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  1. Home
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  3. The Challenge of Safeguards in the WTO
  • Cited by 9
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
September 2014
Print publication year:
2014
Online ISBN:
9781107785427
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107785427
Subjects:
International Economics, Law, International Trade Law, Arbitration, Dispute Resolution and Mediation
Series:
Cambridge International Trade and Economic Law (14)
Information

Book description

The Challenge of Safeguards in the WTO provides a comprehensive overview of the safeguard mechanism in the multilateral trading system. It explains at length its historical and conceptual foundations and elaborates on the various requirements for the imposition of safeguards and the conduct of safeguard investigations. The author draws on his practical experience in order to analyse WTO case law as developed by WTO panels and the Appellate Body and to provide practical suggestions for the resolution of various complex issues which have arisen in practice. He also considers the challenges faced by companies involved in this type of case.

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Contents

Contents
References

Bibliography

Books and articles

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Piérola, F. 2006. ‘Practical Considerations for Trade Remedies Disputes at the National and World Trade Organization Levels, Part 1: How to Request a Trade Remedies Investigation’, Global Trade and Customs Journal 2(2): 99–104.
Piérola, F. 2008. ‘A Safeguards Regime for Services’, in M. Panizzonet al. (eds.), GATS and the Regulation of International Trade in Services. Cambridge University Press, pp. 434–65.
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Raith, R. 2005. ‘Suspension of Concessions and Retaliation under the Agreement on Safeguards: The Recent US – Steel Safeguards Case’, in R. Yerxa and B. Wilson (eds.), Key Issues in WTO Dispute Settlement. Cambridge University Press, pp. 232–41.
Raychaudhuri, T. 2010. ‘The Unforeseen Developments Clause in Safeguards under the WTO: Confusions in Compliance’, The Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy 11(1): 302–20, available at: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/90792/2/raychaudhuri11-1.pdf, last visited 16 April 2014.
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GATT documents

