Multiculturalism affects institutions crucial to our daily lives: government, workplaces, schools, historical records, the media, laws, and art. It justifies who can participate in politics and whether those such as Asian Americans who have been historically excluded and voiceless will be heard and thus influence policies and resource distribution. This political terrain affects the literary marketplace that may incorporate authors and communities of color who have been historically ignored or rejected for their criticism of Eurocentrism or failure to uphold white norms. Working within a field coming into prominence alongside and because of multiculturalism, Asian American writers understand themselves and their texts to be part of reclaiming forgotten experiences and histories as well as diversifying the imaginative landscape of US literature. As unintended consequences of multiculturalism’s emphasis on Asian cuisine, holidays, or other cultural traditions, Asian Americans are perceived as having a culture that benefits and disadvantages them in terms of citizenship and spheres of agency, denying them full citizenship, upward mobility, equal pay, or artistic capabilities.

A foundational tenet of a healthy abundant community is that all of us have gifts – of the head, the heart, or the hand. For gifts to have meaning, they must be exchanged. When we create spaces for capacities and vulnerabilities to be shared, we give life to a sense of belonging. We bring our full person to the table. Associations afford people an opportunity to exchange strengths and weaknesses, sorrow and joy, resilience and fallibility. Friendship and trust emerge in communities where people balance association with similar and different people. Robert Putnam from Harvard captured this dual need in the distinction between bonding and bridging social capital. The former refers to association with like-minded people. The latter to connections with people from other backgrounds. Communities that balance bridging with bonding are healthier and stronger. They achieve better outcomes in terms of population health, education, and safety. Discrimination and inequality erode mattering in the community. Inequality of worth can be created by a number of social identifiers: money, race, class, education, disability, gender orientation, looks, language or ethnic origin.

Chapter 3 looks at how contemporary studies of public banks have tended to bypass the historical dynamism of public banks, preferring to see the diverse legacies of public banks through narrow concepts like ‘market failure’ or ‘additionality’. This can impoverish rather than enrich how we think of contemporary public banks and constrain how we imagine their future. This chapter argues that the histories of public banks are more diverse than typically recognised within mainstream economics. Nevertheless, the transition to neoliberalism has tended to narrow the reproductive options for public banks towards more corporatised and marketised logics.

Much of the history of the idea of Europe has played out in Western Europe, with the important exception of Russia in the nineteenth century. However, in the twentieth century, there were a number of influential reflections on the idea of Europe in both Central and Eastern Europe, notably by writers and thinkers including Czesław Miłosz, Milan Kundera, and Julia Kristeva. Chapter 9 focuses on these reflections from Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the complex view of Europe from Turkey, particularly through the work of the pro-European Turkish writer Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar and the Nobel Prize-winning novelist Orhan Pamuk, as well as those from former European colonies in North Africa and South America, with key figures in this regard including the violently anti-European Frantz Fanon as well as the philosopher Jacques Derrida and the writer Jorge Luis Borges. This chapter considers some of the ways in which the traditional center/periphery conception of Europe might be rethought, while also revealing the extent to which Eurocentric and Euro-supremacist assumptions are far from being limited to the Western European discourse on the idea of Europe. It also reflects on the abiding idea of Europe as essential a Christian culture.

Despite more than a decade of repeated recommendations by international human rights bodies to enact comprehensive antidiscrimination legislation, South Korea has not done so. This raises fundamental questions about the conditions under which international human rights mechanisms can affect domestic human rights legislation. This chapter argues that despite the apparent lack of legislative change, Korea’s movement for antidiscrimination legislation successfully brought the international human rights norms of equality and nondiscrimination into Korean society. South Korea has long been regarded as a homogeneous society in which assimilationist forces dominate policymaking and culture. Strong opposition to comprehensive antidiscrimination legislation from conservative Protestant groups paradoxically exposed Korean society’s prevalent but hidden intolerance of diversity, energizing the antidiscrimination movement and increasing the visibility of minorities. This process of “discovering” diversity has catalyzed significant changes in social norms and values, which constitute a critical step toward enacting comprehensive antidiscrimination legislation that embraces all forms of diversity.

Value is a generalization of diversity. In ecological terms, it allows measurement of a community when its species are assigned a worth that need not be related to how distinctive they are. Mathematically, the characterization theorem for value measures that we prove here allows us to prove a characterization theorem for the Hill numbers (hence, in principle, the Rényi entropies).

We give an overview of the whole book. We explain the problem of measuring diversity, summarizing the mathematical concepts with which it connects (including entropy and measures of size such as cardinality, volume and Euler characteristic). We indicate some of the branches of mathematics that will be involved (information theory, geometry, probability theory, abstract algebra) and the techniques that will be used (functional equations and a little category theory).

The salt marsh response to a changing climate may be more complex than that of either terrestrial or marine ecosystems because salt marshes exist at the interface of land and sea and both bring changes to the marsh. Climate change may exacerbate anthropogenic-related stresses that salt marsh plants are already experiencing, limiting their resilience (Keddy 2011). In this chapter we discuss major climate change impacts likely to affect salt marshes including temperature, sea level rise (SLR), salinity, CO2, freshwater flow, sediment, and nutrients, and consider how salt marsh plants respond to these impacts and potential interactions of these impacts. Specifically, we explore changes in plant productivity and decomposition rates, aboveground and belowground biomass, and stem density as they are central to understanding marsh responses on a larger scale, with implications for species composition, elevation change, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, food webs, and ultimately marsh survival. Although this chapter is focused on salt marshes, examples from tidal fresh and brackish marshes are also included to a limited extent where relevant.

We introduce finite probability distributions and their use as a model of an ecological community. We define Shannon entropy, give examples, and establish its basic properties. We interpret Shannon entropy in terms of both coding and diversity, and prove that it is uniquely characterized by the chain rule.

There is growing interest in bridging the gap between science and society. Fostering relationships between researchers and practitioners, such as partnering to conduct experiments, is an increasingly popular way to do that. Yet, despite the growing number of such partnerships, academics who are new to them often lack guidance about considerations to keep in mind and the steps involved. This chapter bridges the gap. I discuss the benefits, challenges, and goals of organizational partnerships as well as provide a step-by-step guide for academics beginning new ones. Throughout, I emphasize the fact that such partnerships entail building new working relationships with people who have diverse forms of knowledge. As a result, both a learning mindset as well as a relational mindset are necessary.

This chapter offers reflections on the results presented in the previous chapters. One section argues that while it is difficult to prove that teachings contribute to the development of international law, it seems probable that they do, including by influencing the ICJ when it contributes to the development of international law. The next section suggests how the Court's practice may be adjusted in potentially beneficial ways. The arguments are presented, in favour of increased transparency about the application of teachings, increased diversity in what teachings are applied, and increased regulation in how teachings are applied. These arguments must be balanced against significant counterarguments, and this must be done by the individual judge. A third section shows how the Court's practice compares with that of other international courts and tribunals. The Court's majority opinions are most similar to those of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, while its individual opinions sit roughly in the middle of a spectrum between various institutions. The final section has ideas for future research.