We present an overview of the Middle Ages Galaxy Properties with Integral Field Spectroscopy (MAGPI) survey, a Large Program on the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope. MAGPI is designed to study the physical drivers of galaxy transformation at a lookback time of 3–4 Gyr, during which the dynamical, morphological, and chemical properties of galaxies are predicted to evolve significantly. The survey uses new medium-deep adaptive optics aided Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) observations of fields selected from the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey, providing a wealth of publicly available ancillary multi-wavelength data. With these data, MAGPI will map the kinematic and chemical properties of stars and ionised gas for a sample of 60 massive ( ${>}7 \times 10^{10} {\mathrm{M}}_\odot$ ) central galaxies at $0.25 < z <0.35$ in a representative range of environments (isolated, groups and clusters). The spatial resolution delivered by MUSE with Ground Layer Adaptive Optics ( $0.6-0.8$ arcsec FWHM) will facilitate a direct comparison with Integral Field Spectroscopy surveys of the nearby Universe, such as SAMI and MaNGA, and at higher redshifts using adaptive optics, for example, SINS. In addition to the primary (central) galaxy sample, MAGPI will deliver resolved and unresolved spectra for as many as 150 satellite galaxies at $0.25 < z <0.35$ , as well as hundreds of emission-line sources at $z < 6$ . This paper outlines the science goals, survey design, and observing strategy of MAGPI. We also present a first look at the MAGPI data, and the theoretical framework to which MAGPI data will be compared using the current generation of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations including EAGLE, Magneticum, HORIZON-AGN, and Illustris-TNG. Our results show that cosmological hydrodynamical simulations make discrepant predictions in the spatially resolved properties of galaxies at $z\approx 0.3$ . MAGPI observations will place new constraints and allow for tangible improvements in galaxy formation theory.

We study singular jets from the collapse of drop-impact craters, when the drop and pool are of different immiscible liquids. The fastest jets emerge from a dimple at the bottom of the rebounding crater, when no bubble is pinched off. The parameter space is considerably more complex than for identical liquids, revealing intricate compound-dimple shapes. In contrast to the universal capillary–inertial drop pinch-off regime, where the neck radius scales as $R\sim t^{2/3}$, for a purely inertial air dimple the collapse has $R \sim t^{1/2}$. The bottom dimple dynamics is not self-similar but possesses memory effects, being sensitive to initial and boundary conditions. Sequence of capillary waves can therefore mould the air dimple into different collapse shapes, such as bamboo-like and telescopic forms. The finest jets are only $12\ \mathrm {\mu }\textrm {m}$ in diameter and the normalized jetting speeds are up to one order of magnitude larger than for jets from bursting bubbles. We study the cross-over between the two power laws approaching the singularity. The singular jets show the earliest cross-over into the inertial regime. The fastest jets can pinch off a toroidal micro-bubble from the cusp at the base of the jet.

Porphyromonas gingivalis has been linked to the development and progression of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and is considered to be a high-risk factor for ESCC. Currently, the commonly used methods for P. gingivalis detection are culture or DNA extraction-based, which are either time and labour intensive especially for high-throughput applications. We aimed to establish and evaluate a rapid and sensitive direct quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocol for the detection of P. gingivalis without DNA extraction which is suitable for large-scale epidemiological studies. Paired gingival swab samples from 192 subjects undergoing general medical examinations were analysed using two direct and one extraction-based qPCR assays for P. gingivalis. Tris-EDTA buffer-based direct qPCR (TE-direct qPCR), lysis-based direct qPCR (lysis-direct qPCR) and DNA extraction-based qPCR (kit-qPCR) were used, respectively, in 192, 132 and 60 of these samples for quantification of P. gingivalis. The sensitivity and specificity of TE-direct qPCR was 95.24% and 100% compared with lysis-direct qPCR, which was 100% and 97.30% when compared with kit-qPCR; TE-direct qPCR had an almost perfect agreement with lysis-direct qPCR (κ = 0.954) and kit-qPCR (κ = 0.965). Moreover, the assay time used for TE-direct qPCR was 1.5 h. In conclusion, the TE-direct qPCR assay is a simple and efficient method for the quantification of oral P. gingivalis and showed high sensitivity and specificity compared with routine qPCR.

The hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a wide bandgap semiconductor is an attractive material for deep ultraviolet (DUV) generation. In this paper we study the prospect of using the stacking hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNS) for generating DUV emission by impact excitation in alternating current driven thin electroluminescence devices (ACTEL) based on BN phosphors having different morphologies. A theoretical approach considered is based on the impact excitation model for generating DUV from stacking h-BNNS under a high electric field. It was found that in the h-BNNS with a thickness of 90 nm biased at 3.33×109 V/m, the quantum yield can reach to 86.8%, and the power conversion efficiency of 1.68%. To achieve the same quantum yield and power conversion efficiency for the ACTEL based on h-BN single crystal, the active phosphor layer should be 2 μm thick when biased at 1.5×108 V/m.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Effective HIV therapeutic options for persons with advanced HIV disease whose regimens have failed multiple times are limited. Current clinical practice utilizes regimens comprised of combinations of anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs. Despite the widespread use of ARV medications, optimization of initial treatment composition and subsequent management remains challenging. The goals of this study are (a) to better understand the ARV treatment structuring using prior clinical and patient information including virtual phenotype data and measures of viral load and CD4 cell count. We evaluated the potential impact of ARV strategies on AIDS-defining events and mortality; (b) to assess and understand differences of treatment composition and management when comparing standard ARV strategy (<5 ARVs) with an intensive ARV strategy (at least 5 ARVs). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: OPTIMA was a tri-national (United States, Canada, and United Kingdom) randomized open label of alternative ARV treatment strategies for patients with advanced HIV disease (CD4≤300 cells/mm3) and evidence of resistance to 3 classes of ARV medications. OPTIMA used a 2×2 factorial design where the 2 factors were an ARV-free period Versus not; and standard Versus intensive ARV regimen. In this study, we focus on participants enrolled in OPTIMA at US participating sites and utilize demographic and clinical data including baseline virtual phenotype, ARV-related data (initial assignments and changes with drugs and dosages), follow-up lab data, AIDS-defining events, and vital status. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among 278 US-OPTIMA participants, 146 were randomly assigned to the standard ARV strategy and the rest were assigned to the intensive ARV strategy. Although not the sole factor, baseline virtual phenotype was used in selecting ARV medications within each assigned strategy. Participants in the standard arm exhibited better agreement between virtual phenotype results and the individual drugs selected for their regimen compared with participants in the intensive arm. This agreement had an almost statistically significant impact on survival time. No significant difference was detected in the frequency of ARV changes between standard and intensive ARV groups. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Even though per design, OPTIMA assigned participants to an ARV strategy using a binary factor (standard vs. intensive ARV) and assessed its effect on HIV-related disease at a coarse level, the trial’s design and rich database allowed for a closer examination of the ARV drug initial selection and subsequent management. Our findings summarize the patterns and discuss the effects of ARV and their management, on AIDS-defining events and survival. Such findings could provide preliminary, yet important insight, in understanding ARV use practice and could inform the conduct of future HIV treatment trials. Since the trial’s randomization was at the ARV strategy level and not the individual ARV drugs, findings cannot be described in terms of causal pathways for specific ARVs.