GATT/CP.5/22, Assured List of Tariff Concessions with Regard to Article XIX, Additional Item for the Agenda Proposed by the Delegation of Czechoslovakia, 7 November 1950.
GATT/CP.5/SR.14, Summary Record of the Fourteenth Meeting, Held at the Marine Spa Torquay, England, on Friday 10 December 1950, 13 December 1950.
GATT/CP.5/SR.22, Summary Record of the Twenty-Second Meeting, Held at the Marine Spa Torquay, England, on Thursday 14 December 1950, 18 December 1950.
GATT/CP.5/SR.23, Summary Record of the Twenty-Third Meeting, Held at the Marine Spa Torquay, England, on Thursday 15 December 1950, 19 December 1950.
L/14, Schedule XX – United States, Modification of Concessions on Item 740 – Dried Figs – under the Procedures of Article XIX, 29 July 1952.
L/40, Increase in the United States Duty on Dried Figs, Note by the Greek Delegation, 4 October 1952.
L/44, Increase in the United States Duty on Dried Figs, Note by the Turkish Delegation, 9 October 1952.
SR. 7/7, Summary Record of the Seventh Meeting, Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, on Tuesday 14 October 1952 at 3pm, 18 October 1952.
G/39, Decisions, Resolutions, Determinations and Recommendations of the Contracting Parties, Between the Sixth and Seventh Sessions and at the Seventh Session in October–November 1952, 23 December 1952.
L/76, Ad Hoc Committee on Agenda and Intersessional Business Report on the Accession of Japan, Adopted at a Meeting of the Committee in Geneva, on 13 February 1953, 13 February 1953.
W.9/193, Review Working Party II on Tariffs, Schedules and Customs Administration, ARTICLES I, II, III, XIX and XXIV, Statement of Recommendations Submitted by Sub-Group B to Working Party II, 11 February 1955.
L/758, United States Action under Article XIX, Duty on Spring Clothespins, Statement by the Danish and Swedish Delegations, 28 November 1957.
SR. 12/21, Summary Record of the Twenty-First Meeting, Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, on Tuesday 29 November 1957 at 2.30 pm, 11 December 1957.
IC.SR.38, Summary Record of the Meetings, Held at the Palais des Nations, at the Batement Electoral, Geneva, 14 April–2 May 1958, 19 May 1958.
SR.15/15, Contracting Parties, Fifth Session, Summary of the Fifteenth Meeting, Held at the Sankei Kankan, Tokyo, on Tuesday 17 November 1959 at 2.30 pm, 20 November 1959.
L/1164, Restrictions and Other Measures Relating to the Problem of Market Disruption, 17 May 1960.
L/1374, CONTRACTING PARTIES, Seventh Session, Report of the Working Party on Avoidance of Market Disruption, 18 November 1960.
COM.TD/84, Committee on Trade and Development, Proceedings of the Twentieth Session, Prepared by the Secretariat, 10 March 1972.
C/M/125, Minutes of Meeting, Held in the Centre William Rappard, on 17 May 1978, 30 May 1978.
L/4671, Recourse to Article XXIII:2 by the United Kingdom on Behalf of Hong Kong, 1 June 1978.
L/4679, Modalities of Application of Article XIX, Note by the Secretariat, 5 July 1978.
L/4692, Article XIX – Action by Norway, Various Textile Items, 24 July 1978.
MTN/SG/45, Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Group ‘Safeguards’, Draft Integrated Text on Safeguards, 11 December 1978.
L/4815, Recourse to Article XXIII:2 by the United Kingdom on Behalf of Hong Kong, 13 July 1979.
L/5364, Switzerland – Emergency Action Regarding Dessert Grapes, 16 September 1982.
L/5371, Recourse by the European Communities under Article XXIII, 8 October 1982.
L/5424, Ministerial Declaration of 29 November 1982.
GATT/1396, Ministerial Declaration on the Uruguay Round of 25 September 1986.
MTN.GNG/4, Multilateral Trade Negotiations, The Uruguay Round, Group of Negotiations on Goods, Fourth Meeting, 5, 9 and 11 December 1986, 30 January 1987.
MTN.GNG/5, Multilateral Trade Negotiations, The Uruguay Round, Group of Negotiations on Goods, Fifth Meeting, Record of Decisions Taken, 9 February 1987.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/1, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Work Already Undertaken in the GATT on Safeguards, Note by the Secretariat, 7 April 1987.
MTN.GNG/NG1/1, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Meeting of 10 March 1987, Note by the Secretariat, 8 April 1987.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/3, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Elements for a Comprehensive Understanding of Safeguards, Communication from Brazil, 25 May 1987.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/4, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Elements of an Agreement on Safeguards, Communication from Australia, Hong Kong, Korea, New Zealand and Singapore, 25 May 1987.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/6, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, ‘Grey-Area’ Measures, Background Note by the Secretariat, 16 September 1987.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/7, Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Drafting History of Article XIX and its Place in GATT, Background Note by the Secretariat, 16 September 1987.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/8, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Communication from Australia, Hong Kong, Korea, New Zealand and Singapore, 5 October 1987.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/9, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Communication from Egypt, 5 October 1987.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/10, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Safeguards, Communication from Switzerland, 5 October 1987.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/11, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Proposals on Safeguards, Communication from Japan, 13 October 1987.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/12, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, US Thoughts on Safeguards, Communication from the United States, 9 December 1987.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/13, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, United States Procedures for Determining Injury in Article XIX Cases, Communication from the United States, 3 March 1988.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/14, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Communication from China, 21 March 1988.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/15, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Communication from India, 21 March 1988.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/16, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Communication by the Nordic Countries, 30 May 1988.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/17, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Communication by Argentina, 10 June 1988.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/18, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Communication by Mexico, 10 June 1988.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/19, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Communication from Yugoslavia, 14 June 1988.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/20, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Submission by Switzerland, 14 July 1988.
MTN.GNG/NG9/8, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Meeting on 26 and 28 September 1988, Note by the Secretariat, 8 November 1988.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/21, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Synopsis of the Proposals, Note by the Secretariat, 31 October 1988.
MTN.GNG/13, Group of Negotiations on Goods (GATT), Report to the Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting at Ministerial Level, Montreal, December 1988, 22 November 1988.
MTN.TNC/9, Trade Negotiations Committee, Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting at Level of High Officials, Geneva, 5–8 April 1989, 11 April 1989.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/25, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Safeguards, Draft Text by the Chairman, 27 June 1989.
MTN.GNG/NG9/11, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Meeting of 26, 27 and 29 June 1989, Note by the Secretariat, 24 July 1989.
MTN.GNG/NG9/12, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Meeting of 11, 12 and 14 September 1989, Note by the Secretariat, 24 October 1989.
MTN.GNG/NG9/13, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Meeting of 30 October, 1 and 2 November 1989, Note by the Secretariat, 12 December 1989.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/25/Rev.1, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Safeguards, Draft Text by the Chairman, 15 January 1990.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/28, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Communication from Mexico, 23 January 1990.
MTN.GNG/NG9/14, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Meeting of 29 and 31 January, 1 and 2 February 1990, Note by the Secretariat, 6 March 1990.
MTN.GNG/NG9/15, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Meeting of 12, 13 and 15 March 1990, Note by the Secretariat, 12 April 1990.
MTN.GNG/NG9/16, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Meeting of 24 and 26 April 1990, Note by the Secretariat, 10 May 1990.
MTN.GNG/NG9/9/17, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Meeting of 29 May 1990, Note by the Secretariat, 13 June 1990.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/25/Rev.2, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Chairman’s Report on Status of Work in the Negotiating Group, 13 July 1990.
MTN.GNG/NG9/18, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Meeting of 3 and 6 July 1990, Note by the Secretariat, 17 July 1990.
MTN.GNG/NG9/W/25/Rev.3, Negotiating Group on Safeguards, Draft Text of an Agreement, 31 October 1990.
MTN.TNC/W/89, Trade Negotiations Committee, Stocktaking of the Uruguay Round Negotiations by the Chairman of the Trade Negotiations Committee at Official Level, 7 November 1990.
MTN.TNC/W/35/Rev.1, Trade Negotiations Committee, Draft Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Revision, 3 December 1990.
MTN.GNG/RM/W/3, Negotiating Group on Rule Making and Trade-Related Investment Measures, Safeguards, Note by the Secretariat, 6 June 1991.
MTN.TNC/W/FA, Trade Negotiations Committee, Draft Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round Multilateral Trade Negotiations, 20 December 1991.
MTN/FA/Corr.3, Trade Negotiations Committee, Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Rectifications Proposed by the Secretariat, 21 February 1994.
MTN/FA/Corr.5, Trade Negotiations Committee, Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Rectifications Resulting from the Legal Drafting Process, 11 March 1994.
MTN/FA/Corr.7, Trade Negotiations Committee, Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Rectified Text Submitted for Consideration by Heads of Delegation, 21 March 1994.

