This chapter advances a theory of the citizen-consumer that connects the quality of basic services to trust in government, trust in government to consumer behavior, consumer behavior to citizen political participation, and citizen political participation back to the quality of basic services. When basic services are sound, citizens trust the institutions of government; when basic services fail, citizens distrust those same institutions. People who trust government rely on public services, whereas those who distrust government opt instead for more expensive commercial alternatives. This distrust premium is pure profit to government’s commercial competitors and is paid disproportionately by the politically marginalized. Consumers who use public services have a strong interest in safeguarding quality, so they are politically active citizens, demanding high-quality public services. Consumers who abandon public services in favor of commercial firms withdraw from political life. These distrustful, disengaged citizens demand little from government and oppose public investments. Starved of resources and attention, governments’ service quality declines and a vicious cycle of distrust ensues.

High-profile water contamination crises like the one in Flint, Michigan, shake confidence in US water systems. This chapter examines the links between tap water failure, reduced trust in utilities and government, and increased demand for commercial water. We show that negative experiences with basic service quality erode overall trust in government and increase demand for private alternatives. Analyses of data from three independent national surveys demonstrate that individuals who experience problems with their local water such as dirty, bad-tasting, or low-pressure water service also report lower trust in local, state, and federal government. The relationship between water service quality and trust in government persists after controlling for party identification, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. We also find that tap water failure correlates with increased demand for commercial water sold from water kiosks, privately owned commercial water vendors. Taken together, these findings suggest that basic service failure erodes performative trust in government and increases demand for commercial drinking water.

This chapter examines the relationship between moral trust in government and the choice of citizen-consumers to exercise voice and exit. We find that when faced with tap water failure, ethnic and racial minorities are less likely to voice their concerns to utilities due to their historical marginalization in the United States. This disparity in the likelihood of exercising voice is most prevalent among poor populations, with the effect especially pronounced among Hispanics. Further, we find that citizen-consumers who lack moral trust in government are more likely to consume bottled water, signifying exit from publicly provided services. Exit from public services has downstream political effects. Citizen-consumers who drink bottled water are less likely to engage in politics. As bottled water consumption increases, voting rates decrease. The consequences of declining trust in government and the turn away from public services strikes at the heart of democracy itself. When individuals do not trust government to provide basic services, there is little reason for them to engage in public life more broadly.

This chapter imagines how proposals, aimed at facilitating the divestiture and exit of foreign investors, might have offered an alternative to problems that purport to be solved by international investment law. There is not much talk of alternatives as they have been banished by the discursive and material power of investment law. Displaced are fifty-year-old proposals aimed at facilitating the divestiture and exit of foreign investors that were introduced by Argentinian economist Raul Prebisch and elaborated upon by US-based economist Albert Hirschman. The chapter begins with a discussion of what is labelled constitutional dispossession, before turning to a discussion of the Prebisch–Hirschman proposal. An examination of this past yields fruitful insights into how we can generate substitutes for investment law, particularly as investment law’s foundations are being tested, even weakened, in some locales. The advantages of the divestment proposal are then identified and applied to the award in Bear Creek v. Peru, a dispute prompted by the revocation of a mining licence granted to a Canadian investor to which Aymara Indigenous communities in Peru were vociferously opposed. The object is to reimagine the status quo and reflect upon the prospects of far-reaching change.

Chapter 1 provides the theoretical justification for the book and proposes a new framework for explaining what scholar Albert Hirschman calls "voice" after "exit" against authoritarian regimes.

Advanced imaging of the mid-gestation fetus has allowed for the early detection and monitoring of conditions that may impact the delivery of the baby. Large head and neck masses that will likely compromise ventilation at birth can therefore be easily diagnosed with plans for securing the airway at birth. Ex-utero intrapartum therapy has greatly enhanced survival for such affected infants at birth. The success of this approach in providing advanced airway management at delivery has also been extended to the treatment of other conditions that may be life-threatening within the first few minutes to hours of life.

The focus of this chapter is to discuss a multidisciplinary approach to maternal-fetal patients undergoing minimally invasive (shunt or fetoscopic) procedures, open fetal surgery, or the ex-utero intrapartum therapy (EXIT) procedure. The team requires a diverse group of personnel. We will discuss the nature of this team and the pertinent aspects of the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phase of care for the maternal-fetal patient. The preparation required for the team members providing care for these patients as well as the long-term follow-up and research aspects are outlined. Comprehensive expert care for these interventions requires administrative, institutional, research, and philanthropic support.

In this chapter, I summarize my findings and discuss their implications and contributions to existing literatures. I discuss how the theory offered in this book travels to cases beyond Indonesia, such as Kenya and Kyrgyzstan. I identify remaining unanswered questions and outline possible trajectories of future research on political exclusion, institutional accommodation of excluded actors, and demobilization of participants in violence in countries in political transition.

This chapter explains the dissipation of violence. Consistent with my theory, once political exclusion was ameliorated in conflict-ridden districts, the level of violence dropped. The creation of new districts and the implementation of direct elections of local executives accommodated these demands for inclusion. Whereas previously excluded political hopefuls faced impenetrable barriers to election, the creation of new districts multiplied the number of elected positions and increased the likelihood of opposition electoral victories, particularly in post-conflict areas where the electorate was already receptive to ethnic appeals and likely to vote for members of their ethnic group.

Chapter 1 provides the theoretical justification for the book and proposes a new framework for explaining what scholar Albert Hirschman calls "voice" after "exit" against authoritarian regimes.

Personal information is inherently about someone, is often shared unintentionally or involuntarily, flows via commercial communication infrastructure, and can be instrumental and often essential to building trust among members of a community. As a result, privacy commons governance may be ineffective, illegitimate, or both if it does not appropriately account for the interests of information subjects or if infrastructure is owned and designed by actors whose interests may be misaligned or in conflict with the interests of information subjects. Additional newly emerging themes include the importance of trust; the contestability of commons governance legitimacy; and the co-emergence of contributor communities and knowledge resources. The contributions in this volume also confirm and deepen insights into recurring themes identified in previous GKC studies, while the distinctive characteristics of personal information add nuance and uncover limitations. The studies in this volume move us significantly forward in our understanding of knowledge commons, while opening up important new directions for future research and policy development, as discussed in this concluding chapter.

This chapter provides an in-depth discussion on the complexities associated with the Ex-Utero Intrapartum Therapy; EXIT procedure. The authors provide a thorough analysis of patient and procedural considerations from the maternal and fetal aspects. The perioperative approach for these procedures is reviewed in detail with respect to fetal and maternal anesthetic goals.