and persons are represented and named; circles are interrupted; big variety of sizes of circles and designations of members of family; not filled space of a circle practically; different kinds of connections and symbiotic communications: direct lines with different directions, with elements of a family tree, "nested doll".

Inclusion picture tests in genetic consultation enables to receive the important diagnostic information about communications between members of family, their status, roles and ways of communications. Their use allows to discuss possible ways of the decision of genetic problems of mental disorders.

The new Norwegian health legislation has increased the quality demands on nursing documentation. In collaboration with four psychiatric wards we have conducted an action research project. The staff at a psychiatric hospital has, together with us, explored their own way of producing written nursing documentation. In collaboration with them, we have analysed 20 patient journals which were made anonymous.

Discourse analysis was used as a tool to uncover un-reflected power relations. We read through the documents with a critical view. After an agreement with the staff, we showed them what we judged to be the weak points. We compared the findings with current professional quality standards. The actual language in the reports was analysed critically. The purpose was that the staff would become aware of unintentional consequences of their own parlance.

Action research is primarily aimed at developing knowledge for action. The researcher's role is to identify basic problems through critical consciousness-raising. The goal is to help people explore their own situation in order to be able to improve it.

We contributed by giving them a suitable analysis tool, which can be used for exploring own practice. The analysis tool became an aid in making the necessary qualitative improvements. This has made them change their practice. Practice has contributed to theory development, and the research results have been used for implementing concrete changes to this practice.

Today, the wards can exhibit documentation systems that to a large extent satisfy current professional and legal demands.

It has been suggested that dopamine as well as serotonin are associated with the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Using iodine-123 labelled N-(3-iodopropen-2-yl)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl) tropane ([123I]IPT) single-photon emission tomography (SPECT), we investigated the dopamine transporter (DAT) density of the basal ganglia in patients with OCD before and after treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI). Ten patients with OCD before and after treatment with SRI were included. We performed brain SPECT 2 hours after intravenous administration of [123I]IPT and carried out analyses of the obtained SPECT data, which were reconstructed for the assessment of the specific/non-specific DAT binding ratio in the basal ganglia. We then examined the correlation between the scores of OCD symptoms changes, assessed with Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), and DAT binding ratio.

Patients with OCD after treatment with SRI showed a significantly decreased DAT binding ratio in right basal ganglia compared with pre-treatment. The significant correlation was found between the rates of total scores and compulsion scores changes of the Y-BOCS and the changes of DAT binding ratio of the right basal ganglia. These findings suggest that the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system of the basal ganglia could play an important role in the symptoms improvement of OCD patients.

Adolescence is a period in growth followed by intensive happenings that in interaction with the enviroment lead to formingthe identity of an individual.

One's identity represents bath an experience,as moll as exspiriencing personal absolute sameness and the continuity of feelings, aims auf intentions in life.

This service, together with other electronic phenomena, devices and systems play an important part in forming personality and identity.

Growing by the computer, a switch to mobile phones as the'' objects of transition'' during the process of separation from home and parents all make both children and adults feel seemingly secure, disregarding the trap of entering the world of social autism.The security of non-detecting of emotional expression and seeming social harmony and dynamic give a quasi-reflection of growing and maturity.

The aim of research work:an examination of the influence of SMS on the young during the process of individualization in adolescence.

Within its sociotherapeutical programme St. John Psychiatric Hospital has been continuously since 1963 conducting the treatment and rehabilitation of psychiatric patients accommodated in heterogeneous families according to the Belgian model. Research conducted in the West as well as the experience gained at our hospital suggests that this sociotherapeutical method is very effective in the process of prolonged treatment, rehabilitation and resocialisation as well as the improvement of the quality of life of psychiatric patients. The ultimate objective of this investigation was to examine the quality of life of the groups of schizophrenic and depressive patients under observation, and the impact of a heterogeneous family, primary or secondary family and hospital ambient on the process of treatment and rehabilitation. The assumption is that in the process of prolonged treatment patients accommodated in heterogeneous families psychosocially function better and attain a higher quality of life than those who are under long-term outpatient treatment and live with the primary or secondary family or, alternatively, have been hospitalised. Applied was a comparative method of investigating groups of patients affected by schizophrenia and depression that were in the process of prolonged treatment accommodated in heterogeneous families, primary or secondary family, or those who were hospitalised. Individually assessed by way of appropriate questionnaires, completed by the very subjects, were the health-related quality of life and the subjective quality of life.