WTO documents

Decision of 28 December 1979 on ‘Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries’, available at: www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/enabling1979_e.htm, last visited 3 January 2014.
WT/DS98/4, Korea – Definitive Safeguard Measure on Imports of Certain Dairy Products, Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the European Communities, 12 January 1998.
WT/DS121/3, Argentina – Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear, Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the European Communities, 11 June 1998.
G/LC/251, G/SG/N/12/EEC/1, Committee on Safeguards, Immediate Notification under Article 12.5 of the Agreement on Safeguards to the Council for Trade in Goods of Proposed Suspension of Concessions and Other Obligations Referred to in Paragraph 2 of Article 8 of the Agreement on Safeguards, Notification from the European Communities, 3 August 1998.
G/L/375, G/SG/N/12/EEC/4, G/SG/N/12/USA/2, Committee on Safeguards, Immediate Notification under Article 12.5 of the Agreement on Safeguards to the Council for Trade in Goods Concerning United States Action in Respect of Certain Steel Wire Rod, Joint Communication from the United States and the European Communities, 3 May 2000.
G/L/378, G/SG/N/12/ARG/2, G/SG/N/12/IDN/4, Committee on Safeguards, Immediate Notification under Article 12.5 of the Agreement on Safeguards to the Council for Trade in Goods Concerning Argentina’s Action in Respect of Imports of Footwear, Joint Communication from Argentina and Indonesia, 4 May 2000.
G/ADP/6, Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices, Recommendation Concerning the Periods of Data Collection for Anti-Dumping Investigations, 5 May 2000.
WT/DS223/1, G/L/436, G/SG/D14/1, Request for Consultations, EC – Tariff-Rate Quota on Corn Gluten Feed, Request from the United States, 21 January 2001.
G/L/453, G/SG/35, Committee on Safeguards, Notification under Article 12.5 of the Agreement on Safeguards on the Proposed Suspension of Concessions, Communication from Poland, 2 July 2001.
WT/L/432, Ministerial Conference, Accession of the People’s Republic of China, Decision of 10 November 2001, 23 November 2001.
G/L/738, G/SG/N/12/NOR/1, Committee on Safeguards, Notification under Article 12.5 of the Agreement on Safeguards to the Council for Trade in Goods of Proposed Suspension of Concessions and Other Obligations Referred to in Paragraph 2 of Article 8 of the Agreement on Safeguards, Communication from Norway, 7 April 2005.
G/SG/1/Rev. 1, G/SG/N/6/Rev. 1, G/SG/89, Committee on Safeguards, Format for Certain Notifications under the Agreement on Safeguards, Note from the Secretariat, 5 November 2009.