The discovery of the first electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational wave signal has generated follow-up observations by over 50 facilities world-wide, ushering in the new era of multi-messenger astronomy. In this paper, we present follow-up observations of the gravitational wave event GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterpart SSS17a/DLT17ck (IAU label AT2017gfo) by 14 Australian telescopes and partner observatories as part of Australian-based and Australian-led research programs. We report early- to late-time multi-wavelength observations, including optical imaging and spectroscopy, mid-infrared imaging, radio imaging, and searches for fast radio bursts. Our optical spectra reveal that the transient source emission cooled from approximately 6 400 K to 2 100 K over a 7-d period and produced no significant optical emission lines. The spectral profiles, cooling rate, and photometric light curves are consistent with the expected outburst and subsequent processes of a binary neutron star merger. Star formation in the host galaxy probably ceased at least a Gyr ago, although there is evidence for a galaxy merger. Binary pulsars with short (100 Myr) decay times are therefore unlikely progenitors, but pulsars like PSR B1534+12 with its 2.7 Gyr coalescence time could produce such a merger. The displacement (~2.2 kpc) of the binary star system from the centre of the main galaxy is not unusual for stars in the host galaxy or stars originating in the merging galaxy, and therefore any constraints on the kick velocity imparted to the progenitor are poor.

A new approach is proposed to analyze Bremsstrahlung X-rays that are emitted from laser-produced plasmas (LPP) and are measured by a stack type spectrometer. This new method is based on a spectral tomographic reconstruction concept with the variational principle for optimization, without referring to the electron energy distribution of a plasma. This approach is applied to the analysis of some experimental data obtained at a few major laser facilities to demonstrate the applicability of the method. Slope temperatures of X-rays from LPP are determined with a two-temperature model, showing different spectral characteristics of X-rays depending on laser properties used in the experiments.

The analysis method is developed to obtain dynamic characteristics of the rotating cantilever plate with thermal shock and tip-rub. Based on the variational principle, equations of motion are derived considering the differences between rubbing forces in the width direction of the plate. The transverse deformation is decomposed into quasi-static deformation of the cantilever plate with thermal shock and dynamic deformation of the rubbing plate under thermal shock. Then deformations are obtained through the calculation of modal characteristics of rotating cantilever plate and temperature distribution function. Special attention is paid to the influence of tip-rub and thermal shock on the plate. The results show that tip-rub has the characteristics of multiple frequency vibrations, and high frequency vibrations are significant. On the contrary, thermal shock shows the low frequency vibrations. The thermal shock makes the rubbing plate gradually change into low frequency vibrations. Because rub-induced vibrations are more complicated than those caused by thermal shock, tip-rub is easier to result in the destruction of the blade. The increasing friction coefficient intensifies vibrations of the rubbing plate. Minimizing friction coefficients can be an effective way to reduce rub-induced damage through reducing the surface roughness between the blade tip and the inner surface of the casing.

A high-order finite difference scheme has been developed to approximate the spatial derivative terms present in the unsteady Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations and incompressible Navier-Stokes (NS) equations. Near the wall the sharp solution profiles are resolved by using the combined compact difference (CCD) scheme developed in five-point stencil. This CCD scheme has a sixth-order accuracy for the second-order derivative terms while a seventh-order accuracy for the first-order derivative terms. PNP-NS equations have been also transformed to the curvilinear coordinate system to study the effects of channel shapes on the development of electroos-motic flow. In this study, the developed scheme has been analyzed rigorously through the modified equation analysis. In addition, the developed method has been computationally verified through four problems which are amenable to their own exact solutions. The electroosmotic flow details in planar and wavy channels have been explored with the emphasis on the formation of Coulomb force. Significance of different forces resulting from the pressure gradient, diffusion and Coulomb origins on the convective electroosmotic flow motion is also investigated in detail.

The first observations by a worldwide network of advanced interferometric gravitational wave detectors offer a unique opportunity for the astronomical community. At design sensitivity, these facilities will be able to detect coalescing binary neutron stars to distances approaching 400 Mpc, and neutron star–black hole systems to 1 Gpc. Both of these sources are associated with gamma-ray bursts which are known to emit across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Gravitational wave detections provide the opportunity for ‘multi-messenger’ observations, combining gravitational wave with electromagnetic, cosmic ray, or neutrino observations. This review provides an overview of how Australian astronomical facilities and collaborations with the gravitational wave community can contribute to this new era of discovery, via contemporaneous follow-up observations from the radio to the optical and high energy. We discuss some of the frontier discoveries that will be made possible when this new window to the Universe is opened.