Although Europe deserves condemnation for the ethnocentric and racist notions and attitudes that flourished within it both before and during the era of imperialism, these were preceded, accompanied, and countered by a singular interest in and openness to other peoples and cultures. The marks of this openness were an exceptional interest in travel and writings about it, in learning non-European languages and translating and circulating texts written in them, in correcting their own forbears’ calumnies and defamations of others by exposing myths and legends for what they were, and by acknowledging the historical and cultural achievements of other peoples. The notion that Asian governments were despotic spread chiefly because those who adopted it feared the spread of autocracy in their own countries, and it drew forth harsh criticism. Images of other countries or regions, especially China and the Near East, became mirrors in which Europeans contemplated the limitations and narrow prejudices of their own way of life.

A 45-year-old man was referred by the internist because of a second episode of rhabdomyolysis. Motor milestones had been normal, and he had always been good at sports, although he was used to having stiff calves after skiing. At the age of 39 years he once experienced a sensation of ‘barbed wire’ in his upper legs, evolving in quite severe myalgia building up over days. This complaint dissolved in the course of three weeks. CK activity in this period increased to 23,094 U/L and normalized completely. There was no history of dark urine. In the absence of a metabolic cause or a history of the use of drugs, this was interpreted as having been caused by a viral infection. In the preceding months, he had been cycling fanatically daily, up to exhaustion. After this episode he had cut down on his sporting activities, but recently he had taken up mountain biking.

A 76-year-old man complained about progressive dull feelings and weakness of the distal lower limbs that gradually progressed over a couple of months to the proximal legs and the hands. In addition, there was minor myalgia in the proximal muscles. He had had a myocardial infarction with cardiac arrhythmia three years earlier. He was treated with amiodarone afterwards. He did not have visual complaints and was otherwise healthy. He did not drink alcohol or use other drugs. He had not been treated with cytostatic drugs.

The final chapter turns to developments in the last decade of colonial rule. It will examine how wartime changes gradually diluted the Cochin State’s authority over the port of Cochin rendering its separate existence increasingly untenable. The Cochin State would thus become one of the first princely states to accede to the independent Indian state after zealously guarding its sovereignty for decades. This chapter explains this turnaround and examines how the transition to post-colonial sovereignty affected the Cochin State’s relationship with the harbour. It then discusses the post-colonial Indian state’s policies towards the port of Cochin, which has continued to attract significant investment to this day. We will analyze the extent to which development projects around the harbour have continued to bolster state authority in independent India and how this has served to obscure the divisive history of port development at Cochin. The resulting erasure of the long history of coastal transformations and uncertain technological interventions around Cochin has not only facilitated more reckless development over the last few decades despite protests, but it has also recently begun to allow successive governments to downplay the role of these local.

In Chapter 4, the Iran–Iraq War (1980–88) serves as a case-study to test (and ultimately refute) a purely enforcement-based formalization of belligerent reprisals. In the field of chemical warfare, reciprocity and enforcement are shown to converge (rather than exclude each other) in the operationalization of belligerent reprisals. Reciprocity is seen as inspiring both the purposes associated with the measure (restoring the balance of rights and obligations and countering unlawful military advantage) and the specific traits that it would take (in-kind breach). In the "war of the cities", belligerents resorted to reprisals with purposes that cannot be encapsulated in the enforcement paradigm. These included the function of ensuring equality of opportunities (as a form of negative reciprocity) and that of strengthening, enacting and agreeing on new standards of conduct when the specific content of applicable rules was not clear or settled (as an aspect of positive reciprocity). As a result, belligerent reprisals appear as a highly flexible tool by which parties to an armed conflict bargain, approve or refuse, and police the concrete legal framework governing wartime interactions.

The growth of national sovereignty in the EU political process, due also to new enlargements, requires a multi-tier Europe with a federalist core.

A 73-year-old-woman noticed pain in her right lower leg and thigh and left foot. After a few weeks of physiotherapy, she gradually developed tingling in her feet and a ‘plastic’ sensation in the soles of her feet. A few weeks later, her feet became completely numb, and she noticed painful tingling in her hands and around her left knee. Because of the tingling in her hands, she could barely use a fork and knife. Walking became difficult due to the dull feelings in her legs. Several drugs against painful neuropathy did not help. For years she had smoked two packs of cigarettes a week. A total of 50 pack-years was estimated.

All social and behavioral sciences research is conducted within a cultural context. This chapter highlights the role of culture in research, focusing on important ethical and methodological considerations. It is important to explicitly define culture when conducting culturally focused research and to include researchers with significant knowledge of a cultural context as partners in identifying ethical concerns, designing research studies, and contextualizing research findings. We identify a number of ethical concerns that are foundational to the design of cultural research and yet are rarely included in research training, such as recognizing power differences, developing awareness of local sensitivities and vulnerabilities, identifying appropriate review boards to evaluate and oversee culturally focused research, and considering elements of consent when working with diverse populations. We discuss the importance of operationalizing culture, translating words, methods, or constructs across cultures, specific considerations associated with identifying and recruiting participants, and collecting and analyzing data. Although explicitly identified as cross-cultural concerns, we argue that considering these issues is important for all researchers working in human sciences.

This chapter describes the continued, still ongoing, trajectory of the Planetary Boundaries (PB) framework and how it has co-evolved with the “Anthropocene,” another concept with Stockholm roots. During the course of the second decade of the new century, ethical aspects were increasingly taken on board. Will Steffen, former Director of the Stockholm-based International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP), was the lead author of a second PB article in Science in 2015. Like the first Nature article in 2009, a sizable share of the co-authors had institutional involvement or other affiliation with Stockholm. This new iteration developed the ethical challenges of sharing the “safe operating space” inside boundaries among regions, nations, and societal groups. Steffen was also a member of the Anthropocene Working Group appointed by the Stratigraphic Committee to make the case for Anthropocene as a new geological era. The chapter articulates the significance of the overlap between the PB and Anthropocene processes and debates. These drew considerable interest from scholars in the social sciences and humanities, which helped make both issues concerns of epistemology and Weltanschauung.

We provide a practical overview of the most important steps of behavioral observation and coding, with a focus on how these processes are typically executed within social and personality psychology. The chapter has six main sections. We begin by explaining what is meant by behavioral observation and coding, and we outline the strengths and challenges of this method. We then describe two guiding principles that apply throughout observation and coding. Next, we highlight several aspects of observation and coding for researchers to consider, many of which vary along a continuum. We also discuss practical questions regarding coding, such as the number of coders needed. We describe the analysis of behavioral data – from establishing inter-rater agreement to running models with the coded behaviors as outcomes of interest. Lastly, we discuss concerns related to automated processing of videos and text and topics related to the open-science movement.

This chapter is concerned with different approaches to accounting for trend and seasonal components. We consider both deterministic and stochastic approaches and show the overlap and contrast between these approaches. Estimation and inference are treated.