UN documents

E/PC/T/214.Add.2/REV.1, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Protocol of Provisional Application of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, no date.

E/PC/T/C.II/1, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Trade and Employment, First Meeting of the General Commercial Policy Committee (II), Held on 18 October 1946 at 3.45pm, 19 October 1946.
E/PC/T/C.II/PV/7, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Trade and Employment, Verbatim Report of the Seventh Meeting of Committee II, Held in The Hoare Memorial Hall, Church House, Westminster, S.W.1, on Friday 1 November 1946 at 3.0.p.m., 1 November 1946.
E/PC/T/C.II/PV/8, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Trade and Employment, Verbatim Report of the Eighth Meeting of Committee II, Held in The Hoare Memorial Hall, Church House, Westminster, S.W.1, on 7 November 1946 at 10.30am, 7 November 1946.
E/PC/T/C.II/PRO/PV/8, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Trade and Employment, Verbatim Report of the Eighth Meeting of the Procedures Sub-Committee of Committee II, Held in Church House, Westminster, S.W.1, on 8 November 1946 at 3pm, 8 November 1946.
E/PC/T/C.II/PRO/PV/9, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Trade and Employment, Verbatim Report of the Ninth Meeting of the Procedures Sub-Committee of Committee II, Held in Room 243, Church House, Westminster, on Saturday 9 November 1946 at 10.30am, 9 November 1946.
E/PC/T/C.II/PRO/PV/11, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Trade and Employment, Verbatim Report of the Eleventh Meeting of the Procedures Sub-Committee of Committee II, Held in Convocation Hall, Church House, Westminster, on 14 November 1946 at 10.30am, 14 November 1946.
E/PC/T/C.II/PRO/PV/14, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Trade and Employment, Verbatim Report of the Fourteenth Meeting of the Procedures Sub-Committee of Committee II, Held in Room 243, Church House, Westminster, on 18 November 1946 at 10.30am, 18 November 1946.
E/PC/QII/57/Add.1, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Committee II, Sub-Committee on Procedure, Addition to Report of Sub-Committees Procedures, 20 November 1946.
E/PC/T/C.II/57, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Committee II, Sub-Committee on Procedure, Addition to Report of Sub-Committees Procedures (French version), 20 November 1946.
E/PC/T/30, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Report of Committee II, General Commercial Policy (Restrictions, Regulations and Discriminations), 24 November 1946.
E/PC/T/33, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Report of the First Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, 27 November 1946.
E/PC/T/C.6/29, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Drafting Committee of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Summary Record of the Tenth Meeting, 31 January 1947.
E/PC/T/C.6/28/Rev.1, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Drafting Committee of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Text of Articles Tentatively Agreed at the Tenth Meeting as Revised at the Eleventh Meeting, 3 February 1947.
E/PC/C.6/T/W.58, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Drafting Committee of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Tentative and Non-Committal Draft Suggested by the Delegation of the United States, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 7 February 1947.
E/PC/C.6/T/W.85, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Drafting Committee of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Draft General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Introduction, 15 February 1947.
E/PC/T/34, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Report of the Drafting Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment (20 January to 25 February 1947), 5 March 1947.
E/PC/T/Del/19, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Chairman’s Committee (Heads of Delegation), Summary Record of the First Meeting, Held on 10 April 1947, at 11am, 12 April 1947.
E/PC/T.44, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Report of the International Chamber of Commerce, 14 April 1947.
E/PC/T/W/165, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Draft Charter, 4 June 1947.
E/PC/T/W/163, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Articles 34, 35 and 38, Amendments Proposed by the United Kingdom Delegation, 5 June 1947.
E/PC/T/W/167, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Article 34, Draft Charter, Proposals Submitted by the Belgo-Luxembourg Delegation, 5 June 1947.
E/PC/T/W/175, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Annotated Agenda Prepared by the Secretariat for Discussion of Articles 34, 35, 36 and 38, 6 June 1947.
E/PC/T/47, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Completion of Negotiations, Report by the Tariff Negotiations Working Party, 9 June 1947.
E/PC/T/A/SR/11, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, COMMISSION A, Summary Record of the Eleventh Meeting, Held on Wednesday 11 June 1947 at 2.30pm, in the Palais des Nations, Geneva, 11 June 1947.
E/PC/T/A/SR/12, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, COMMISSION A, Summary Record of the Twelfth Meeting, Held on Thursday 12 June 1947 at 2.45pm, in the Palais des Nations, Geneva, 12 June 1947.
E/PC/T/W/258/46, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, CHAPTER V, Articles 34, 35 and 38, Report by the Sub-Committee for Submission to Commission A on Monday 4 August 1947, 31 July 1947.
E/PC/T/155, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Report of the Legal Drafting Committee on Articles 34, 35 and 38, 7 August 1947; as Corrected in Corrigendum to the Report of the Legal Drafting Committee on Articles 34, 35 and 38, E/PC/T/155, 8 August 1947.
E/PC/T/268, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Amendment Submitted by the Delegation of Belgium–Luxembourg, 8 August 1947.
E/PC/T/A/PV/35, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Thirty-Fifth Meeting of Commission A Held on Monday 11 August 1947 at 10.30am, in the Palais des Nations, Geneva, 11 August 1947.
E/PC/T/W/180, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Report of the Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, 19 August 1947.
E/PC/T/212, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Report of the Legal Drafting Committee of the Tariff Agreement Committee, on Part II of the General Agreement, 22 September 1947.
E/CONF.2/C.3/61, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Third Committee: Commercial Policy, Articles 40, 41 and 43, 17 February 1948.
United Nations Economic and Social Council, United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Final Act and Related Documents, Lake Success, New York, April 1948.
United Nations, ‘Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties’, in United Nations, Treaty Series, Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations. New York: United Nations, 1987, vol. CXV, pp. 331–53.
United Nations, History of the Charter of the United Nations, available at www.un.org/en/aboutun/charter/history/declaration.shtml, last visited 19 May 2013.

