Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-qs9v7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T14:35:09.901Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Religious Conspiracy Theory of the American Revolution: Anglican Motive

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

William M. Hogue
Affiliation:
Mr. Hogue is headmaster of the Tome School, North East, Maryland

Extract

The historian of American religion seeking to establish the relevance of his specialty to the event of 1776 labors under something of a handicap, a disability epitomized in the cold silence about religion in those documents which have become the secular scriptures of the nation's political faith. Neither the official justification for the Revolution, the Declaration of Independence, nor the popular contemporaneous one, Paine's Common Sense, accords the remotest of influences to formal religion. If the Revolution had a religious dimension, evidence for it must be sought elsewhere. Both the exegete, hoping to throw new light upon old truth, and the skeptic, to whom a received dogma is a standing challenge, have perforce turned to the antiquarian's shelves, stuffed with the literary remains of a pamphleteering age.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1976

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Bailyn, Bernard, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 9596.Google Scholar

2. Ibid., p. 97.

3. Bridenbaugh, Carl, Mitre and Sceptre: Transatlantic Faiths, Ideas, Personalities and Politics 1689–1775 (London: Oxford University Press, 1962).Google Scholar

4. See the reviews, for example, by Kraus, Michael, American Historical Review 68, no. 2 01 1963): 412413,CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Schutz, John A., New England Quarterly 36, no. 1 (03 1963): 117119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. On the English government's indifference to church extension in the colonies, see Bridenbaugh, , Mitre and Sceptre, pp. 9297.Google Scholar Anglican historians from an early day noted the Church of England's thralldom to the government as inhibitory of its growth; for example, Wilberforce, Samuel, A History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America (London: James Burns, 1844), p. 157.Google Scholar Wilberforce spoke of the “irreligious bias of the administration” under Walpole. See Anderson, James S. M., The History of the Church of England in the Colonies and Foreign Dependencies of the British Empire (London: Rivington's, 1856), 3: 571,Google Scholar who observed the “indifference to the real character and duties of the Church, so unhappily manifested by some of the leading Statesmen of that day.” A modern critic states bluntly that American fears of government support for the church were imaginary; see Benton, William A., Whig-Loyalism: An Aspect of Political Ideology in the American Revolutionary Era (Rutherford, New Jersey: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1969), pp. 108, 118.Google Scholar

6. Perry, William Stevens, The History of the American Episcopal Church (Boston: James R. Osgood and Co., 1885), 1: 97100.Google Scholar

7. Toppan, Robert N. and Goodrich, A. T. S., Edward Randolph (Boston: The Prince Society, 18981909), 2: 68; 4:89, 106.Google Scholar

8. Keith, George, The Doctrine of the Holy Apostles and Prophets the Foundation of the Church of England (Boston, 1702), p. 12.Google Scholar

9. Mather, Increase, Some Remarks on a late Sermon, Preached at Boston in New-England [by Keith, George] (Boston, 1702), p. 33.Google Scholar

10. Keith, George, A Reply to Mr. Increase Mather's Printed Remarks on a Sermon Preached by G. K. (New York, 1703), p. 14.Google Scholar

11. Ibid., p. 34.

12. A Letter from some Aged Nonconforming Ministers, to their Christian Friends, Touching the Reasons of their Practice, 4th ed. (Boston, 1712), p. 35.Google Scholar

13. A Discourse had by the late Reverend and Learned Mr. Ebeneezer Pemberton, Previous to the Ordination of the Reverend Mr. Joseph Sewall at Boston, September 16, 1713. 47. Affirming and Proving the Validity of Presbyterial Ordination (Boston, 1718).Google Scholar

14. Slafter, Edmund F., John Checkley; or the Evolution of Religious Toleration in Massachusetts Bay (Boston: The Prince Sciety, 1897), 1:33.Google Scholar

15. Ibid., pp. 33–35.

16. Ibid., pp. 181–184.

17. Ibid., p. 56.

18. Ibid., p. 63.

19. Ibid., p. 242.

20. Sober Remarks on A Book lately Re-printed at Boston, Entituled, A Modest Proof of the Order and Government settled by Christ and his Apostles in the Church (Boston, 1724), pp. 2, 11, 7677.Google Scholar

21. An Essay Upon that Paradox, Infallibility may sometimes Mistake, Or, A Reply to A Discourse Concerning Episcopacy (Boston, 1724), pp. 12, 27, 3233.Google Scholar

22. Dickinson, Jonathan, A Defense of Presbyterian Ordination (Boston, 1724), pp. ii–iii, 4344.Google Scholar

23. Slafter, , John Checkley, 2: 7778.Google Scholar

24. Ibid., p. 114.

25. Dickinson, Moses, A Sermon Preached at the Ordination of the Reverend Mr. Elisha Kent (Boston, 1733), pp. 1516.Google Scholar

26. Parsons, Joseph, The Validity of Presbyterian Ordination (Boston, 1733), p. 19.Google Scholar

27. The Scripture-Bishop. Or, The Divine Right of Presbyterian Ordination & Government (Boston, 1732), pp. 36.Google Scholar

28. The Scripture Bishop, or, The Divine Right of Presbyterian Ordination and Government, Consider'd in a Dialogue (Boston, 1733). pp. 34, 11, 52.Google Scholar

