The introduction provides an outline of the so-called acoustic turn of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, when emerging scientific constructions of sound and its movement through the material world rendered that world audible in new and exciting ways. It argues that the new acoustic culture of the nineteenth century raised questions as to what lay beyond the limits of the human ear or scientific instrument and pointed to the existence of an inaccessible, intangible space between sound and silence, whose boundaries could not be measured and were always inherently unstable. That space, beyond the limited powers of human sensitivity, was a rich source of scientific, literary, and broader cultural reflection throughout the period. I delineate the volume’s progression through a series of auditory thresholds, each of which was brought to prominent scientific or medical attention in the period while becoming the subject of literary response and experimentation.

Without doubt the validity of scientific theories and their usability for solving societal, economic, ecological, and health-related problems are contingent on the existence of robust and replicable empirical findings. However, a review of the recently published replication literature portrays a rather pessimistic picture of the replicability of even very prominent empirical results, as is evident both from large-scale meta-analytic replication projects and from distinct attempts to replicate selected examples of well-established key findings of personality and social psychology. The present chapter offers a twofold explanation for this undesirable state of affairs. On one hand, the widespread evidence on replication failures reflects to a considerable extent the neglect of logical and methodological standards in replication studies, which sorely ignore such essential issues as manipulation checks, reliability control, regressive shrinkage, and intricacies of multi-causality. On the other hand, however, the community of behavioral scientists must blame themselves for an intrinsic weakness of their corporate identity and their incentive and publication system, namely the tendency to mistake sexy and unexpected findings for original insights and neglect of the assets of cumulative science and theoretical constraints.

This chapter considers the enforcement of the rights of free movement and residence provided by the Citizens’ Rights Directive (Directive 2004/38) by members of the ‘family’ of the EU citizen – both ‘core’ members and ‘other’ family members according to the distinction created by the Directive under Articles 2(2) and 3(2), respectively – and, in particular, how the Court has extended the application of the principle of effective judicial protection to these situations. This principle has been present in EU law since the Court’s early case law and is now entrenched in Article 47 of the Charter. Yet, in most areas of EU law, it has been interpreted in relation to the enforcement of substantive EU rights by the primary right holders - EU citizens. Directive 2004/38 adds a different dimension by regulating the conditions that apply to the substantive rights that family members derive from EU citizens. In a collection that seeks to explore the role of the ‘family’ in EU Law, this chapter examines how the guarantee of effective legal protection has taken hold in the interpretation of the provisions of the Directive as applied to family members.

By looking to the role of legal education as a site of socialization, this chapter joins fellow critical scholarships in analyzing law schools as both remnants and conduits of harmful design methodologies. Dignity, as a principle of community sovereignty and self-determination, has been antithetical to the legal profession’s practices of gatekeeping and remains systematically absent from the infrastructure of legal education. Legal design provides a promising point of intervention for disrupting these violent methodologies – if law schools will allow it. In acknowledging the position of law students as inheritors to legacies of legal harm, this chapter makes an urgent call for centralizing law students in the legal profession’s reimagining of service design models. Through practices of resistance, repair, and responsiveness, law student engagement with the broader critical design movement is necessary for realizing a human-centered legal profession and a future predicated on the intrinsic dignity of all.

Considers bacterial electrophysiology highlighting actions potentials, electrical communication and electrical conductivity.

The fifteenth- and sixteenth-century revival of Vitruvius’s theory of architecture as art and science as well as the Reformation and the rise of print spurred a “figural turn” in architectural culture and the advent of a new genre of architectural images. In northern Europe, four institutions – artist guilds, publishers, masons’ lodges, and courts – acted as the key contexts for the figural turn. Artists began to specialize in forming architectural images, thereby making inroads into architectural professions and enriching the conventional practices of architectural design with new artistic and scientific modes of visual research. Matthias Grünewald’s Isenheim Altarpiece, façade paintings by Wendel Dietterlin and Hans Holbein the Younger, and printer Bernhard Jobin’s collaborations with builder Daniel Specklin to form scientifically informed architectural prints all exemplify the figural turn. So, too, did Dietterlin’s botanically rich mural for the Strasbourg Masons and Stonecutters, as well as an empirically conceived, microcosmic interior Dietterlin made for the Duke of Württemberg. By the middle of the sixteenth century, artists and natural philosophers had introduced empirical visual research methods to northern Europe’s developing culture of architectural images, setting the stage for Dietterlin’s seminal Architectura.

