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20 results

  • Cognitive bias modification for paranoia (CBM-pa): a randomised controlled feasibility study in patients with distressing paranoid beliefs

  • Jenny Yiend, Charlene L. M. Lam, Nora Schmidt, Bryony Crane, Margaret Heslin, Thomas Kabir, Philip McGuire, Christopher Meek, Elias Mouchlianitis, Emmanuelle Peters, Daniel Stahl, Antonella Trotta, Sukhwinder Shergill
  • Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 10 / July 2023
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 June 2022, pp. 4614-4626
  • Print publication: July 2023
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  • Background

    Cognitive Bias Modification for paranoia (CBM-pa) is a novel, theory-driven psychological intervention targeting the biased interpretation of emotional ambiguity associated with paranoia. Study objectives were (i) test the intervention's feasibility, (ii) provide effect size estimates, (iii) assess dose–response and (iv) select primary outcomes for future trials.

    Methods

    In a double-blind randomised controlled trial, sixty-three outpatients with clinically significant paranoia were randomised to either CBM-pa or an active control (text reading) between April 2016 and September 2017. Patients received one 40 min session per week for 6 weeks. Assessments were given at baseline, after each interim session, post-treatment, and at 1- and 3-months post-treatment.

    Results

    A total of 122 patients were screened and 63 were randomised. The recruitment rate was 51.2%, with few dropouts (four out of 63) and follow-up rates were 90.5% (1-month) and 93.7% (3-months). Each session took 30–40 min to complete. There was no statistical evidence of harmful effects of the intervention. Preliminary data were consistent with efficacy of CBM-pa over text-reading control: patients randomised to the intervention, compared to control patients, reported reduced interpretation bias (d = −0.48 to −0.76), improved symptoms of paranoia (d = −0.19 to −0.38), and lower depressed and anxious mood (d = −0.03 to −0.29). The intervention effect was evident after the third session.

    Conclusions

    CBM-pa is feasible for patients with paranoia. A fully powered randomised control trial is warranted.

  • Introduction

  • Edited by Daniel A. Crane, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Samuel Gregg
  • Book: Christianity and Market Regulation
  • Published online: 18 June 2021
  • Print publication: 08 July 2021, pp 1-8

  • Summary

    The regulation of economic life, whether through law or politics, has been a fixture of daily life from time immemorial. Formal regulation occurs through a variety of formal devices, the efficacy of which is argued about by legal scholars, economists, policymakers, legislators, and governments. Even expressions like “to regulate” or “to deregulate” carry a range of political and even moral connotations, depending on who is using the phrase and how they are deploying it.

  • 4 - Christianity and Antitrust

  • Edited by Daniel A. Crane, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Samuel Gregg
  • Book: Christianity and Market Regulation
  • Published online: 18 June 2021
  • Print publication: 08 July 2021, pp 74-100

  • Summary

    Ask anyone in the antitrust community the question, “Is there an intersection between contemporary antitrust enforcement and legal training?” and the answer would be, “Yes.” Ask any of the same people, “Is there a connection between contemporary antitrust enforcement and the discipline of economics?” and the answer still would be, “Yes.” But to the question, “Is there a relationship between Christianity and contemporary antitrust enforcement?” the response is likely an “I don’t think so,” or, just as likely, a blank stare.

Christianity and Market Regulation
  • An Introduction
  • Edited by Daniel A. Crane, Samuel Gregg
  • Published online: 18 June 2021
  • Print publication: 08 July 2021
  • Historically, the Christian tradition has played an influential role in Western economic thought concerning the regulation of markets, but, with the fracturing of the Christian tradition following the Reformation, the decline of Christian influence in academia, and the increasing specialization of economic analysis, that influence has become increasingly opaque. This volume brings together an interdisciplinary team of prominent academic experts on market regulation from four different continents and various faith traditions to reconsider the impact of Christianity on market regulation. Drawing on law, economics, history, theology, philosophy, and political theory, the authors consider both general questions of market regulation and particular regulatory fields such as bankruptcy, corporate law, and antitrust from a Christian perspective.

  • A Premature Postmortem on the Chicago School of Antitrust

  • Daniel A. Crane
  • Journal: Business History Review / Volume 93 / Issue 4 / Winter 2019
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2020, pp. 759-776
  • Print publication: Winter 2019

  • The Chicago School of antitrust is often thought to have killed off antitrust enforcement beginning in the late 1970s. In fact, although Chicago school prescriptions were significantly more laissez-faire than the structuralist school Chicago replaced, antitrust enforcement did not die under Chicago's influence. Rather, by directing antitrust to focus on technical economic analysis, Chicago contributed to the creation of a large and entrenched class of antitrust professionals—economists and lawyers—with a vested interest in preserving antitrust as a legal and regulatory enterprise. Today, Chicago School's consumer welfare standard and specific enforcement prescriptions are coming increasingly under political pressure and may be replaced or supplemented in the near term. But Chicago's redirection of antitrust toward technical economic analysis and technocratic reasoning seems likely to remain a durable legacy.

