Among 108 (0.05% of cohort) US veterans with a Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) within 30 days of a dental antibiotic prescription, 80% of patients received guideline-discordant antibiotics. Half had chronic gastrointestinal illness potentially exacerbating their CDI risk. More efforts are needed to improve antibiotic stewardship.

A small 33 ± 0.8 Ma lamproite pluton is exposed in the midst of a 23–26 Ma basalt-rhyolite province in Middle Park, NW Colorado. It contains abundant phlogopite phenocrysts in a fine-grained groundmass of analcime pseudomorphs after leucite, biotite, potassic richterite, apatite, ilmenite and accessory diopside. The phlogopite phenocryst cores contain ∼4 wt.% TiO2, 1% Cr2O3 and 0.2% BaO. The smallest groundmass biotites have normal pleochroism but compositions unlike any previously reported, with ∼2% Al2O3, ∼8% TiO2 and F <1.5%. Apart from those elements affected by leucite alteration, both the elemental and isotopic composition of this lamproite are close to those of the Leucite Hills, Wyoming. Its Nd-isotopic model age (TDM = 1.6 Ga) is outside the Leucite Hills range but within that of other Tertiary strongly potassic magmatism in the region underlain by the Wyoming craton. Evidence from both teleseismic tomography and the mantle xenoliths within other western USA mafic ultrapotassic igneous suites shows that the total lithospheric thickness beneath NW Colorado was probably ∼150–200 km at 33 Ma, when the Middle Park lamproite was emplaced. This is an important constraint on tectonomagmatic models for the Cenozoic evolution of this northernmost part of the Rio Grande rift system.

Soyabean (Glycine max) is a relatively new crop for small-scale farmers in Zambia which has been adopted following the introduction of new cultivars, greater opportunity to obtain credit, easier marketing and an attractive guaranteed price. However, low yields limit production partly due to the lack of a planting method that establishes optimal populations. The present method is to plough and plant in the same operation, dribbling the seed behind the ox-plough. This often leads to uneven depth of planting, and hence to poor seedling emergence and erratic stands. Alternative planting techniques evaluated on farmers' fields for three seasons (1985/86–1987/88) suggest that farmers should replace their practice of planting behind the plough with either hand seeding following a plough–harrow operation or the use of a modified ox-drawn planter (Taparia).

We present an in-depth study of metal-poor stars, based high resolution spectra combined with newly released astrometric data from Gaia, with special attention to observational uncertainties. The results are compared to those of other studies, including Gaia benchmark stars. Chemical evolution models are discussed, highlighting few puzzles that are still affecting our understanding of stellar nucleosynthesis and of the evolution of our Galaxy.

Horseweed is an increasingly problematic weed in soybean because of the frequent occurrence of glyphosate-resistant (GR) biotypes. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of crop rotation, winter wheat cover crops (WWCC), residual nonglyphosate herbicides, and preplant herbicide application timing on the population dynamics of GR horseweed and crop yield. A field study was conducted at a site with a moderate infestation of GR horseweed (approximately 1 plant m−2) with crop rotation (soybean–corn or soybean–soybean) as main plots and management systems as subplots. Management systems were evaluated by quantifying horseweed plant density, seedbank density, and crop yield. Crop rotation did not influence in-field horseweed or seedbank densities at any data census timing. Preplant herbicides applied in the spring were more effective at reducing horseweed plant densities than when applied in the previous fall. Spring-applied, residual herbicide systems were the most effective at reducing season long horseweed densities and protecting crop yield because horseweed in this region behaves primarily as a summer annual weed. Horseweed seedbank densities declined rapidly in the soil by an average of 76% for all systems over the first 10 mo before new seed rain. Despite rapid decline in total seedbank density, seed for GR biotypes remained in the seedbank for at least 2 yr. Therefore, to reduce the presence of GR horseweed biotypes in a local no-till weed flora, integrated weed management (IWM) systems should be developed to reduce total horseweed populations based on the knowledge that seed for GR biotypes are as persistent in the seed bank as glyphosate-sensitive (GS) biotypes.

Horseweed is an increasingly common and problematic weed in no-till soybean production in the eastern cornbelt due to the frequent occurrence of biotypes resistant to glyphosate. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of crop rotation, winter wheat cover crops (WWCC), residual non-glyphosate herbicides, and preplant application timing on the population dynamics of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed and crop yield. A field study was conducted from 2003 to 2007 in a no-till field located at a site that contained a moderate infestation of GR horseweed (approximately 1 plant m−2). The experiment was a split-plot design with crop rotation (soybean–corn or soybean–soybean) as main plots and management systems as subplots. Management systems were evaluated by quantifying in-field horseweed plant density, seedbank density, and crop yield. Horseweed densities were collected at the time of postemergence applications, 1 mo after postemergence (MAP) applications, and at the time of crop harvest or 4 MAP. Viable seedbank densities were also evaluated from soil samples collected in the fall following seed rain. Soybean–corn crop rotation reduced in-field and seedbank horseweed densities vs. continuous soybean in the third and fourth yr of this experiment. Preplant herbicides applied in the spring were more effective at reducing horseweed plant densities than when applied in the previous fall. Spring-applied, residual herbicide systems were the most effective at reducing season-long in-field horseweed densities and protecting crop yields since the growth habit of horseweed in this region is primarily as a summer annual. Management systems also influenced the GR and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotype population structure after 4 yr of management. The most dramatic shift was from the initial GR : GS ratio of 3 : 1 to a ratio of 1 : 6 after 4 yr of residual preplant herbicide use followed by non-glyphosate postemergence herbicides.

