The study of the opposition to the Third Mexican Council of 1585 provides a fascinating picture, not only of the determined efforts to undo the work of the most important ecclesiastical meeting of colonial New Spain but also of the various hostilities and animosities, intrigues and rivalries, that were at work in New Spain toward the end of the sixteenth century In the Third Council, the bickering of secular and religious priests, the opposition of bishops to the exorbitant privileges of the religious orders, the encroachments of the civil authority into the domain of the ecclesiastical, and the determination of clerics to defend their privileges and jurisdiction, all converged on the questions of (1) should the Council be permitted to publish its decrees and (2), once published, could they be put into execution?

Venezuela underwent three great nineteenth-century revolutions. The first was the extended struggle for political independence from Spain (1810-1821), which transformed the colony into a sovereign state. The second was the Federal War (1859-1863), which, by stepping up sharply the trend toward social democracy, had a lasting effect on the conduct of Venezuelan politics. The third, and the least studied, was the 1899 Revolution of the Liberal Restoration, which integrated the Andes into the political mainstream of the nation.1

A. Wedin’s Works in General

The Swedish historian Åke Wedin has published three studies of problems in Inca history.1 In the last of these, El concepto de lo incáico y las fuentes, there is a chapter which the author entitled “La relación entre cuatro crónicas tempranas.”2 In it he compares chronicles by Damián de la Bandera,3 Cristóbal de Castro and Diego de Ortega Morejón,4 Hernando de Santillán5 and the so-called Señores.6 His examination has produced a number of conclusions about the chronology of the various sources and the extent to which they are dependent on each other. Some of these conclusions are quite convincing, others are doubtful. The object here is to examine them more closely.

San Antonio, Texas, was founded in 1718, and this year is celebrating its 250th anniversary. To commemorate the event, we would like to publish two documents concerning early San Antonio, one dating from 1716 and the other from 1740.