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  • Sex differences in Parkinson disease-associated episodic memory and processing speed deficits
  • Tyler H. Reekes, Christopher I. Higginson, Karen A. Sigvardt, David S. King, Dawn Levine, Vicki L. Wheelock, Elizabeth A. Disbrow
  • Journal: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , First View
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 March 2023, pp. 1-8
  • View abstract
    Objectives:

    This study aims to address a gap in the data on cognitive sex differences in persons living with Parkinson disease (PD). There is some evidence that cognitive dysfunction is more severe in male PD, however data on episodic memory and processing speed is incomplete.

    Methods:

    One hundred and sixty-seven individuals with a diagnosis of PD were included in this study. Fifty-six of those individuals identified as female. The California Verbal Learning Test 1st edition and the Wechsler Memory Scale 3rd edition were used to evaluate verbal and visuospatial episodic memory and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 3rd edition was used to evaluate processing speed. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to identify sex-specific differences across groups.

    Results:

    Our results show that males with PD performed significantly worse than females in verbal and visuospatial recall as well as a trend for the processing speed task of coding.

    Conclusions:

    Our finding of superior performance among females with PD in verbal episodic memory is consistent with reports in both healthy and PD individuals; however, females outperforming males in measures of visuospatial episodic memory is unique to PD. Cognitive deficits preferentially affecting males appear to be associated with frontal lobe-related function. Therefore, males may represent a disease subgroup more susceptible to disease mechanisms affecting frontal lobe deterioration and cognitive disturbances in PD.

Global Challenges in Responsible Business
  • Global Challenges in Responsible Business
  • Edited by N. Craig Smith, C. B. Bhattacharya, David Vogel, David I. Levine
  • Published online: 05 June 2012
  • Print publication: 29 July 2010
  • View description
    Corporate responsibility has gone global. It has secured the attention of business leaders, governments and NGOs to an unprecedented extent. Increasingly, it is argued that business must play a constructive role in addressing massive global challenges. Business is not responsible for causing most of the problems associated with, for example, extreme poverty and hunger, child mortality and HIV/AIDS. However, it is often claimed that business has a responsibility to help ameliorate many of these problems and, indeed, it may be the only institution capable of effectively addressing some of them. Global Challenges in Responsible Business addresses the implications for business of corporate responsibility in the context of globalization and the social and environmental problems we face today. Featuring research from Europe, North America, Asia and Africa, it focuses on three major themes: embedding corporate responsibility, corporate responsibility and marketing, and corporate responsibility in developing countries.
  • Introduction: Corporate responsibility and global business
  • Edited by N. Craig Smith, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France, C. B. Bhattacharya, David Vogel, University of California, Berkeley, David I. Levine, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book: Global Challenges in Responsible Business
  • Published online: 05 June 2012
  • Print publication: 29 July 2010, pp 1-10
  • View extract

    Summary

    Corporate responsibility has gone global. Business leaders, as well as leaders from government and civil society, increasingly argue that business must play a constructive role in addressing massive global challenges. Business is not responsible for causing most of the problems associated with, for example, extreme poverty and hunger, child mortality and HIV/AIDS – and, arguably, it is only indirectly responsible for most of the problems of climate change. However, it is often claimed that business has a responsibility to help ameliorate many of these problems and, indeed, it may be the only institution capable of effectively addressing some of them. As a result, corporate responsibility has secured the attention of business leaders, governments and NGOs to an unprecedented extent. Thus this book, Global Challenges in Responsible Business – which originated in an international conference on corporate responsibility organized at London Business School – addresses the implications for business of corporate responsibility in the context of globalization and the social and environmental problems faced by global business today.

    The book offers a rich set of articles reflective of research on corporate responsibility, many of which are informed by empirical studies. It focuses on three key corporate responsibility issues for global business: embedding corporate responsibility within the organization, the relationship between corporate responsibility and marketing, and implementing corporate responsibility in developing countries.

  • Industrialization, pollution, and infant mortality
  • MAYA FEDERMAN, DAVID I. LEVINE
  • Journal: Environment and Development Economics / Volume 15 / Issue 5 / October 2010
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 July 2010, pp. 557-584
  • View abstract

    This study examines the effects of growing manufacturing employment on infant mortality across almost 200 Indonesian districts from 1985 to 1995, a time of rapid industrialization. Overall, we find no relationship between growing manufacturing employment in general and infant mortality. However, when the growth in manufacturing is concentrated in more polluting industries (as measured by the construction of a harm-weighted index of predicted emissions from manufacturing), there were economically and statistically significant increases in infant mortality. Finally, we consider a variety of potential causal channels that may change with industrialization (such as housing quality and access to health care) and whose change may help to explain the observed relationships. Although most of the various factors are correlated with infant mortality and the industrialization measures are correlated with changes in several factors, conditioning on these measures does not change our basic results.

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