29. Eleutherius Enervatus; or, An Answer to a Pamphlet, Intituled, The Divine Right of Presbyterian Ordination, etc. (New York, 1733), pp. 114115.Google Scholar

30. Eusebius Inermatus. Just Remarks on a late Book, Intitied “Eleutherius Enervatus” (Boston, 1733), pp. 15, 20, 21.Google Scholar

31. A Second Letter from a Minister of the Church of England, To His Dissenting Parishioners (Boston, 1734), pp. 8, 14.Google Scholar

32. The Scripture Bishop Vindicated (Boston, 1733), p. 90.Google Scholar

33. Eells, Nathanel, The Evangelical Bishop (New London, 1734), p. iii.Google Scholar

34. Some Remarks upon a Second Letter from the Church of England Minister, to his Dissenting Parishioners (Boston, 1736), p. 16.Google Scholar

35. Dickinson, Jonathan, The Vanity of Human Institutions in the Worship of God (New York, 1736), pp. ii–iii, 29.Google Scholar

36. Beach, John, An Appeal to the Unprejudiced (Boston, 1737), p. 92.Google Scholar

37. Dickinson, Jonathan, A Defence of a Sermon Preached at Newark. June 2. 1736. Intitled, the Vanity of human Institutions in the Worship of God (New York, 1737), p. 6.Google Scholar

38. Dickinson, Jonathan, The Reasonableness of Nonconformity to the Church of England, in Point of Worship (Boston, 1738), p. 58.Google Scholar

39. Hobart, Noah, Ministers of the Gospel considered as Fellow-Labourers (Boston, 1747), pp. 2326.Google Scholar

40. Wetmore, James, A Vindication of the Professors of the Church of England in Connecticut (Boston, 1747), pp. 56, 29, 34, 3739.Google Scholar

41. Hobart, Noah, A Serious Address. To the Members of the Episcopal Separation in New-England (Boston 1748), pp. 910, 4850, 61, 109110, 123, 125.Google Scholar

42. Beach, John, A Calm and Dispassionate Vindication of the Professors of the Church of England against the abusive Misrepresentations and falacious Argumentations of Mr. Noah Hobart (Boston, 1749), pp. 34, 2122.Google Scholar

43. Ibid., pp. 49, 53.

44. Ibid., pp. iv-vi.

45. Hobart, Noah, A Second Address, to the Members of the Episcopal Separation in New-England (Boston, 1751), p. 154.Google Scholar

46. Beach, John, A Continuation of the Calm and Dispassionate Vindication of the Professors of the Church of England (Boston, 1751), pp. 39 ff., 6768.Google Scholar

47. Bridenbaugh, , Mitre and Sceptre, p. 221.Google Scholar

48. Chauncy, Charles, The Validity of Presbyterian Ordination asserted and Maintained (Boston, 1762), pp. 67.Google Scholar

49. Apthorp, East, Considerations on the Institution and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Boston, 1763), pp. 1011, 14.Google Scholar

50. Mayhew, Jonathan, Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Boston, 1763), pp. 7, 73, 78, 107, 155.Google Scholar

51. An Answer to Dr. Mayhew's Observations (Boston, 1764), pp. 911, 1516, 19.Google Scholar

52. Mayhew, Jonathan, Remarks on an Anonymous Tract, entitled An Answer to Dr. Mayhew's Observations (Boston, 1764), pp. 3132, 35, 56 ff.Google Scholar

53. Ibid., pp. 42–43.

54. Mayhew, Jonathan, A Defence of the Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Boston, 1763), pp. 78.Google Scholar

55. Beach, John, A Friendly Expostulation, with all Persons concern'd in publishing a late Pamphlet, entitled, The real Advantages which Ministers and People may enjoy, especially in the Colonies, by conforming to the Church of England (New York, 1763), p. 33.Google Scholar

56. Welles, Noah, The Divine Right of Presbyterian Ordination asserted (New York, 1763), pp. ii–iii, 9, 78.Google Scholar

57. Learning, Jeremiah, A Defence of the Episcopal Government of the Church (New York, 1766), pp. 7, 46.Google Scholar

58. Welles, Noah, A Vindication of The Validity and Divine Right of Presbyterian Ordination (New Haven, 1767), pp. 11, 3031.Google Scholar

59. Chauncy, Charles, A Letter to a Friend, containing Remarks on certain Passages in a sermon Preached, by the Right Reverend Father in God, John Lord Bishop of Liondaff (Boston, 1767), pp. 7, 13, 31, 4647, 4849.Google Scholar

60. Ibid., p. 47.

61. Bridenbaugh, , Mitre and Sceptre, p. 310.Google Scholar

62. One of the ironies of the tale was that political separation from England made possible for Episcopalians their own bishops and an unparalleled growth in the northern states, a growth largely by adult conversions from the non-Episcopalian denominations. During the hundred years after the Revolution, a large number of communicants of the Episcopal Church, and a large proportion of its ministers, perhaps as many as a third of the latter, were converts. The colonial nonconformists' opposition to the Anglican doctrine of ordination, and to the presence of the bishops who would have made it effectual, would seem to have been the most prudent of self-defenses.