The following reflections center round a current of thought and a way of action which an increasing number of our contemporaries recognise as the great conformity of our age, namely the cult of economic growth. Even thirty years ago this was a partial truth; today it seems to be the favorite anxiety of those political forces endeavoring to be modern regardless of the philosophies to which they refer. Focussed as it is on the acceleration of material progress, is this “productivist” anxiety not the unifying idea of a world in a state of fusion? A world that is becoming more and more indifferent because of its traditional divergences? And the pragmatism of this idea, when translated into equations, suits all those for whom man is equal to his technical strength and for whom progress corresponds to a quantum of accountable acquisitions…

The task I have set myself in the following pages is the examination of certain problems concerning time in music from a phenomenological standpoint. Husserl's treatment of time carries on from that of Hume and Kant in the sense that, like them, he sees that our awareness is not merely successive. There is something in the very structure of consciousness which enables us to go beyond the moment, to stretch the span of the “now.” Without this capacity there would for us be no such thing as unity, identity and continuity of perceptual objects. It was with our awareness of ordinary sensible objects that Hume's and Kant's epistemology was mostly concerned. Moreover their analysis continued the stress on visual awareness characteristic of the western tradition. Kant's step forward as far as his analysis of time was concerned was to see time as the formal structure of all our experience. All that we can ever experience is seen through the lens of time. Kant, however, was equally concerned to show how our temporal consciousness entered into the constitution of the real world. He encounters difficulties on this score in so far as temporality is built into the structure not only of our experiences which claim to be objective but also into that of our merely subjective awareness. The problem of “reality” does not arise for Husserl in that the phenomenological method itself explicitly excludes this consideration. He is at one with Kant, however, in treating temporality in terms of the structure of our consciousness and, like Kant, insists on the importance of retention in perception. He goes on to specify that temporality is in common the form for not only perception but for phantasy, imagination, memory and recollection as well.

For almost two hundred years the problem of localization of the brain processes has been provoking discussion in the fields of medicine, philosophy, and in general critical reflection that at times is expressed in acute polemic terms—phrenology, the disputes over aphasia between 1861 and 1865, the Bergsonian interpretation of P. Marie's works, and so on—and at times dies down and seems to disappear. In the past quarter of a century, this discussion has not lost any of its fascination, but it cannot possibly be tackled without at least a minimum of historical background. We therefore propose, first of all, to review the main elements highlighting the development of the problem, since its present state becomes meaningful only in relation to the recent past. Since we cannot permit ourselves to recapitulate all aspects of its history in the course of this article, we shall give examples in the four fields we feel to be the most pertinent: human and animal neuropsychology, neurophysiology and neurochemistry. Finally, we shall set forth our reflections on the heuristic meaning of these examples, and endeavor to draw conclusions, some of which may answer problems that have never been raised before.

A regularly interstratified chlorite/vermiculite occurs in red beds of the East Berlin Formation (Early Jurassic age) in the Connecticut Valley. The mineral is restricted to a 2.5-m wide zone of contact metamorphosed strata adjacent to and underlying the Hampden Basalt. Chemical and X-ray powder diffraction data indicate that the chlorite/vermiculite formed in response to lava-induced elevated temperatures and the availability of magnesium in the muds during and shortly after emplacement of the lava flow. Near the contact, hydrothermal fluids originating from the lava and from the synchronal weathering of basalt fragments by superheated pore waters provided a source of Mg. Further from the contact, magnesium was primarily derived from the thermal dissociation of dolomite. K2O concentrations and the distribution of clay minerals in the red mudstone suggest that the interstratified chlorite/vermiculite formed from preexisting illite or vermiculite as potassium was released and brucitic sheets were incorporated into interlayer positions.

Infrared spectra of two minerals; Urkut quartz (Hungary) and a Swedish feldspar, of different origin with different physical characteristics and crystallinity were studied. Samples were taken after appropriate grinding, and infrared spectra, X-ray powder diffraction and water vapor absorption measurements were made along with electronmicrographs. Quantitative conclusions were drawn from changes of particle size and the ratio of bands of the Si—O groups and also the degree of crystallinity and changes of the particle size, respectively.

All the languages of the world, I believe, have words to distinguish, among men, between intellectuals and manual workers: the former use their brains more than their hands; the latter use their hands more than their brains. Since the beginning of time, many men could easily be classified in one or the other of these groups (and certainly many others could fall into the intermediate zones between the two poles). For example, “ intellectuel “ and “manoeuvre“ are very old words in the French language, direct heirs of Latin words designating the brain and the hand.

The 0.2–5μ particle size fraction of montmorillonite from three sources was equilibrated with various solutions at room temperature. After 3–4 yr, kaolinite was found in some of the samples that were supersaturated with respect to kaolinite, but not in any of the undersaturated samples or in the original montmorillonite. X-ray diffraction analysis of the precipitated kaolinite showed no inter-layer expansion of glycerated, oriented samples. Random powder samples indicated a poor crystal-Unity. The thermal stability of the precipitated material was indistinguishable from that of crystalline kaolinite. The electron microscope did not reveal any distinctive sizes or shapes.