  • General Self-Efficacy and Psychological Resilience Promote Skill Acquisition Rate Under Psychological Pressure

  • Monique F. Crane, Gareth Brabazon, Daniel F. Gucciardi, Thomas Loveday, Mark Wiggins
  • Journal: The Australasian Journal of Organisational Psychology / Volume 10 / 2017
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 August 2017, e3
  • Print publication: 2017

  • This study extends the limited body of research exploring the association between psychological resources and performance under pressure. It was anticipated that participants’ general self-efficacy and resilience would positively influence skill acquisition rate more under high pressure, than low pressure. Eighty-one undergraduate students (Mage = 22.93; SD = 7.53; 50.6% female) participated in a learning task: to fly a flight simulator. The within-subjects variable was the participant's ability to steadily control the aircraft roll across six trials. Psychological pressure was manipulated between-subjects and general self-efficacy and resilience were measured moderator variables. Findings indicated that under high pressure, higher levels of general self-efficacy and perceived resilience predicted faster initial skill acquisition compared to those with lower levels of these resources. In contrast, in the low-pressure condition, the skill acquisition rate was the same irrespective of psychological resources. This research highlights the importance of psychological resources in pressured training contexts.

  • 6 - Brands and market power: a bird's-eye view

  • from PART II - Brands and competition law
  • Edited by Deven R. Desai, Georgia Institute of Technology, Ioannis Lianos, University College London, Spencer Weber Waller, Loyola University, Chicago
  • Book: Brands, Competition Law and IP
  • Published online: 05 August 2015
  • Print publication: 20 July 2015, pp 128-137

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Competition law has an ambivalent relationship with branding. On the one hand, competition law sometimes sees brand differentiation as positive for competition insofar as it makes collusion more difficult, and even goes out of its way to facilitate branding, for example by encouraging vertical restraints that facilitate brand promotion. On the other hand, competition law sometimes sees branding as a threat to market competitiveness, for example when it creates entry barriers or permits firms unilaterally to price above competitive levels.

    In this chapter I introduce three challenges that characterize this ambivalent relationship. First, competition law must account for the fact that branding can sometimes diminish competition and enhance market power by creating space between rival products, but can also intensify competition by incentivizing producers and retailers to invest more heavily in product quality. Second, antitrust law – which generally assumes the sovereignty of consumer choice – has struggled with the possibility that excessive branding can create artificial distinctions in the minds of consumers and shift demand curves outward in ways that do not correlate with actual gains to consumers. Accepting this premise places in jeopardy the underlying consumer sovereignty assumption of antitrust law. Finally, competition law has to decide whether to deal with the phenomenon of post-contract lock-in to a particular brand. Is the power that comes from a consumer becoming technologically or contractually bound to a supplier the kind of market power with which competition law is rightly concerned?

    Product differentiation and market power

    Academic insights on the relationship between brands and market power go back to at least the 1930s and work on monopolistic competition and product differentiation by the British economist Edward Chamberlin. Chamberlin was part of the coterie of mid-twentieth-century economists who responded to “ruinous competition” claims made by classical economists of the previous generation such as Alfred Marshall and Arthur Twining Hadley. The marginalists had argued that competition tended to force firms to price at marginal cost, which in turn prevented them from covering their sunk and fixed costs and thus invariably led to financial ruin in the long run.

  • Effects of Creatine and Exercise on Skeletal Muscle of FRG1-Transgenic Mice

  • Daniel I. Ogborn, Katelyn J. Smith, Justin D. Crane, Adeel Safdar, Bart P. Hettinga, Rossella Tupler, Mark A. Tarnopolsky
  • Journal: Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 39 / Issue 2 / March 2012
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 December 2014, pp. 225-231
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  • Background:

    The FRG1-transgenic mouse displays muscle dysfunction and atrophy reminiscent of fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and could provide a model to determine potential therapeutic interventions.

    Methods:

    To determine if FRG1 mice benefit from treatments that improve muscle mass and function, mice were treated with creatine alone (Cr) or in combination with treadmill exercise (CrEX).

    Results:

    The CrEx treatment increased quadriceps weight, mitochondrial content (cytochome c oxidase (COX) activity, COX subunit one and four protein), and induced greater improvements in grip strength and rotarod fall speed. While Cr increased COX subunits one and four protein, no effect on muscle mass or performance was found. Since Cr resulted in no functional improvements, the benefits of CrEx may be mediated by exercise; however, the potential synergistic action of the combined treatment cannot be excluded.

    Conclusion:

    Treatment with CrEx attenuates atrophy and muscle dysfunction associated with FRG1 overexpression. These data suggest exercise and creatine supplementation may benefit individuals with FSHD.

  • Ziprasidone as an Augmenting Agent in the Treatment of Anxiety-Spectrum Disorders

  • Daniel L. Crane
  • Journal: CNS Spectrums / Volume 10 / Issue 3 / March 2005
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 November 2014, pp. 176-179

  • Anxiety disorders are currently one of the most common health concerns in the United States. Overall, they are the single largest cost to the healthcare system. They are also underdiagnosed and undertreated. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines appear to be the most common pharmacologic treatment approaches. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to these treatments. Many augmentation strategies have been tried in the past with varying levels of success or safety. This article describes a safe and highly effective augmentation technique in patients suffering from some of the most serious and debilitating forms of anxiety disorders, namely obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder.