Use of Figures

The publications for which a licence to re-use the material had to be obtained from the publisher, or their agent, are as follows:

1. • Figure 1.6 reproduced from Gamow (1956, Fig. 1. p.1731) with permission (©Elsevier 1956).

2. • Figure 3.2 reproduced from Bortolot et al. (1969, Fig. 1 p.308) with permission, ©1969 American Physical Society.

3. • Figure 3.7 (right) reproduced from Sunyaev and Zel'dovich (1970a, Fig. 1b p.9) with permission from the publishers via CCC 37001813366238.

4. • Figure 3.11 (left) reproduced from Gawiser and Silk (2000, Fig. 4 p.17) with permission from the publishers via CCC 3700450644616.

5. • Figure 4.3 adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Massey et al. (2007, Nature) ©2007. CCC licence 3730161227530, article æ6.

6. • Figure 27.3 reproduced from Sherwin et al. (2011, Figure 3) with permission from the publishers via CCC 3721150136987. ©2011 by the American Physical Society.

In all cases the full title of the article and other bibliographic data are available from the corresponding entry in the References section. ‘CCC’ refers to permissions gained through the Copyright Clearance Centre and the number following is the granted licence number. These cover situations where the authors’ permission was required but was not available.

NASA copyright policy states that ‘NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted’. Thus Figure 3.1 is in the public domain.

Unless otherwise noted, images and video on Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) public web sites (public sites ending with a ligo.caltech.edu or ligo.mit.edu address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. See Figure 4.6.

Figure 3.10: The Particle Data Group publishes annual Reports on Particle Physics (RPP which are published in the journal Chinese Physics, C. Since 2014, the figures from RPP are in the public domain (Olive and Particle Data Group, 2014) and author permission is automatically granted. This concerns Figure 27.1 of Scott and Smoot (2014).