Equilibration behavior of several samples defined a single kaolinite solubility line at or above which kaolinite apparently begins to precipitate. The solubility line is equivalent to a standard free energy of formation (ΔG) of -904.2 kcal per mole of kaolinite. This represents highly crystalline kaolinite. The stability of kaolinite actually precipitated at room temperature probably depends upon precipitation conditions. Thus kaolinite stability could range from poorly crystalline up to the equivalent of the kaolinite solubility line at which initial precipitation begins.

About a hundred years ago a student of the University of Berlin would have been able to hear Boeckh lecturing on Enzyklopädie und Methodologie der philologischen Wissenschaften and Droysen lecturing on Enzyklopädie und Methodologie der Geschichte (Historik). He could also hear Ranke, whose Epochen der neueren Geschichte were delivered, not however in Berlin, in 1854·

The basic outlines of most of the hydrous layer silicate structures were determined during the 1930’s. Present escalating interest in obtaining additional detail is indicated by (a) publication of over twenty structural refinements (2-D or 3-D) during 1954-64, (b) publication of at least nine structures in 1965 or early 1966, and (c) personal communication that at least fifteen additional refinements are in progress. Points of especial interest in these recent studies follow.

1. 1. Octahedral cation order is common, but tetrahedral cation order is confirmed in only three cases. Because ordering of Si, Al does not significantly affect the statistical tests for centrosymmetry, centrosymmetric space groups that do not permit order should be avoided during refinement.

2. 2. Oversize tetrahedral sheets articulate with smaller octahedral sheets by tetrahedral rotation and, for dioctahedral species, by tetrahedral tilting around vacant octahedra. The latter mechanism influences the type and regularity of layer sequences. Undersize tetrahedral sheets articulate with larger octahedral sheets by tilting plus octahedral contraction or by inversion of some tetrahedra.

3. 3. The amount and direction of tetrahedral rotation and tilt, length of T—O, M—O, and O—O bonds, sheet thicknesses, and relation of cell dimensions to composition can now be predicted with some confidence.

4. 4. Variation in layer stacking (polytypism) is common. In some cases the stabilities of different polytypes can be explained by the relative amounts of repulsion and attraction between the ions in the structures. The stabilities can be correlated with the energy available in the environment of crystallization.

The relationship between social science and television has been an uncomfortable one. So “conspicuously vulgar,” so “manifestly tempting,” so “clearly a waste of time,” television's “evil effects” have been pondered by social scientists ever since the first antennas were raised on the rooftops of America and Western Europe.

Sheer quantity provides perhaps the leading cause for the concern. Much as uncontrolled births, “the problem of overpopulation,” serves as fulcrum for concern with “underdeveloped” countries and as epitome for the difficulties associated with raising levels of living, so uncontrolled television viewing, the problem of over-viewing, serves as fulcrum for concern with modern societies and as epitome for the difficulties associated with improving styles of life.

The change of the properties of chrysotile after ball milling in organic liquids (aromatics, alcohols, silicone oils) or water was studied by gas adsorption, electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, zeta potential measurements, and chemical analysis. Grinding in low viscosity organic solvents leads initially to a rapid defiberization of the asbestos bundles and to a fragmentation of the isolated fibrils. Finally, amorphization and agglomeration occur causing a drastic decrease of the specific surface area of the ground material. Grinding in water brings about a defiberization, but much more slowly than in organic solvents. Moreover, prolonged grinding in water does not significantly alter the structure of chrysotile. The efficiencies of the organic solvents, considered as grinding aids that induce fracture of the fibrils, are related to the environmental stress cracking of brittle solids (Rehbinder theory). Hence, the pertinent properties of the organic liquids are their viscosity and their cohesion energy (solubility parameter). Solvents chemisorbed on the surface of the ground chrysotile reduce the surface energy of the fracture surface and prevent aggregation. Water does not react according to Rehbinder's theory, but appears to form a protective layer around the fibrils. This hypothesis was verified by dry grinding defiberized asbestos (rapid amorphization) or by disturbing the stability of the water coating by coadsorbing alcohol on the solid surface. Alternatively, the resistance of the fibrils to fracture may be explained by Westwood's theory that grinding in water is equivalent to grinding in an alkali medium, wherein the surface charge of the chrysotile becomes negligible, and the mechanical stability of the fiber reaches a maximum.

How should we think about the ways search engines can go wrong? Following the publication of Safiya Noble's Algorithms of Oppression (Noble, 2018), a view has emerged that racist, sexist, and other problematic results should be thought of as indicative of algorithmic bias. In this paper, I offer an alternative angle on these results, building on Noble's suggestion that search engines are complicit in a racial contract (Mills, 1997). I argue that racist and sexist results should be thought of as part of the workings of the social system of white ignorance. Along the way, I will argue that we should think about search engines not as sources of testimony, but as information-classification systems, and make a preliminary case for the importance of the social epistemology of technology.