US historical documents

Atlantic Charter of 14 August 1941, available at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp, last visited 19 May 2013.
Truman, H. S., Statement by the President Upon Issuing Order on the Administration of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Program, 25 February 1947, available at http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/viewpapers.php?pid=2207, last visited 1 December 2013.
US Department of State, Inter-Allied Council Statement on the Principles of the Atlantic Charter, 24 September 1941, in Department of State Bulletin of 27 September 1941. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1941, available at: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp, last visited 19 May 2013.
US Department of State, Proposals for Expansion of World Trade and Employment. Washington, DC: Department of State, 1945, publication 2411.
US Department of State, Suggested Charter for an International Trade Organization of the United Nations. Washington, DC: Department of State, 1946, publication 2508, commercial policy series 93.

Dictionaries

The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, vols. I and II.
Oxford Dictionaries, at http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/compete, last visited 3 March 2011.
Oxford Dictionaries, at http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/competitive, last visited 26 August 2011.
Oxford Dictionaries, at http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/liberalize, last visited 8 October 2011.
Oxford Dictionaries, at http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/like?rskey= Dn6MSS&result=1, last visited 26 August 2011.

Statistics

WTO Statistics on the Application of Safeguard Measures, available at www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/safeg_e/safeg_e.htm, last visited 26 November 2013
WTO Statistics on the Application of Anti-Dumping Measures, available at www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/adp_e/adp_e.htm, last visited 26 November 2013.
WTO Statistics on the Application of Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, available at www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/scm_e/scm_e.htm, last visited 26 November 2013.

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