A comprehensive pain management strategy is needed through the entire peri-procedure period for effective and safe patient care. Assessments and interventions pre-procedure, peri-procedure, and post-procedure are codependent. For example, failure to recognize an opioid-dependent patient during the initial pre-procedure screening may result in ineffective analgesia strategies. This chapter deals with important considerations with regard to pre-procedure, peri-procedure, and post-procedure patient assessment and pain management strategies. For a detailed discussion of patient evaluation and procedure selection, see Chapter 4.

Chapter 10 analyses nineteenth-century scientific and philosophical debates surrounding hypnotism by way of a close reading of George Du Maurier’s Trilby (1894). Criticism of Trilby has tended to focus on the extraordinary powers of Svengali to seize control of another’s consciousness in order to conduct their preternatural performances. I, however, attend to the intricately constructed physiological and psychological interiority of Trilby O’Ferrall and to the hidden spaces of the mind and body which constitute the complex, multilayered selves with which Du Maurier’s novel is preoccupied. Du Maurier, I argue, conceives of human selfhood in distinctly materialist terms, as a complicated series of caverns and recesses holding experiences and emotions, dreams and memories, latent talents, and the deep impressions of desire, pain, and trauma. His fiction probes the ways in which those depths might be sounded. In the case of Trilby, I argue, this investigation is primarily an acoustic and musical one.

Dietterlin’s Architectura experienced perhaps its richest reception and afterlife among architectural sculptors in seventeenth-century colonial Peru. The façades of the Cathedral of Cuzco, Cuzco’s Jesuit Compañía church, and the monastery of the church of San Francisco in Lima all adapted motifs from Dietterlin’s Architectura to compare European and Indigenous Peruvian ideas about the stability of matter. Constructed in the wake of catastrophic earthquakes in the 1650s by Andean and other Indigenous sculptors, the façades reinterpret the structural, anatomical and material conceits of Dietterlin’s treatise to overturn its vision of architectural matter and especially stone as a materially unstable entity. Instead, they used the imagery of Dietterlin’s Architectura to promote an alternative ontology that underscored the transience of forms and structures while affirming the fixity of matter such as stone. Even as architectural images like those of the Architectura spurred artistic and natural philosophical discourses on a global scale, Peruvian artists adapted Dietterlin’s ideas to accommodate their own ontologies and philosophies of nature.

This chapter outlines attempts by global cities scholars to explain historic networks. Research in global cities studies shows that we are living in an urban age, a high period for intercity relations that promises a reconsideration of history. Today’s world city network emerged in tandem with major shifts in the global economy, along with the gradual erosion of national borders in many spheres of politics. Global cities studies pose two major questions for cities today: First, how are cities shaping globalization? Second, how is globalization shaping lived experiences in cities? Global cities studies, led by John Friedmann, Saskia Sassen, Manuel Castells, and Peter J. Taylor presciently posed these questions in the midst of drastic contemporary changes in the architecture of the world economic system. The emphasis on late capitalism in world cities studies creates problems in the literature in need of challenge. This chapter stresses the need for a political history of city networks, identifying the absence of history of the literature as a flaw in need of change. Today’s world city network is far from a steady state or “end of history.”

In this chapter, we discuss some important elements of the economics of energy efficiency. We start by illustrating the definition of energy efficiency from a microeconomic point of view and then describe the most important empirical methods to measure the energy efficiency of an economy, a region, a firm, or a household. Afterwards, we present how households can evaluate investments in energy efficiency. To this end, we introduce the concept of lifetime costs. A central discussion of this chapter is developed on the concept of energy efficiency gap, that is a situation in which economic agents don’t invest in the most energy-efficient solutions, although they may be the most beneficial. We then explain the barriers that give rise to the energy efficiency gap, paying special attention to behavioural anomalies, in particular bounded rationality and the role of energy-related financial literacy. At the end of the chapter, we also present the rebound effect and discuss issues in developing countries related to the topics discussed in the chapter.

Introduces non-linear phenomena in bacterial biophysics with emphasis on the toggle switch for interacting genes.

That the industrial innovations which ushered in the modern economy made their appearance first in Britain has often been understood in relation to economic “factors” such as wage rates, size of work force, and cost of labor and materials, capable of being compared over a variety of situations. But the historiographical field created by this literature is a jumble of opposing claims. While it may be possible to show that certain of these factors contributed to economic growth in particular situations, the transformation that began in Britain in the 1760s was a unique historical event. Any of these factors that may have contributed to it only did so by operating in that specific time and place. We need therefore an account that focuses on what made Britain a fertile site for such a transformation and then on the actors who effected it. The chapter stresses two such determinants, first the overall economic development that gave Britain an unparalleled national market and connections to international ones, and second, a “culture of science” within which technical innovation was encouraged. Both these domains developed a high degree of autonomy by the eighteenth century, and James Watt emerged at the intersection of them.