Investigations by one of the authors in connection with the design of a fan for a blower type of wind tunnel showed that regular and repeatable dust patterns occurred on the blades of a one-quarter scale model fan of 18 inches diameter. Dust was deposited on the fan blades along the leading-edge and on the suction surface over an area thought to be the turbulent region of the boundary layer. The introduction of isolated protuberances on the dust free area of a blade gave rise to turbulence wedges in which dust was also deposited and this was interpreted as confirmation of the coincidence of the dust deposits with regions of turbulent boundary-layer flow. These deposits showed the existence of a considerable extent of laminar flow on the suction surface of each blade close to the root, a region where high lift coefficients would be expected with associated adverse pressure gradients. Two-dimensional wind tunnel experiments were made to confirm the interpretation of the observed dust patterns by comparison with the smoke filament and volatile liquid methods of flow visualisation and these are reported in Reference 2.

The passive control of a shock wave-boundary-layer interaction involves placing a porous surface beneath the interaction, allowing high pressure air from the flow downstream of the shock wave to recirculate through a plenum chamber into the low pressure flow upstream of the wave.

The simple case of a normal shock wave at a Mach number of 1·4 interacting with the turbulent boundary layer on a flat wall is investigated both experimentally and numerically. The experimental investigation made use of holographic interferometry, while the computational section of the investigation made use of a Navier-Stokes code to derive pressure gradients, boundary-layer properties and total pressure losses in the interaction region. It is found that the structure of shock wave-boundary-layer interactions with passive control consists of a leading, oblique shock wave followed by a lambda foot. The oblique wave originates from the upstream end of the porous region, and its strength is determined by the magnitude of the local blowing velocities. The shape of the lambda foot depends on the position of the main shock relative to the control region, resembling an uncontrolled foot when the main shock wave is towards the downstream end of the porosity, but becoming increasingly large as the shock moves upstream and eventually merging with the leading, oblique shock to form a single, large, lambda structure.

Improved forms of passive control are suggested based on the findings of this investigation, including the use of passive control systems which incorporate streamwise variations in the level of porosity.

Invariant solutions of shear flows have recently been extended from spatially periodic solutions in minimal flow units to spatially localized solutions on extended domains. One set of spanwise-localized solutions of plane Couette flow exhibits homoclinic snaking, a process by which steady-state solutions grow additional structure smoothly at their fronts when continued parametrically. Homoclinic snaking is well understood mathematically in the context of the one-dimensional Swift–Hohenberg equation. Consequently, the snaking solutions of plane Couette flow form a promising connection between the largely phenomenological study of laminar–turbulent patterns in viscous shear flows and the mathematically well-developed field of pattern-formation theory. In this paper we present a numerical study of the snaking solutions of plane Couette flow, generalizing beyond the fixed streamwise wavelength of previous studies. We find a number of new solution features, including bending, skewing and finite-size effects. We establish the parameter regions over which snaking occurs and show that the finite-size effects of the travelling wave solution are due to a coupling between its fronts and interior that results from its shift-reflect symmetry. A new winding solution of plane Couette flow is derived from a strongly skewed localized equilibrium.

Sixteen lambs were divided into two groups and fed two different diets. Eight lambs were stall-fed with a concentrate-based diet (C), and the remaining eight lambs were allowed to graze on Lolium perenne (G). The antioxidant status was measured in the liver and plasma samples before and after solid-phase extraction (SPE) to probe the antioxidant effects that grass phenolic compounds may have conferred onto the animal tissues. The liver and plasma samples from grass-fed lambs displayed a greater antioxidant capacity than the tissues from C lamb group, but only if samples had not been passed through SPE cartridges. Finally, the feed and animal tissues, which had been purified by SPE, were analysed by liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) to identify phenolic compounds present in L. perenne and to evaluate the results from the antioxidant assays. It would appear that the improvement of the antioxidant capacity of lamb liver and plasma from lambs fed ryegrass was not related to the direct transfer of phenolic compounds from grass to the animal tissues.

Foods and dietary patterns that enhance satiety may provide benefit to consumers. The aim of the present review was to describe, consider and evaluate research on potential benefits of enhanced satiety. The proposal that enhanced satiety could only benefit consumers by a direct effect on food intake should be rejected. Instead, it is proposed that there is a variety of routes through which enhanced satiety could (indirectly) benefit dietary control or weight-management goals. The review highlights specific potential benefits of satiety, including: providing appetite control strategies for consumers generally and for those who are highly responsive to food cues; offering pleasure and satisfaction associated with low-energy/healthier versions of foods without feeling ‘deprived’; reducing dysphoric mood associated with hunger especially during energy restriction; and improved compliance with healthy eating or weight-management efforts. There is convincing evidence of short-term satiety benefits, but only probable evidence for longer-term benefits to hunger management, possible evidence of benefits to mood and cognition, inadequate evidence that satiety enhancement can promote weight loss, and no evidence on which consumers would benefit most from satiety enhancement. The appetite-reducing effects of specific foods or diets will be much more subtle than those of pharmaceutical compounds in managing hunger; nevertheless, the experience of pharmacology in producing weight loss via effects on appetite suggests that there is potential benefit of satiety enhancement from foods incorporated into the diet to the consumer.